1. Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Siniloan, Laguna
SUBMITTED TO:
MR. ROLANDO CRUZADA
MIRRA JANE E. PRINCIPE
BSPSYCHOLOGY II
2013
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2. Laguna State Polytechnic University
VISION
The Laguna State Polytechnic University is a center of development transforming
lives and community.
MISSION
Laguna State Polytechnic University provides quality education through
responsive instruction, distinctive research, sustainable extension and production
services for improved life towards nation building.
OBJECTIVES
In view of the above, the university shall strive to implement programs and
projects that shall; transmit and disseminate knowledge and skills relevant to emerging
in a power needs. Discover and disseminate new knowledge and technology needed by
a developing community establish model livelihood projects that will radiate through its
service area enhance, preserve and disseminate national culture and sport; Provided
the disadvantage members of society with equal opportunities for advancement produce
progressive leaders, professionals, skilled and semi-skilled manpower for national
development and stress the development of a well rounded personality and strong
moral character and the cultivation of virtues.
GOALS OF BS PSYCHOLOGY
The program aims to develop the students to be globally functional,
knowledgeable and resourceful in understanding the paradigm of human behavior.
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3. DEDICATION
One must cultivate self-belief in one’s abilities and credentials. It is a must to
have a great level of self –esteem and a high level of self image. All great achievers and
thinkers are blessed with great confidence levels and this is what motivates them to give
in their 100 % efforts in any particular direction so as to accomplish any goal. Those
who don’t have any level of self-confidence and self-belief can never attain any
accolades in life. You have to be your best friend, understand your strengths and
weaknesses and work upon them. Every person should believe in himself or herself to
make the most of his life. In the words of Norman Vincent Peale, “Believe in yourself:
Have faith in your abilities; without a humble but reasonable confidence in your own
powers you cannot be successful or happy.”
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4. TABLE OF CONTENT
Page No
Title Page 1
Vision, Mission,Goals and Objectives 2
Dedication 3
Table of Contents 4
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 5
A. Filipino Culture 5
B. Core Population 6
2 MODELS OF MIGRATION TO THE PHILIPPINES 8
A. Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory 8
B. Objections to the Land Bridge Theory 10
C. Jocano’s Local Origins Theory 11
3 IT IS NOT CORRECT TO CONSIDER FILIPINO CULTURE
AS IN MALAYAN IN ORIENTATION 12
 Cultural Origin 12
4 CONCLUSION 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY 16
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5. Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Filipino Culture
The culture of the Philippines reflects the complexity of the history of the Philippines
through the blending of cultures of diverse indigenous civilizations with characteristics
introduced via foreign influences.
The Philippines is a mixed society. The nation is divided between Christians,
Muslims, and other religio-ethno-linguistic groups; between urban and rural people;
between upland and lowland people; and between the rich and the poor. Although
different in many ways, Filipinos in general are very hospitable and will give appropriate
respect to anyone regardless of race, culture, or belief.
These traits are generally positive but these practices also have the tendency to be
applied in the wrong context. Close familial ties can foster nepotism.
This is the one thing that separates us from the rest of the world – our colorful and
lively culture that makes us distinctly Filipino. This includes language, arts, etc. which
are found in museums, churches and galleries, found within the heart of the key cities.
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6. B. Core Population Theory
A less rigid version of the earlier wave migration theory is the Core Population
Theory first proposed by anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano of the University of the
Philippines.This theory holds that there weren't clear discrete waves of migration.
Instead it suggests early inhabitants of Southeast Asia were of the same ethnic group
with similar culture, but through a gradual process over time driven by environmental
factors, differentiated themselves from one another.
Jocano contends that what fossil evidence of ancient men show is that they not only
migrated to the Philippines, but also to New Guinea, Borneo, and Australia. He says
that there is no way of determining if they were Negritos at all. However, what is sure is
that there is evidence the Philippines was inhabited as early as 21,000 or 22,000 years
ago. In 1962, a skull cap and a portion of a jaw, presumed to be those of a human
being, were found in a Tabon Cave in Palawan. The discovery may show that man
came earlier to the Philippines than to the Malay Peninsula.[11][12] If this is true, the first
inhabitants of the Philippines did not come from the Malay Peninsula. Jocano further
believes that the present Filipinos are products of the long process of cultural evolution
and movement of people. This not only holds true for Filipinos, but for the Indonesians
and the Malays of Malaysia, as well. No group among the three is culturally or
genetically dominant. Hence, Jocano says that it is not correct to attribute the Filipino
culture as being Malayan in orientation. According to Jocano's findings, the people of
the prehistoric islands of Southeast Asia were of the same population as the
combination of human evolution that occurred in the islands of Southeast Asia about 1.9
million years ago. The claimed evidence for this is fossil material found in different parts
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7. of the region and the movements of other people from the Asian mainland during
historic times. He states that these ancient men cannot be categorized under any of the
historically identified ethnic groups (Malays, Indonesians, and Filipinos) of today.
