Electrical and Solar PV Systems (www.solartraining.ca)

5 DAY SOLAR PV THEORY & INSTALLATION COURSE
Irtaza Syed, PhD, P. Eng., PMP, PVIP (NABCEP), MIET
syed@solartraining.ca
www.solartraining.ca

Workshop: 5D PVI www.solartraining.ca Lec: 1
Lecture 1
Electrical & RE Systems Overview
2

 Theory
 Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization
 Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Off-Grid, On-Grid, & Hybrid Systems
 Renewable (RE): electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization
 Feed In Tariff (FIT), Net Metering (NM)
 RE systems
 Applications
 Market
 Future
 Labs
 No Calculations
 No Hands-On
3

 Conventional: electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization
 Generation
 Medium voltage levels (usually 11kV to 23kV)
 Electromechanical Generators run by
 Hydro  run of river, hydro storage dams
 Steam  gas, oil, coal, nuclear
 Transmission
 High voltage levels (usually 115kV to 1200kV)
 Distribution
 Medium voltage levels (usually 2.4kV to 69kV)
 Utilization
 Industrial  Medium voltage levels (usually 2.4kV to 69kV)
 Commercial/Institutional/Residential  Low voltage levels (usually 120V to 600V)
4
 Generation, transmission,
distribution as 3 phase
 Utilization as 1, 2 or 3 phase
 60 (or 50 Hz)

5
 Transformer: steps voltage
up and down as required
Generation, transmission, distribution & utilization – source: www.science.smith.edu

6
 Conventionally:
 Power flow from generation
 utilization (unidirectional)
 Grid use reclosers, breakers,
sectionalizes for protection &
faulty system isolation
Generation, transmission, distribution & utilization – source: Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals – Theodore Wildi

 Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Off-Grid, On-Grid & Hybrid
 Off-Grid
 Standalone PV system – Not connected to utility/grid (aka Local Distribution Company)
 Direct Current (DC), Alternating Current (AC), or DC-AC PV systems
 PV panels (or modules), Battery, Charger, Inverter, Load
 Inverter can be Square Wave, Modified Square Wave or Sine Wave Type
 On-Grid / Grid Tied / Utility Interactive
 Same as Off-Grid but:
 Connected to LDC
 Use Pure Sine Wave Inverter
 Hybrid
 Operates On-Grid as well Off-Grid
 Hybrid Inverter required
7
 Sun energy has 2 components: heat
& light
 PV Module converts sun-light into
DC electricity
 Heat increase losses  system
operating at cooler temperature
perform better

 Off-Grid PV System
8
 Local load can be AC, DC, or both
AC & DC
 Battery storage is usually employed
 Simplest Off-Grid system is PV
panel & load directly connected
 Connecting load through Charger
&/or Inverter is recommended for
relaiballe operation & battery life

 On-Grid PV System
9
 On-grid system is required to
disconnect from grid when grid is not
healthy (aka Anti-Islanding)
 Grid health is determined by grid
voltage (V) & frequency (f)
 PV system disconnects at under/over
V & under/over f
 Inverter is required to ensure grid
health ( normal V & f) for 5 minutes
(300 second) before injecting power
into grid
 Battery & charger optional in On-
Grid system

 Renewable (RE): electrical power generation, transmission/distribution & utilization
 Generation
 Low voltage levels (usually 120V to 690V)
 Solid State Power Electronic Converters run by
 Renewable Energy resources  Wind, PV, etc.
 Transmission
 Existing grid voltage levels
 Distribution
 Existing grid voltage levels
 Utilization
 DC, AC, or Both
 Local or exported to grid for remote use
10
 Generation & utilization can be DC or AC
 Transmission & distribution is AC – though DC
seems to be the future
 PCC / POC voltage matched by transformer
 Utility connection may require additional
upgrades or changes direct result of reverse
power flow

 Feed In Tariff (FIT), Net Metering (NM)
 FIT - On-Grid system
 All generated power exported to grid (none used locally)
 Paid per defined Tariff for KWH produced (usually monthly)
 Generation metering required (usually unidirectional)
 Sized per local regulations
 NM - On-Grid system
 Generated power consumed/used locally first
 Deficient power retrieved from grid
 Excess power exported to grid (grid used for storage)
 May or may not get paid for excess KWH but has to pay for energy consumed from grid
 Generation & consumption metering required (usually bidirectional or two meters)
 Sized per local load consumptions (local consumption analysis recommended for sizing)
11
 DC/AC Ratio = 1 – 1.4
 Storage cycle is 11 months usually
 Excess at the end of 11 month cycles is either
not paid or paid at defined rate (marginal)
 Battery use is optional
 Size optimization is recommended

 RE Systems Applications, Market & Future
 Applications
 Space (International space station, communication satellites)
 Consumer electronics (Calculators, Watches)
 Transportation (Road signs, Railway signals)
 Portable applications (Stage, Mobile Power, RV’s)
 Rural (health clinics, water pumps)
 Remote Communities (power, heating, cooling)
 Lighting (Street lights, buildings)
 Market/Career
 Sales, marketing, procurement
 Engineers, designers, assemblers
 Contractors, electricians, installers
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Medical Emergency System, PV on Camel – Source: Inhabitat

 RE Systems Applications, Market & Future
 Market/Career
 Financing, accounting, project management
 Regulators, inspectors
 Teachers, instructors
 Future –
 driven by
 Global warming & environmental concerns
 Grids expensive restructuring/upgrades
 Fossil fuel reserves depletion
 Energy independence and security
 Cushion against rising energy prices
13
Quaid-e-Azam, Pakistan (1000 MW, 4M Panel) – Source: Wikipedia
Alcatraz, CA (307kW, 2kAH Bat) – Source: NREL

syed@solartraining.ca www.solartraining.ca
14
Please keep working environment SAFE by ensuring:
 Your own safety
 Fellow workers safety
 Working area safety
Thank you!

Electrical and Solar PV Systems (www.solartraining.ca)

Electrical and Solar PV Systems (www.solartraining.ca)

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