1. REFERENCE WORDS
Reference words are :
• Involves using certain words or phrases to
replace other words or phrases such as
pronouns and nouns.

2. Where a words or
phrase (anaphor)
refers BACK to
another words or
phrase used
EARLIER in the
sentence.
Anaphoric
(Before)
Where a words or
phrase (cataphor)
refers FORWARD
to another word or
phrase will be
used LATER in
the text.
Cataphooric
(After)
TWO
TYPES
Exp:
 Tina likes
Chocolate Cake
but Ann can’t eat it.
Exp:
 When I meet her,
Susan looked ill.

3. Examples:
1) Too scared to buy before they sell, some
homeowners aim for a trade.
2) The soldiers had to not only defend themselves from
the enemy troops but they also had to find a way out of
the forest.
3) So I just want to say this to the Congress: An America
that buys much more than they sell year in and year out
is an America that is facing economic and military
disaster.

4.  THESE WORDS ALLOW THE WRITER TO
AVOID REPEATING WORDS, PARAGRAPHS,
AND SOMETIMES WHOLE SENTENCES.
Reference words include:
• it/they/them
• this/that
• these/those
• the former/the latter/respectively
• who/which/that
• one/ones
• such

5. It /They/
Them
• ‘It’, ‘they’ and ‘them’ are used to replace subjects or ideas
that have been mentioned previously.
This/ That/
These/
Those
• ‘This’ and ‘these’ are used to refer to objects or ideas that
are near in place or time.
• ‘That’ and ‘those’ are used to refer to objects or ideas that
are more remote in place or time.
The Former/
The Latter
• ‘The Former’ which refers to the first mentioned of two
items
• ‘The Latter’ which refers to the second mentioned of two
items
• ‘Respectively’ which refers to each of the items in the order
in which they were written, the former, then the latter

6. Who
Which
That
• ‘Who’ refers only to people. ‘Which’ refers to things or ideas. ‘That’
refers to people, things or ideas, and can be used instead of who
and which.
• Note:‘Which’ can be used with ‘all of’, ‘some of’ or ‘none of’ to
qualify the amount or number of things being referred to.
One/Ones
• ‘One’ (singular) or ‘ones’ (plural) can be used as a substitute for a
noun that has previously been mentioned.
• ‘One of which’ can be used to refer to one item from a number of
previously mentioned items.
• ‘One of whom’ can be used to refer to one person from a number
of previously mentioned people.
Such
• ‘Such’ refers to things or people of a similar type to ones that
have been mentioned previously.

10. Exercises:
1. Relocating the research facility to Osaka would seem sensible. It
would save the company a considerable amount of money each
year.
2. Our new 6 series and 8 series models sell for 60,000 US dollars
and 100,000 US dollars respectively.
3. The Prime minister was accused in the press of wishing to
increase taxation. That is not the policy of the government,
however, and the press reports are incorrect.
4. There are many problems to overcome, one of which is the
security issue.
5. There are two relevant laws. The most important one refers to the
rates of tax applicable.