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8. Chapter 2
MODELS OF MIGRATION TO THE PHILIPPINES
There have been several models of early human migration to the Philippines.
Since H. Otley Beyer first proposed his wave migration theory, numerous scholars have
approached the question of how, when and why humans first came to the Philippines.
The question of whether the first humans arrived from the south (Malaysia, Indonesia,
and Brunei as suggested by Beyer) or from the north (Yunnan via Taiwan as suggested
by the Austronesian theory) has been a subject of heated debate for decades. As new
discoveries have come to light, past hypotheses have been reevaluated and new
theories constructed.
A. Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory
The most widely known theory of the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines is that H.
Otley Beyer, founder of the Anthropology Department of the University of the
Philippines. Heading that department for 40 years, Professor Beyer became the
unquestioned expert on Philippine prehistory, exerting early leadership in the field and
influencing the first generation of Filipino historians and anthropologists, archaeologists,
paleontologists, geologists, and students the world over. According to Dr. Beyer, the
ancestors of the Filipinos came in different "waves of migration", as follows:
1. "Dawn Man", a cave-man type who was similar to Java man, Peking Man, and
other Asian Homo erectus of 250,000 years ago.
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9. 2. The aboriginal pygmy group, the Negritos, who arrived between 25,000 and
30,000 years ago via land bridges.
3. The seafaring tool-using Indonesian group who arrived about 5,000 to 6,000
years ago and were the first immigrants to reach the Philippines by sea.
4. The seafaring, more civilized Malays who brought the Iron age culture and were
the real colonizers and dominant cultural group in the pre-Hispanic Philippines.
Unfortunately, there is no definite evidence, archaeological or historical, to support
this "migration theory". On the contrary, there are sufficient reasons for doubting it,
including the following:
1. Beyer used the 19th century scientific methods of progressive evolution and
migratory diffusion as the basis for his hypothesis. These methods have now
been proven to be too simple and unreliable to explain the prehistoric peopling of
the Philippines.
2. The empirical archaeological data for the theory was based on surface finds and
mere conjecture, with much imagination and unproven data included.
3. Later findings contradicted the migration theory and the existence of the "Dawn
Man" postulated by Beyer.
4. Undue credit is given to Malays as the original settlers of the lowland regions and
the dominant cultural transmitter.
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10. B. Objections to the Land Bridge Theory
In February 1976, Fritjof Voss, a German scientist who studied the geology of the
Philippines, questioned the validity of the theory of land bridges. He maintained that the
Philippines was never part of mainland Asia. He claimed that it arose from the bottom of
the sea and, as the thin Pacific crust moved below it, continued to rise. It continues to
rise today. The country lies along great Earth faults that extend to deep submarine
trenches. The resulting violent earthquakes caused what is now the land masses
forming the Philippines to rise to the surface of the sea. Dr. Voss also pointed out that
when scientific studies were done on the Earth's crust from 1964 to 1967, it was
discovered that the 35-kilometer- thick crust underneath China does not reach the
Philippines. Thus, the latter could not have been a land bridge to the Asian mainland.
The matter of who the first settlers were has not been really resolved.
Philippine historian William Henry Scott has pointed out that Palawan and
the Calamian Islands are separated from Borneo by water nowhere deeper than 100
meters, that south of a line drawn between Saigon and Brunei does the depth of
the South China Seanowhere exceeds 100 meters, and that the Strait of
Malacca reaches 50 meters only at one point. Scott also asserts that the Sulu
Archipelago is not the peak of a submerged mountain range connecting Mindanao and
Borneo, but the exposed edge of three small ridges produced by tectonic tilting of the
sea bottom in recent geologic times. According to Scott, it is clear that Palawan and the
Calamianes do not stand on a submerged land bridge, but were once a hornlike
protuberance on the shoulder of a continent whose southern shoreline used to be the
present islands of Java and Borneo. Mindoro and the Calamianes are separated by a
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11. channel more than 500 meters deep. Writing later in 1994, Scott would conclude that "It
is probably safe to say that no anthropologist accepts the Beyer Wave Migration Theory
today."
C. Jocano’s Local Origins Theory
Another alternative model is that asserted by anthropologist F. Landa Jocano of
the University of the Philippines, who in 2001 contended that the existing fossil evidence
of ancient humans demonstrates that they not only migrated to the Philippines, but also
to New Guinea, Borneo, and Australia. In reference to Beyer's wave model, he points
out that there is no definitive way to determine the "race" of the human fossils; the only
certain thing is that the discovery of Tabon Man proves that the Philippines was
inhabited as early as 21,000 or 22,000 years ago. If this is true, the first inhabitants of
the Philippines would not have come from the Malay Peninsula. Instead, Jocano
postulates that the present Filipinos are products of the long process of evolution and
movement of people. He also adds that this is also true of Indonesians and Malaysians,
with none among the three peoples being the dominant carrier of culture. In fact, he
suggests that the ancient humans who populated Southeast Asia cannot be categorized
under any of these three groups. He thus further suggests that it is not correct to
consider Filipino culture as being Malayan in orientation.
