For general public and business leads

2. The Inter-Islamic Network On Water Resources
Development and Management Workshop in Egypt,
&
Water Chemistry & Treatment Presentation
By Inaam Ahamad Khan
Several International Organisation like
WHO, EPA, AWWA, NSF, ASTM, SM etc.
Information from Books & Cyberspace

5. This presentation is in two parts

6. • Foundation of Our Beautiful Planet
• Foundation of Things Around Us
• Essence Of Life
• Pure in Nature is Rare and Not Good For Life
• Our Planet Water Is Billions of Years Old

7. RAINBOWS

8. RAINBOWSYou See
RAIN DROP
Reflection
WHITE LIGHT

9. Primary Bow
Secondary Bow
RAINBOWS

10. • White light is the full spectrum of rainbow colors
• Red is absorbed first by seawater
• Violet Blue or Green does not penetrate as other color
• Due to some reasons you see different colors of the sea

12. Salt water In Oceans
2.14 % - glaciers
0.61 % - ground water
0.009 %- surface water
(lakes and rivers)
0.005 % - soil
moisture
0.001 %- water vapor
in the atmosphere
97.23 %

14. Oceans
(97 %)
Salt
water
Ice Caps, Glaciers
& Ground
Water
(2.9%)
Lakes, Rivers,
Atmosphere
& Soil Moisture
Water
(0.014%)
Fresh
water

15. End users**
30.3
Rest of
Industry
10.3
Rest of
Manufacturing
6.1Services
16.4
Metal
products
2.5
Industrial
machinery
1.9
Office
machines
0.7
Electrical
goods
3.9 Agriculture
6.4
Textile &
clothing
6.3
Construction
5.4 Automotive
5.3
Paper &
printing
products
4.5

16. Computer Chips 300 Steps 7570 Liter
Tire 7850 Liter
Car 14800 Liter
One Egg 50 Liter
One Chicken to Process 440 Liter
One barrel of Crude oil refining 7010 Liter
One person food to grow 6440 Liter

17. 20
40 billion
The number
of hours spent
each year in
Africa due to
the need to
collect and
haul water
Source: Blue Planet Run, Smolan, Erwitt
5.3 billion
The number
of people -
two-thirds of
the world's
population -
who will
suffer from
water
shortages by
2025
1.1 billion
The
number of
people
worldwide -
1 in every 6
- without
access to
clean water
1.8 million
The number
of children
who die each
year from
waterborne
diseases - one
every 15
seconds

19. Water Scarcity is a global problem today…

21. Inorganic substance – 1%
Carbohydrate– 5%
Fat– 10%
Protein– 18%
Water– 66%

26. The amount of water in the
hydrologic cycle never change
Its Quality Changes

28. 6%
4%
100 70%
51%
26%
38%
6%
20%
19%

29. • Foundation of All Other sciences,
• Embraces All Other Sciences,
• Simplify the Understanding of Universe
• The Study of Properties and Changes in Matter

34. Our Atmosphere is
Primarily Nitrogen
N2
INCOMING SOLAR
RADIATION
NITROGEN
MOLECULE

35. INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION
NITROGEN
MOLECULE
Sunlight consists of
all the colors of the
rainbow. Of all these
colors, the blue light
interacts with
nitrogen,
The blue light is
scattered by the
Nitrogen,

36. What actually happens is that the outer electrons of
the Nitrogen molecule absorb just the blue light,

38. Dust Particles

39. Dust Particles in the atmosphere selectively absorb the
short wavelength radiation and allow the longer
wavelength red, orange and yellow wave to pass through,

41. 25 of 92 natural elements are known to be
essential to life on Earth
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen
Four of the above make up 96%

42. Hydrogen Nitrogen-7
Oxygen-8Carbon-6

43. Electron shell
Nucleus
Hydrogen (H) Helium (He)
Orbit

47. Hydrogen
Element
H
Hydrogen
Element
H
Hydrogen
Molecule
H2

49. Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or
have taken or given electrons away.

50. Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
Hydrogen

51. H +
Fe +++
Fe ++
Al
+++
Ca ++
Na +
HCO3
-
Cl -
OH -
CO3
- -
PO4
- - -
NO3
-
SO4
- -
Forms water with hydroxide
and acids with anions
Forms bases with hydroxides
and salts with anions
Forms hardness compound,
bases with hydroxides and salts
with anions
Forms acid with hydrogen
and salts with metals
Forms water with hydrogen
and base with cations
Sulphuric Acid
CATIONS ANIONS
H + SO4
- -
Na + Cl -
Mg ++
Forms base with hydroxide
and soluble salts with anions
H +
Sodium Chloride

52. H2O

53. Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or
have taken or given electrons away.

