¿Cómo las patentes están modelando la industria móvil? - Enric Batalla

+ Enric Batalla

13/02/14

“Patent Wall” de CTTC (reproduït amb permís)

© enric batalla

CONSEJOS “FINALES”
Sector Mobility: Pymes y Start-ups









1. Hide.
2. Partner with other patent holders.
3. Make friends with patent trolls.
4. Sell patents to generate revenues.
5. Stockpile arms.
6. Keep the patents core to your business.
7. Keep the patents infringed by competitors you consider dangerous.
8. Don’t keep and maintain costly patents

© enric batalla

Font:Verizon

MOBILE I PATENTS. MONETITZACIO,
MERCATS I “PATENT WARS”. 13/02/14

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MOBILE I PATENTS. MONETITZACIO,
MERCATS I “PATENT WARS”
1. Apple i Microsoft demanden I són demandats molt.
Aquesta és un senyal de companyies que voldri
evitar.
2. En canvi, Google té pocs litigis, però moltes més
compres, sobre tot la gran adquisició de Motorola
Mobility. Evitant estar en els focus de les demandes,
Google es mostra com una companyia amistosa,
amb la que jo voldria treballar i associar-me.
Per tant, ja sigui comprant accions o utilitzant els
seus productes, aquesta gràfica reforça la meva idea
de que vull que el meu cotce m’el transporti el gran
tren de Google.
Què vol dir això? L’explosió del cloud computing ja
està arribant. A qui seleccionarem per als serveis
basats en el núvol? A Google.

Font: Visual.ly

© enric batalla

“GUERRES DE PATENTS” EN EL
MÒBIL
- Les MOBILE WARS o MOBILE PATENTS LICENSING AND
LITIGATION es una batalla empresarial que s’està lliurant entre
fabricants de mòbils inclonet Sony, Google, Apple Inc., Samsung,
Microsoft, Nokia, Motorola, and HTC, etc.. i patent trolls.
- To secure and increase their market share, companies granted a
patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the
patent covers. Since 2010 the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and
trade complaints based on patents and designs in the mobility market,
and devices based on smartphone OSes such as Android and iOS, has
increased significantly.
- En aquesta guerra, les armes són les patents: els “big guys” n’estàn
comprant I llicenciant de grans I “petits” (gran oportunitats per pimes,
start-ups, emprenedors)

© enric batalla

MÒBIL
- patent war is a "battle" between corporations or individuals to secure
patents for litigation, whether offensively or defensively.
- There are ongoing patent wars between the world's largest technology
and software corporations.
- Contemporary patent wars are a global phenomenon, fought by
multinational corporations based in the United States, China, Europe,
Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Yet involving SME’s worldwide.
- The companies involved include Yahoo, Barnes & Noble, ZTE, AOL,
Ericsson, Philips, Siemens, GE, Apple Inc., EMC, Foxconn, HTC,
Facebook, InterDigital, IBM, Microsoft, LG Corp, Kodak, Halliburton,
Nokia, Motorola, Nortel, Oracle, Samsung, Pantech, Gemalto,
Openwave, Google, Fractus, VIA Technologies and Research In
[
Motion.

© enric batalla

MÒBIL
Patent wars have occurred in a wide range of technologies,
both in the past and in the present.
The current smartphone wars started in the late 2000s.
According to PC Magazine, Apple brought the patent wars to
the smartphone market by its desire to "go thermonuclear" on
Google's competing Android operating system for mobile
devices.
Frase de Steve Jobs de “I Will Spend My Last Dying Breath to
Destroy Android”.
This triggered a "war" between major technology companies in
the mobile market. Apple has been accused of having links to
the company Digitude Innovations, which has been labeled as a
patent troll. Following this warfare, Apple itself has also been
called a patent-troll

© enric batalla

MÒBIL
Armes = patents
Munició = compres de patents
Aliançes = licensing
Batalla = Judicis/contrajudicis
Tàctiques:
- “Patent assertion”
- Mesures defensives.
- Construcció de carteres.
Diferents models de necogi en el “patent
business”:
- Agregadors de patents
- NPE (Non Practicing Entities)
- “Patent Pools Defensius”

© enric batalla

PATENTS. UNA MICA D'HISTORIA
1522 – 1ª patent concedida i
duta a la pràctica, “al catalán”
- Guillem Cabier –
“ynstrumento para hazer
nadar con calma navíos de
alto bordo” - CEDULA DE
PRIVILEGIO

Cédula de privilegio real para la invención de un nuevo tipo de navío, de
Guillén Cabier, fechada en Palencia en 1522 (archivo Gral. de Simancas,
Libro de cédulas de 1522)

© enric batalla


US CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE 1 ‐ SECTION 8
To promote the progress of science
and useful arts, by securing for
limited times to authors and
inventors the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries.

