Mobile payment apps and systems across Europe struggle with low reach and low user engagement. This applies to e.g. Twint (CH), BLIK (PL), Paym (UK), MB Way (PT), Jiffy (IT) or Paydirekt (DE). So far, only few players managed to break the vicious cycle and become the local standard: MobilePay (DK), Swish (SE) or Vipps (NO).