2. Contents
• What is an autonomous cars?
• Features of self-driving cars
• What Does the Car Look Like?
• How does it work?
• Diagram of Self-Driving car
• Laser Scanner
• Radar
• Cameras
• Processor
• GPS Antenna
• Range of Scanners, Radars and Cameras
• Traffic Ahead
• Test Drive
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Conclusion
• References
3. What is an autonomous cars?
• An autonomous car, also known as a driverless car,
driver-free car, robot car or self-driving car.
5. Features of self-driving cars
• A self-driving cars are capable of
Sensing its environment
Navigating without human input.
Fulfilling the human transportation capabilities of a
traditional car.
Making intelligent decisions.
• Maintaining an internal map and using that map to
find an optimal paths.
-Ex. road structures, pedestrians and other vehicles
6. How does it work?
• The vehicle build a map of its environment and precisely
localize itself within that map.
It uses laser rangefinders and cameras.
• The vehicle uses a probabilistic model to track the
predicted future path of moving objects based on its
shape.
• Intelligence and makes decisions on its own (if mistake is
made it will alert driver)
• It use its GPS to know where it is in relation to other
objects in the map.
• It use inertial navigation unit, and sensors to precisely
localize itself.
7. Diagram of Self-Driving car
Cameras
GPS Antenna
Laser Scanner
Processor
Radar
Radar
Laser Scanner
8. Laser Scanner
• The laser gives 360
degree understanding.
• Car can sense objects
at the same time.
• The laser helps to
determine its location.
9. Radar
• Radar detects vehicles
far ahead.
• Radar calculate other
vehicles speed.
So car can speed up or
slow down with other
vehicles.
10. Cameras
• The cameras detects
traffic lights.
• It helps car’s onboard
computer to recognize
moving objects.
-Ex. Pedestrian, bicycles
12. GPS Antenna
• Its helps to know where it
is in relation to other
objects in the map.
• As the vehicle moves,
new positional
information and sensor
data are used to update
the vehicle’s internal
map.
13. Range of Scanners, Radars
and Cameras
Short-range radar
Range of 0.2m to 30m
Mid-range scan
Range of 60m
Long-range radar
Range of 200m
Camera
Visual range of up to 500m
30m
60m
200m
14. Traffic Ahead
• Many carmakers developing prototype vehicles that are capable
of driving autonomously in certain situation.
BMW Mercedes-Benz Nissan Google General Motors
Vehicles 5 Series
(modified)
S 500 Intelligent
driver research
vehicle
Leaf EV
(modified)
Prius and
Lexus
(modified)
Cadillac SRX
(modified)
KEY
Technologies
• Video camera
tracks lane
markings and
reads road
signs.
• Read sensors
detect objects
ahead.
• Side laser
scanners.
• Ultrasonic
sensors.
• Differential
GPS.
• Very accurate
map.
• Stereo camera
sees objects
ahead in 3-D
• Additional
cameras reads
road signs and
traffic lights.
• Short and long
range radar.
• Infrared
camera,
• Ultrasonic
sensors.
• Front and
side radar.
• Camera
• Front, side
and rear
laser sensor,
• Fore wide
angle
cameras
shows the
driver the
car’s
surroundings
.
• LIDAR on the
roof detects
objects around
the car in 3-D
• Camera helps
detect objects.
• Front and side
radar.
• Inertial
measuring unit
tracks position,
• Wheel encoder
tracks
movement.
• Very accurate
map.
• Several laser
sensors.
• Radar
• Differential
GPS
• Cameras
• Very accurate
map.
15. Test Drive
• Already sent out vehicles (over 140,000 miles through
traffic, residential, and highway)
• Nevada-June 2011
• Florida-April 2012
• California-September 2012
• Texas-September 2012
• Trying to find green alternatives.
16. Advantages
• React faster than
humans.
• 360 degree perfection.
• Allows more people to
commute.
• Cannot get distracted,
sleepy, or intoxicated.
• Actively engage the
driver (announcements like
“approaching a crosswalk” or
“turn ahead”)
Disadvantages
• Expensive.
• Cars reducing more
carbon.
• Costs more gas.
• Some times make wrong
decision.
17. Conclusion
• “Actually, I think it is a great idea once the
technology is perfected and locked down.
• Sure we can't imagine something like it now, but
think off into the future.”
