![The Digestive System - Purpose ,[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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BioDynamix TM Anastomosis Clinical Training
- 1. The Next Era in GI Surgery BioDynamix TM Anastomosis The ColonRing Clinical Training Team ANATOMY
- 5. Overview of the Digestive System
- 19. Mesenteries – Small Bowel
- 22. Anatomy – Abdominal Organs
- 23. The Stomach Figure 22.18a
- 27. The Duodenum and Related Organs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 28. The Lower GI Tract
- 32. Characteristics of the Colon Appendices Epiploicae Haustra Tenia Coli
- 34. Characteristics of the Rectum
- 35. Characteristics of the Rectum
- 37. Characteristics of the Anal Canal Anal Verge
- 38. Vasculature of Lower GI Tract
- 39. Vasculature of Lower GI Tract
- 47. Lymphatic Drainage of the Colon and Rectum
Editor's Notes
- Every cell in the body requires nutrition. This includes not only oxygen, but also other nutrients, which must be ingested. Most foods are composed of larger molecules that cannot be readily absorbed; therefore, they must be broken down into smaller molecules
- The digestive process involves both mechanical action such as that provided by the teeth, stomach and intestines, and chemical action provided by fluids that help digestion. Additionally, the cells produce waste that must be removed. These functions of nutrition and waste removal are performed by the systemic or peripheral circulatory system, and final removal of waste or “cleaning” of the blood is performed by the kidneys. It is important to understand that the digestive system is an element of the human body that is crucial for the function of all anatomical systems.
- Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of circular and longitudinal smooth muscles used to propel contents through the digestive tract. In much of the gastrointestinal tract , smooth muscles  contract in sequence to produce a peristaltic wave which forces a ball of food  (called bolus  while in the esophagus  and gastrointestinal tract and chyme  in the stomach ) along the gastrointestinal tract. Peristaltic movement is initiated by circular smooth muscles contracting behind the chewed material to prevent it from moving back into the mouth, followed by a contraction of longitudinal smooth muscles which pushes the digested food forward.
- In biology and medicine, epithelium is a tissue  composed of a layer of cell s. The lamina propria (more correctly lamina propria mucosae ) is a thin layer of loose connective tissue  which lies beneath the epithelium  and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa . the thin layer of smooth muscle  found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract , located outside the lamina propria mucosae  and separating it from the submucosa .
- Peritoneal cavity The peritoneal cavity is a potential space between the parietal peritoneum  and visceral peritoneum.
- The cavity bound by the peritoneum is known as the peritoneal cavity (Figure 8). The space outside the peritoneum, but still within the abdominal cavity, is known as the extraperitoneal space. The extraperitoneal space can be divided into three areas, all connected: an anterior, a lateral, and a posterior area. The anterior region is known as the preperitoneal space, the posterior region is known as the retroperitoneal space (Figure 8.) All organs found in the retroperitoneal space are known as retroperitoneal organs. As a very general rule, all retroperitoneal organs -some of which may be related to the peritoneum -do not have a mesentery, therefore they are not mobile. An organ behind the parietal peritoneum is classified as being retroperitoneal. Retroperitoneal organs are fixed to the posterior abdominal wall. Also as a very general rule, most organs of the digestive system contained within the peritoneal cavity do have a mesentery and are therefore mobile. The presence of mobility defines an organ as intraperitoneal.
- The mesenteries are double layers of serous membrane, composed of peritoneal membranes which have folded against each other. These mesenteries connect and hold gastrointestinal organs in place and attach blood vessels and nerves. They also, with their fatty coverings, protect and insulate the organs. The greater omentum , for instance, hangs in front of the intestines acting as an insulator and shock absorber.
- Seen here is a loop of bowel attached via the mesentery. Note the extent of the veins and arteries. There is an extensive anastomosing arterial blood supply to the bowel, making it more difficult to infarct. Also, the extensive venous drainage is incorporated into the portal venous system heading to the liver.
- The stomach : The stomach is composed of several regions and structures: Â The gastroesophageal region (a.k.a. cardia) mentioned above. Â The fundus is the blind portion of the stomach above its junction with the Esophagus. This portion is thin walled compared to the rest of the stomach and has few secretory cells. As the bolus of food enters this area first some action of salivary amylase may continue briefly. Â The body of the stomach. This is where extensive gastric pits located which possess the secretory cells of the stomach. Â The pylorus . This narrowed region leads through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum . 3-layered muscularis - an oblique layer in addition to the longitudinal and transverse layers. The three layers produce a churning and liquefying effect on the chyme in the stomach.
- The pyloric sphincter is a structural sphincter which regulates the onward progression of materials from the stomach into the duodenum, and helps to prevent their return to the stomach.