10/78 – 5’

© enric batalla


Hace 200 A: Batalla de Trafalgar. Los cañones ingleses
eran de una aleación patentada que permitía una
cadencia de tiro triple que la de los cañones franceses y
españoles.

© enric batalla

“Before then [the adoption of the United
States Constitution], any man might instantly
use what another had invented; so that the
inventor had no special advantage from his
own invention. The patent system changed
this; secured to the inventor, for a limited
time, the exclusive use of his invention; and
thereby added the fuel of interest to the
fire of genius, in the discovery
and production of new and
useful things”.
Abraham Lincoln, 1859
© enric batalla

Generalmente los grandes economistas, “gurús” y empresarios han
reconocido el valor de las patentes para la empresa.
“La solución es patentar todo lo que podamos.
Una empresa que quiera despegar en el
futuro si patentes en propiedad, se verá
forzada a pagar el precio que le impongan
los grandes. Este precio puede ser muy
alto. Las empresas establecidas tienen
interés en excluir a futuros
competidores”. (Bill Gates Memo, 1991)

“Over the last 10 years, it has become
imperative for CEOs to have not just a general
understanding of the intellectual property
issues facing their business and their industry,
but to have quite a refined expertise relating to
those issues… It is no longer simply the legal
department’s problem. CEOs must now be able
to formulate strategies that capitalize on
and maximize the value of their company’s
intellectual property assets to drive growth,
innovation and cooperative relationships
with other companies.”
(Microsoft Chairman, Bill Gates 2004.)

© enric batalla

PATENTS: PROTECCIO CONFERIDA
PER UNA PATENT

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PATENTS: QUÈ/CÓM ÉS UNA
PATENT?
 El concepto de “patente” ha

evolucionado y se ha
conformado paralelamente en
todo el mundo
 En general: un intercambio
entre sociedad e inventor:
MONOPOLIO LEGAL a
cambio de HACER PATENTE
EL INVENTO: DESCRIPCION
“SUFICIENTE” DEL
INVENTO, PONIENDO LA
INVENCION A
DISPOSICION DE LA
SOCIEDAD.
© enric batalla

PATENT?
Art. 50 Ley de Patentes Española (similar en el resto
de países de la WTO): “La patente confiere a su
titular el derecho a impedir a cualquier tercero que
no cuente con su consentimiento: a) la fabricación, El
ofrecimiento, la introducción en el comercio o la o la
de los mencionados fines” -> CONCEPTO DE
“BARRERA DE ENTRADA”

PROGRAMA Philips + Osram + Zumtobel

© enric batalla

PATENT?
derecho a impedir

El titular tiene el
a
cualquier tercero que no cuente con su consentimiento...
- su fabricación
- su ofrecimiento
- su introducción en el comercio
- su utilización
- su importación
- su posesión

© enric batalla

PATENT?
LES 4 CONDICIONS DE PATENTABILITAT
1. Novetat
2. Activitat Inventiva (USA: “Non-obviousness”)
3. Aplicabilitat industrial (USA: “Useful”)
4. Suficiència de la descripció (USA: “Enabling
Description”)

© enric batalla

PATENTS: MATERIA
PATENTABLE

20/78 – 10’

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PATENT?
“Core to understanding the patent business is an
appreciation of the nature of patents. A patent is a weapon
of litigation, a right to ask a court to award damages for
infringement, and prevent future infringement by blocking
the sale of infringing products. Although inventors often
prize their patents as trophies of technical prowess, patent
industry insiders appreciate that the only substantive
right a patent holder enjoys is the right to exclude others
from unauthorized practicing of the invention. A patent is
more of a dagger than a shield.” (David Smith, “Patents,
Cloaks & Daggers”, 2013)
“Bajable” en http://www.daggers.co/
© enric batalla

PATENT?

