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Disinformation versus
Freedom of Expression
Finding the Right Balance in
Southeast Asia
Ismail Fahmi, Ph.D.
Director PT. Media Kernels Indonesia
(a.k.a Drone Emprit)
Ismail.fahmi@gmail.com
TALKING ASEAN
LE MERIDIEN HOTEL - JAKARTA
13 November 2019
THE HABIBIE CENTER
20TH ANNIVERSARY
2
1992 – 1997 Undergraduate, Electrical Engineering, ITB, Indonesia
2003 – 2004 Master, Information Science, University of Groningen, NL
2004 – 2009 Doctor, Information Science, University of Groningen, NL
2009 – Now Engineer at Weborama (Paris/Amsterdam)
2014 – Now Founder PT. Media Kernels Indonesia, a Drone Emprit Company
2015 – Now Consultant at Perpustakaan Nasional, Inisiator Indonesia OneSearch
2017 – Now Lecturer at the IT Magister Program of the Universitas Islam Indonesia
Ismail Fahmi, Ph.D.
Ismail.fahmi@gmail.com
AGENDA
•State of disinformation and freedom of
expression in Southeast Asia
•Government efforts
•Evaluation
•Conclusion
3
INTERNATIONAL CONCERNS
FAKE NEWS AND STATE CONTROL
KYOTO UNIV, JAPAN
5
6
UNDERSTANDING ONLINE FALSEHOOD & INFLUENCE OPS
RSIS NTU, SINGAPORE
7
MIS-, DIS-, MAL-INFORMATION
THEIR DIFFERENCES
8
DISINFORMATION AND MISINFORMATION
GLOBAL PHENOMENON
9
WHY?
CONTINUED INFLUENCE EFFECT
10
HOWEVER, A LARGER PROBLEM THAN FAKE NEWS
11
Bias, propaganda, and deliberately
misleading information are much
MORE PREVALENT than fake news.
Gilad Lotan
Head of Data Science @buzzfeed
PROPAGANDA: MUCH MORE PREVALENT
12
13
14
INFLUENCE OPERATION AGAINST INDONESIA
Pro	NKRI
Pro	NKRI
Free	West	Papua
Pro	NKRI
POLITICAL EVENT AS A MAIN DRIVER
POLITICAL EVENTS AND DISINFORMATION
17
7-8 FEB 2017: JAKARTA GOVERNOR ELECTION 2017
SECOND DEBATE
18
AHOK - JAROT
ANIES-SANDI
AGUS-SILVY
MOSLEM
CYBER ARMY
2017
DEC 2018, JOKOWI DURING THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Pro 01
Pro 02
Bots
Bots
Bots
Bots
Bots
Bots
Bots
Bots Iklan
Bots
2018
ISSUES ON JOKOWI
Unfulfilled Promises
Claiming other’s works Anti Islam and Ulama
PKI
China
Leadership
WHO PLAYED THE ISSUES ON JOKOWI
JOKOWI: ANTI-ISLAM & PRO CHINA
22
ANTI-ISLAM PRO CHINA
ISSUES ON PRABOWO
Hoaxes
Lack of experiences
Religion
Khilafah
Temperamental
Human Rights
WHO PLAYED THE ISSUES ON PRABOWO
PRABOWO: PRO KHILAFAH & HOAX MAKER
25
PRO KHILAFAH HOAX MAKER
GOVERNMENT’S RESPONSE
SINGAPORE’S APPROACH TO COUNTERING
ONLINE FALSEHOOD
1. Defamation Act
2. Sedition Act
3. Protection from Harassment
Act (POFHA)
4. Protection from Online
Falsehoods & Manipulation
Act (PFMA)
INFLUENCE OPERATION
1. Political Donation Act
2. Maintenance of Religious
Harmony Act
3. Internal Security Act
27
POFHA (FOR PUBLIC)
28
POFMA (FOR PLATFORM)
29
INDONESIA’S APPROACHES
• UU ITE
• Internet Throttling
• Multi-stakeholder Fact-checking and Public Literacy
30
INDONESIA ANTI-SLANDER SOCIETY
(MAFINDO) DECLARED IN 2017
31
FACT CHECKER (CEKFAKTA.ID)
32
HOT LINES FOR REPORTING
NEGATIVE CONTENT
THE LATEST: ADUAN ASN
34
EVALUATION
36
UU ITE AND
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
37
UU ITE 2016
started
UU ITE IS CONTROVERSIAL
38
ADUAN ASN: A REPRESIVE TOOL?
39
PROTEST AND RIOT IN JAKARTA (21ST MAY 2019)
REJECTING PRESIDENTIAL POLL RESULT
40
TREN HARIAN FACEBOOK DAN TWITTER
START STOP
TREN HARIAN INSTAGRAM DAN YOUTUBE
START STOP
IMPACT ON WHATSAPP GROUP TRAFFIC
DATA FROM 229 WA PUBLIC GROUPS
26.84526.20825.533
21.001
10.729
18.713
15.567
-42%-30% -60%
START STOP
IMPACT ON CONVERSATION ABOUT ‘JOKOWI’
DATA FROM 229 WA PUBLIC GROUPS
424
488
327 323
77 67
186
-76%-42%
START STOP
IMPACT ON CONVERSATION ABOUT ‘PRABOWO’
DATA FROM 229 WA PUBLIC GROUPS
618
482
405 407
123
27
155
-70%-61% -93%
START STOP
TREND OF CONVERSATION ABOUT ‘VPN’
DATA FROM 229 WA PUBLIC GROUPS
23
7
9
START STOP
INTERNET THROTTLING IN “West Papua”
NO IMPACT ON THE
”WEST PAPUA” CONVERSATION
DURING INTERNET THROTTLING
Pro	Free	West	Papua
NEGATIVE INFLUENCE DURING THROTTLING
BALANCE
LISTENING TO THE CRITICS AND IDEAS
Current Situation:
Vicious cycle of noises
51
Government
Noise
Public
Noise
Buzzers Buzzers
Proposed Solution:
Increasing S/N Ratio
52
IDEAL SITUATION:
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
53
Government
Big Data Analytics
Signal
Response,
engagement
Policy & PR
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
• Disinformation has become a global concern, including in the
Southeast Asia.
• Not only disinformation, some countries have experienced
foreign influence (propaganda) operation.
• Government’s responses have similar approach:
• Increasing the State Control
• Impact:
• Increase in the freedom of speech cases.
• Public losses due to the Internet throttling.
• During the Internet throttling, propaganda and disinformation materials
still keep circulating.
55
THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING THIS PRESENTATION
Ismail Fahmi, PhD.

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