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12. Chapter 3
IT IS NOT CORRECT TO CONSIDER FILIPINO CULTURE AS
IN MALAYAN IN ORIENTATION
 Cultural Origin
Anthropologist F. Landa Jocano calls the period before the coming of the
Muslims and the Spanish as prehistory. He claims that this period should be
reevaluated and affirmed since it is here that the roots of Filipino society and cutural
identity can be discovered. Deprived of this cultural past, present society cannot be
understood and present identities are dispossessesd of their nourishing origins.
Patanñe too says that in the period before documents, history is correctly called
prehistory. He attempts to come up with an ethnohistory of this period by using
anthropology and history, aided by contemporary archeology and linguistic to
reconstruct the past for a new appreciation of the richness of this periods. The
colonial experience, while it dominates Philippine history, is not the whole of that
history. The period of prehistory will reveal commonalities and differences, unity and
diversity in the “Historico – cultural unity in the Philippine archipelago.” Heidi Gloris
has said it would be fruitful to look at Philippine prehistory when the different ethno
linguistic groups shared many things in common and to focus on the commonalities
and not the differences. When common roots become obscured, this leads to a
misunderstanding of history.
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13. Previous theories about the peopling of the Philippine tend to regard the Philippines
as a clean slate into which waves or movements of immigrants brought in “ ready –
made “ all the cultural traits found in the Philippines today. The descriptions of these
peoples are as Malay or Indonesian. It is common for anthropologist and others to
speak Filipinos as part of the malay race. The wave theory was presented in 1948. “ this
formed the basis of a reconstruction of the Philippines past which many Filipino
historians accepted and unquestionably incorporated into their works.” This
incorporation into historical works perpetuated into these ideas, which are no longer
supported by aecheological evidence. Jocano calls these errors in the past historical
judgement and their repitition now becomes misinformation. The prehistory of the
philippines is the least known, it is usually just mentioned in passig in textbooks and it
presents a negative image of the ancestors of the Filipinos. “ Sadly, even our respected
writers have not challenged this view. Many of them in fact have come to regard our
ancient society as a passive recipient of outside ifluences and, our present culture, a
reflection of the glories of other civilization.” Cannell points out that it is common for
people to see themselves and their culture as a result of sequential colonial
importations. This view “ as a layer – cake foreign influences is an important orthodoxy.”
This layer of culture and identity introduces a negative conception of the lowland
Philippine culture. “ the recognition that the history of the lowland Philippines has been
forcefully shaped by colonialism has been elided with something qiute different; an
anxious and discouraging notion in both the academic anon- academic literature, that
the lowlands was perhaps nothing but the sum of its colonial parts, a culture without
authenticity, or else it was only to be defined in a series of negatives, by what it failed to
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14. be. This conception affects how the different ethnic groups look at and evaluate
themselves and one another, and how they see their relationship to one another.
Most of significant archeological work has been done after 1948. The first ancient
Filipino settlement was excavated in 1980. Patanñe says that there is much more that
needs to be done to reconstruct the past of the Philippines. Tan says that Philippine
scholarship is just in the process of trying to retrieve the artifacts that help reveal the
past.” This area of the peoples of th Philippines, which will have to replace the well-
disseminated misconceptions.
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15. Chapter 4
CONCLUSION
His theory is about the peopling process of southeast Asia. he argued that
Filipinos (natives) today are results of long evolution. with this, he contradicted the wave
theory of Beyer. He also argued that Filipinos are not from Malays but rather Malays are
from Filipinos (this is supported by the discovery of the tabon man in tabon cave,
palawan, Philippines which dated older than any early man fossils discovered in the
Malay peninsula).
The Core Population Theory states that there is an original Filipino race within
the Philippines. This theory opposes Otley Bayer’s migration theory, which states that
the Filipino race originated from the successful waves of migration from the Aetas,
Indonesians and the Malays. The Core Population Theory claims that even before the
migration of such races, there were already inhabitants with in the Philippines.
The proponent of the Core Population Theory is F. Landa Jocano, a Professor
Emeritus or retired professor of the Asian Center of the University of the Philippines and
an Executive Director of the PUNLAD Research House, Inc. He has authored numerous
books on various aspects of the society and culture. In the year 2000, the Manila Critics
Circle awarded him a special citation for a lifetime of writing and publishing on various
aspects of Philippine culture.
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16. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines
Scott, William Henry (1984), Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of
Philippine History, New Day Publishers, ISBN 971-10-0226-4, retrieved
2008-08-05.
Zaide, Sonia M. (1999), The Philippines: A Unique Nation (Second ed.),
All-Nations Publishing, ISBN 971-642-071-4.
 http://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/culture/culture.html
 http://www.studymode.com/subjects/population-core-theory-by-f-landa-jocano-
page1.html
 http://www.philippines-
business.com/_mgxroot/page_resouces_business_environment_philippines_cult
ure.html
 Jocano, Filipinos Prehistory : Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage, 18 – 19.
 Jocano, Filipinos Prehistory : Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage, 18.
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