Fuente: Prof. Pascual Segura (UB)

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PATENTS: REIVINDICACIONS

"The name of the game is the claim“
RICH, Giles S., (Juez Presidente el Tribunal de Apelación del Circuito Federal de los EEUU),
"Extent of Protection and Interpretation of Claims - American Perspectives“, International
Review of Industrial Property & Copyright Law (IIC), 1990, vol. 21, pp 497-519

© enric batalla

PATENTS: REIVINDICACIONS
Patent de qualitat = patent eficaç = que quan ens còpien, la
patent pot ser duta a un tribunal demandant al copiador, i
GUANYAR (=“Litigious Quality”)
Per a que la patent sigui eficaç, les REIVINDICACIONS han de
ser:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Completes: han d’incloure l’avantage competitiu generat
Concretes: sense elemens superfuls que limitin la protecció
Concises: sense circunloquis
Clares: han de poder ser enteses per un tècnic mig, però
també per un jutge (bench) I fins I tot un jurat (jury)

© enric batalla

UNA PATENT AMB MALES
REIVINDICACIONS NO TÉ VALOR
Exemple de mala redacció

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Exemple d’una patent que es va vendre:

© enric batalla
© enric batalla

Exemple d’una patent que NO es va vendre:

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1/3
28/85

Exemple d’una BONA patent
Amb bones reivindicacions
(Veure Claims)

© enric batalla

PER UNA PATENT
Cas Carlos Armando Amado

30/78 – 15’

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PER UNA PATENT

© enric batalla
© enric batalla

PER UNA PATENT

ATENCIO: RECORDATORI
PATENT ≠ DRET A FABRICAR
PATENT = DRET A IMPEDIR
DRET A IMPEDIR => POTENT ARMA
ESTRATEGICA
© enric batalla

PATENTS EN EL MOBILE: ESTRATEGIA
I INNOVACIO OBERTA

Font: E. Batalla – H. Chesbrough

© enric batalla

PATENTS EN EL MOBILE: ESTRATEGIA I
INNOVACIO OBERTA
 TESLA

 Garage Born (Elon Musk)
 +440 patents + apps.
 2003 Start-up
 US8511745
 US7671567
 USD678154

36

© enric batalla
6

PATENTS I MOBILE
SEGUIR
PATENTANT

LLICENCIAR
VENDRE
COMPRAR
ADQUIRIR LLICENCIA


© enric batalla

I “PATENT WARS”

© enric batalla

PATENTS EN EL MOBILE: ESTRATEGIA I
“PATENT WARS”
EXAMPLES (Patents Involved in $1b Apple vs.
Samsung Lawsuit):
USD618677 (iPhone design).
USD593087 (iPhone design).
USD504889 (iPad design).
USD604305 (iPhone gui).
US7469381 ('Bounce-back' feature when scrolling beyond the edge
of a page. Also known as the rubber band patent).

US7844915 (Distinguishes between single-touch and multi-touch
gestures. An example of this would be pinch to zoom).

US7864163 (Enlarging documents by tapping the screen).

39

© enric batalla
6

I “PATENT WARS”
http://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=8he
TnJaI5Y8&feature=
player_embedded

Patentes Patent Troll

http://www.dailymotion.com
/video/xr3hab_the-streampatent-wars-a-new-kind-ofcompetition_tv

40/78 - 20’


© enric batalla

I “PATENT WARS”

I “PATENT WARS”


© enric batalla

PATENTS I MOBILE: PREU VS.
VALOR

PREU ≠ VALOR
Exemple:

© enric batalla

PATENTS I MOBILE: PREU VS.
VALOR
PREU D’UNA PATENT

Esta valoración refleja una actividad real de compra-venta
comprobada por brokers de estos mercados en Estados
Unidos, en Europa y en todo el mundo, e incluyen datos de
los miles de listados de tecnologías sindicados en TYNAX.
Las valoraciones reflejan la venta de una gran proporción de
las patentes vendidas en el mercado durante los últimos 12
meses. Estos precios son aplicables a patentes US
concedidas.