54. Specific heat– Resists changes in temperature
Latent heat of fusion– Heat required to change liquid state
Latent heat of vaporization– Heat released when Its evaporates
Heat capacity highest of all liquids,
Latent heat of fusion highest except ammonia,
Thermal conductivity highest of all liquids,
Thermal expansion max. at 40 C( increases with salinity)
Surface tension highest of all liquids,
Comparison to other compounds of similar structures
( H2Te, H2Se, H2S etc.)

55. Should freeze at – 1000C but it freezes at 00C
Should boil at - 900C but it boils at 1000C
Should have a density of 1.84 g/cm3
but the density is 1.0 g/cm3
The maximum density at 40C (which is ice) is less then liquid
water,
Comparison to other compounds of similar structures
( H2Te, H2Se, H2S etc.)

56. Cohesion and Adhesion– Keeps liquid molecules close
Surface Tension– A thin skin forms on liquid upper
layer
(The inward force, or pull that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid)
Diffusion– When solute is added it diffuses in liquid
Osmosis– Diffusion of liquid across a permeable
membrane from high concentration low
concentration water
Up-thrust– This upward force create Buoyancy

57. Water-conducting
cells
Adhesion
Cohesion150 µm
Direction
of water
movement
Water Evaporate

59. Cohesion and Adhesion–
Keeps liquid molecules close

60. Dilute
Solution
More
Concentrated
Solution
Diffusion & Osmosis is also very important for
controlling the movement of materials into and out of
the cell in our body and for interacting with the
environment surrounding the body

61. Its five important properties
• Physical Properties
• Solvent Properties
• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
• Density
• Viscosity

62. A – Liquid
Property 1 – Physical states
B – Solid
C – Gas
Hydrogen
Bond
• Physical Properties
• Solvent Properties
• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
• Density
• Viscosity

63. +
-
++ +
-
-
-
- -
-
-
+
-
+
-
104.5°
+
-
++ +
-
-
-
- -
-
-
+
-
+
-
109°
A – Liquid
B – Solid
C – Gas

64. Property 2 – Solvent Property
• Physical Properties
• Solvent Properties
• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
• Density
• Viscosity

65. Negative end
Positive ends

66. Hydrogen Bond

67. Na+ Cl-
O

68. Oil
droplet

69. Oil
droplet
SO4
-
SO4
-
SO4
-
SO4
-
SO4
- SO4
-

70. Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
Water resist change in temperature,Thus water must
gain or lose more heat for temperature to change
High heat capacity makes water a good insulator to
heat changes
Latent heat of fusion is very high and latent heat of
vaporization much greater than latent heat of fusion
• Physical Properties
• Solvent Properties
• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
• Density
• Viscosity

71. Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
Significance
Dissolved oxygen content in water
Physiological processes in bodies
Bio-organism Safety
Density implications
This prevents blood of animals & water in plant
tissue to stay as liquid and not freeze in winter
This means water does not freeze and does not
evaporates easily

72. A never reachable scenario – salt water never
completely freezes.
Hence has no freezing point.
Freshwater does though.
This would mean that as more ice forms in the ocean,
the ocean gets more concentrated with salt.
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

73. Ice
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

74. Water
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

75. Water Hot Water
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

76. Steam
Property 3– Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)

78. 6
4
100
70
51
26
38
6
20
19

80. Property 4– Density ?
Density changes with temperature and
Purity of substance
mass (g)
Density (ρ) = ---------------------
volume (cm3)
density of substance
Relative Density = ----------------------------
density of water
• Physical Properties
• Solvent Properties
• Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
• Density
• Viscosity

81. Substance Mass (g) Volume
(cm3)
Density
(g/cm3)
Wood 10 20.00 0.50
Ice 10 10.90 0.92
Water 10 10.00 1.00
Aluminum 10 3.70 2.70
Lead 10 0.88 11.00
Property 4– Density ?

82. • The sea has greater depths than the highest
peaks on land.
• The Marianas Trench is 11.04 km deep!
• Mt Everest is about 9 km high

83. Property 5– Viscosity
Water is more viscous than air
Mango juice and syrup is more viscous than water
Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid and water is
800 times more viscous than air
Again hydrogen bonds plays an important role in
viscosity of water
Physical Properties
Solvent Properties
Heat Capacity (Temperature Effect)
Density
Viscosity

84. Bulky animals Having difficulty in swimming
through colder, more viscous waters
Migration of whales seasonally
A 200C Decrease in temperature doubles the
viscosity
Shape of animals & plants