© enric batalla

MONETITZACIO DE PATENTS
LLICENCIAMENT I VENDA

LLICENCIAR
VENDRE
COMPRAR
ADQUIRIR LLICENCIA

© enric batalla

COMPRA/VENDA DE PATENTS

•

Exemples
1. Nortel ven 6.000 patents 4G/LTE a
Apple, Microsoft , BB, Nokia, et al,
"Rockstar" consortium - $4.5b
($750k/patent)

•

•

2. Leunamme – sell of Patent ´579 ($300k)

© SILICON VALLEY BUSINESS SCHOOL

© enric batalla

LLICENCIAMENT DE PATENTS


Licensing de patents



“Carrot” licensing (la pastanaga)





Li proposo que em pagui una llicència sobre les meves patents per
a poder comparir la tecnologia patentada per mi
Exemple Qualcomm -> Fabricants de mòbils

“Stick” licensing (el pal)




Li suggereixo que em pagui un royalty, o si no ens veurem en el
tribunals. No és res personal.
Exemple Philips -> fabricants espanyols
Exemple Fractus -> fabricants mòbils mundials

© enric batalla




Licensing de patents






Regla general: 25% del EBIDTA és deu a la IP (quan hi han patents
que cobreixen un producte que està en el mercat)
% sobre EBIDTA. COMPLICAT
% sobre preu indstrial. COMPLICAT
% sobre PVP. MES FACIL
Les patents es poden llicenciar (i vendre) soles o amb altres actius
intangibles:





Knowhow
Software
Plànols
Dissenys indusrials

© enric batalla



Regla general: 25% del EBIDTA és deu a la IP (quan hi han patents
que cobreixen un producte que està en el mercat)

50/78 – 25’

© enric batalla

Royalties segons tipus de tecnologia llicenciada. Font:
David Smith

© enric batalla

VENDA DE PATENTS

Qué compran los compradores cuando adquieren
una patente
Al comprar una patente, el comprador adquiere el
derecho de aserción de la patente contra los
infractores. Naturalmente, si el propio comprador
es un infractor, la compra de la patente elimina el
riesgo de que el comprador sea demandado por
violación de la patente.
© enric batalla

VENDA DE PATENTS
PREUS DE VENDA DE LES PATENTS

PATENTS USADES/INFRINGIDES:
AMB E.O.U. O CLAIM “CHARTS”

© enric batalla

Claim Charts ≈
Evidència d’ús ó còpia

© enric batalla

Request Inc. – Samsung
•
– 1 patent (‘757)- $300k

•

2/3
56/85

•
•

Request Inc. – R&D&PS focused entity – Only 2 patents!!!
Samsung to use ´757 used in 2012 patent war against Apple

© enric batalla

Alvarion, Ltd. – Wi-Lan Inc.
50 patents
4G and Handsets
Transaction Price: $19m
$130k/patent

•
•
•
•
•

•

Alvarion is a practicing entity selling products (with and without
license) and selling patents divested from non-core business
(www.alvarion.com)

•
•

Wi Lan (“The business of IP”®) is a NPE (PAE or Troll) “suing
everyone” in the mobile and wifi sector. Alvarion portfolio will be
asserted against Apple and RIM

© enric batalla
© enric batalla

Adaptix (TX) – Acacia Research Corporation (CA)
230 patents
4/LTE
Transaction Price: $160m
$700k/patent

•
•
•
•
•

•

Adaptix: www.adaptix.com Former manufacturer. Now filing and
licensing patents.

•

Acacia (www.acaciaresearch.com ) is a Licensing NPE (non-PAE)
Runs R+D.


© enric batalla


Deal

$k per patent

Remarks

Nortel ‐ Rockstar

750

Know How Incl.

Motorola ‐ Google

520

Know How Incl.

Adaptix ‐ Acacia

700

Know How Incl.

Request ‐ Samsung

300

IP Only

Alvarion ‐ WiLan

130

IP Only

Leunamme ‐ Actuant

300

IP Only

© enric batalla

SECTORS AMB MES ACTIVITAT

Los sectores más activos en la compra/venta de patentes son los
sectores de alta tecnología en los que ha habido mucha actividad
litigadora por infracción en el reciente pasado. La actividad de compra
es mayor en la actualidad en sectores como
‐ Mobile Y Smartphones
‐ Medichem y “med dev”,
‐ comunicaciones inalámbricas (Wifi, RFID, Wimax, NFC)
‐ memorias flash y semiconductores,
‐ comercio electrónico, internet,
‐ otras aplicaciones de software, apps,
‐ E‐car (baterías),
‐ Cleantech.
© enric batalla

MERCATS DE PATENTS
Regles generals del mercat de Patents
1. Llei Oferta-demanda
2. Manat per la demanda
3. Molts venedors i Pocs compradors
4. Productes molt “únics”
5. Preus poc públics
6. Gestionat en secret i amb silenci ≈ BROKERS

© enric batalla

PATENT WARS
•

NPE: An organization that does not manufacture
nor sells products, but holds patents and use
them for different purposes

•

NPE ≠ “Patent Troll”

•

Classification:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

R+D based entities: OTRI, Companies focused on R+D
(CCTC, ICFO, CSIC, Bdigital, etc)
DPA - Defensive Patent Aggregators (of Pes)
LAE - Licensing Aggregation Entities (“endo” and
“exo”)
PAE – Patent Assertion Entities = TROLLS
OPA - Ofensive Patent Aggregators (of other NPEs)

© enric batalla

PATENT WARS
DAE - Defensive Patent Aggregators (Operating Entities)
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. (CA)
RPX (CA) – Socios pagan una cuota annual y RPX licencia los
portafolios. “Our litigious company” – But they’re not
AST (Allied Security Trust) (NJ) - is a member-based patent holding
company that helps protect members from patent infringement lawsuits
by NPEs. Does not litigate. Sun, Motorola,,HP,Verizon, Cisco, Google
Ericsson
Round Rock Research (NY) – Researching and licensing: Apple, Sony,
LG, Ericsson, HTC, RIM, Sharp, Oracle, …
Sisvel (IT) – Socios (Sharp, Sony, Fujitsu,…) ceden patentes y Sisvel
licencia los portafolios. Socios perciben a partir 0,99€/producto

© enric batalla

PATENT WARS

Thomas Edison, a defensive patent aggregator

Early Woodward light bulb patent patent 181,613, "Improvement in
Electric Lights“
Purchased by Thomas Edison to preclude challenges

© enric batalla

PATENT WARS
LAE - Licensing Aggregation Entities
IV (Intellectual Ventures LLC) (WA) – piles stocks of patents 1) from
developers, 2) bought outside for a) minimizing threads from adversarial
patents, b) sometimes for trolling. ULTIMO CASO VS. MOTOROLA
InterDigital PLC (PA) – Id IV >50.000 patentes (Wireless para Mobile,
estándares IEEE, ETSI and 3GPP…)
PAE – Patent Assertion Entities – Patent Trolls
Acacia (CA) – Muy agresivos: “Buys and asserts other’s patents”:
- Distressed companies – al acecho de startups
- Failed Corps. Controlled by VCs
Wi-Lan (CA)
Lodsys (TX) Acumula Apps y demanda a grandes fabricantes
Kelora – Ha demandado a Microsoft, eBay y Adobe “jointly”
Innovatio LLC
Project Paperles LLC
VS Techs – demandó a Twitter
Gooseberry – demandó “jointly” a Yahoo + 3-4 PYMES

© enric batalla

MERCATS DE PATENTS
Brokers i marketplaces

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Epicenter
IPHarbor (Patentfleet)
ICAP
Patentbridge
Valuextraction
Yet2.com
Innoget
Fraunhofer
Tynax

70/78 – 35’

© enric batalla
© enric batalla

MOBILE “PATENT WARS”
Fets/Exemples constatats:
1. Apple vs. Samsung: Guerra Apple vs. Google
2. Compra de Nortel per RockStar: aliança de Microsoft‐Apple‐Nokia‐Sony‐RIM,
contra Google (Frase de Steve Jobs de “I Will Spend My Last Dying Breath to
Destroy Android”.)
3. La tornada a Google de L. Page a Google va ser amb la condició de comprar
$20,000 milions en patents de mobilitat (Google va comprar 17,000 patentes a
Motorola Mobility per $12.5bn a $735,294 per patent).
4. 2014: Google ha venut Motorola per $3b, però sol 2.000 patents, a 1,5m/patent,
i retenint les patents core.
5. Huawei està comprant “all patents in the marketplace”
6. Philips: està comprant patents de ZigBee, IEEE 1394 firewire, links P2P, MPEG,
UMTS, LED
7. Interdigital té més de 50.000 patents. Compra patents de Multimedia, Gaming,
High Def Audio, User Authentication, Mobile, e‐commerce, Position & Location
based, Security, DRM, Encryption. Codecs video‐audio/speech/image, smart
cities and mobility

© enric batalla
© enric batalla

Fets/Exemples constatats:
8. El Mobile es un espai MOLT INTENS en patents: a un Smartphone s’incorporen
més de 250,000+ patents.
9. Es calcula que unes 25,000 – 50,000 (10‐20%) de les patents mobile són de
qualitat (el que es diu “litigious quality”). 150,000 son anul∙lables (per un
tribunal) i 50,000 són mediocres
10. Les empreses, incloses les Pimes i les startups construeixen carteres amb moltes
patents (cal que ho siguin per a que, estadísticament, tinguin un número de
patents de qualitat. Veure Anex 1 transaccions de carteres de patents en els
últims 2 anys
11. El Cas Fractus vs. Samsung ensenya com una tecnologia innovadora d’una Start‐
up es pot imposar gestionant correctament la IP en el camp de batalla de les
“patent wars”
12. En el SV hi ha una tendència a assolir que: Patents => Innovació => Riquesa (i no
a l’inrevés)
13. Molts “patent Trolls” assistiran al Barcelona Mobile World Congress (“under the
radar”): IV, Interdigital, RPX, Acacia, AST, ... .

© enric batalla


Large Mobile Companies
•Build a huge stockpile of patents. Google spent more than $12bn to buy
patents and other assets from Motorola.  The strategy is to hold sufficient
patents that others will be deterred from attacking you.
•Hire a team of patent litigators. A fearsome team of patent litigators will
deter attacks from patent holders.
•Prepare claims charts. Your patents are weapons of litigation, but they are
not armed until they are aimed at an infringer.   Claims charts represent
evidence of infringement, and help you understand which patents are useful
and which ones are not.
•Enter cross‐licensing agreements. Large patent holders often enter‐cross
licensing agreements that represent a form of truce—we won’t sue you if
you don’t sue us.

© enric batalla

Large Mobile Companies
•Don’t create patents with weak claims. If the patent claims are so long an
unwieldy that none of you competitors’ products can be found to infringe the
claims, the patent is of no value to anyone.  You need patents with broad
claims that your competitors are likely to infringe.
•Don’t keep and maintain patents with weak claims. A large portfolio of
weak patents might impress your clients and those unsophisticated when it
comes to patent litigation, but your competitors will quickly determine that
weak patents are of little threat to them.  Patents with weak claims cannot be
used in litigation, they are not sellable, so it’s difficult to justify paying the
maintenance fees for patents with long, complex claims.  You might as well
abandon them.

© enric batalla

Small Mobile Companies—What To Do:
1. Hide. It’s impossible for large players like Apple, Google and Samsung to hide,
but smaller companies can stay under the radar to avoid being the target of
patent infringement suits.
2. Partner with other patent holders. A small child in the school playground is
unlikely to be bullied if his best friends is the biggest, strongest child in the school.
Small companies are well advised to form relationships with large patent holders,
and then publicize the relationship to deter attacks from competitors and patent
trolls.
3. Make friends with patent trolls.  Patent trolls are generally feared and avoided.
Patent trolls have armies of lawyers and dangerous patents, and will often be
prepared to lend these patents to their partners.  Your small company will appear
stronger and less vulnerable if you have a partnership with a patent troll.
4. Sell patents to generate revenues. Patents are weapons of litigation, and only
weapons of litigation. Unless you have a war chest of funds and an army of
lawyers, you will not be taken seriously in the patent wars. Patent wars are for big
companies with deep pockets.  If you have patents and you don’t have $10m to
finance a lawsuit, then your patents are weapons that cannot be used. Sell them
and put the cash to better use.

© enric batalla

Small Mobile Companies
5. Stockpile arms: File own patents. Acquire patents from others. Remove
patents from the market.
6. Keep the patents  core to your business—patents covering inventions
featured in your products.
7. Keep the patents infringed by competitors you consider dangerous.

8. Don’t keep and maintain costly patents. If you already have patents, but
you don’t have an army of patent litigators, then the patents are likely
useless to you. Sell the patents that are sellable, and abandon the rest.
Unfortunately, some small companies hold and maintain patents because
they are advised to by their patent attorneys, and encouraged to do so by
their investors.  Holding patents might appease the investors, but in reality,
paying maintenance fees is a waste of money for small companies that lack
the resources to fully deploy the patents in court.

© enric batalla

¿Cómo las patentes están modelando la industria móvil? - Enric Batalla

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¿Cómo las patentes están modelando la industria móvil? - Enric Batalla