1. Foundations of Public
Administration
Mr. Joshue R. Santiago
Special Operations Officer IV
Office of the Vice Mayor, Manila

2. The Challenge

3.  We will create a Learning Environment to explore and
implement socially just and democratic public service,
thus We:
  think critically and creatively;
  communicate effectively;
  work collaboratively;
  embrace diversity;
  value fairness and equity;
  advocate powerfully on behalf of the public; and
  imagine new possibilities and accomplish positive
change in our workplaces and in our communities.
Mission Statement

4.  There will be a lecture type presentation of topics and the
students will be assigned to prepare their reports through
Powerpoint Presentation as part of the students’ project.
 Open Discussion after every Presentation is encouraged
to provide opportunity to expound on topics at hand.
 Short Quizzes will be given before the end of every
meeting.
 Final Examination will be conducted on the last day of the
meeting in order to gauge the learning outcome of the
students.
Methodology

5.  Foundations of Public Administration is the first subject
in a year long core program for BPA students. Through
interdisciplinary study, collaborative learning, speaking
across differences, and personal engagement we will
address the following four questions throughout the four
(4) meetings:
 1) What is public administration?
 2) Who are public administrators?
 3) Why does public administration matter?
 4) What are the Issues and Challenges in Public
Administration?
Course Description

6.  Nature and Scope of Public Administration
 The Environment of Public Administration
 Administrative Theories and Organization for Public
Affairs
 Management Techniques and Processes
 Management of Human Resources
 Fiscal Administration
Topic Outline

7.  Accountability and Ethics in the Public Service
 Regulatory Functions and Processes
 Special Economic Zones and Local Governance
 Public Enterprise and Economic Development
 Issues and Challenges in Public Administration
Topic Outline

8.  We show up to all classes on time.
 We are prepared, listen, and share our views.
 What is said in this room stays in this room.
 We respect others.
 We disagree with ideas, not people.
 We do no harm as we engage in the learning process.
 We are honest.
 We do our best work.
 We turn in our work on time.
 We actively and enthusiastically engage in learning.
 We invest in ourselves.
 We create a safe place.
 We have fun.
Our Agreements

9.  Attendance 10%
 Quizzes 20%
 Report 20%
 Project 20%
 Finals 30%
 Total 100%
Grading System

11. Part I: Meaning, Nature,
Scope and Significance of
Public Administration

12. Views of Public
Administration

13. What, Why, When, Where, Who
& How?

14. According to Waldo (1955), PA has dual usages: as a field of
practice and a field of study. The meaning invoked is the activity
or process of administering public affairs and carrying out
governmental functions.
Views of Public Administration
As a Field of Practice
Example of PA practices
 Enacting a law
 Making decision on the best policy concerning an issue
 Formulating the MTPDP
 Maintaining peace and order
 Processing of claims
 Building roads and bridges
 Issuance of license
 Setting standard and Processes

15. Tendero (2000) explained about processes in the continuing
changes in a society. What direction is our society being headed
to? How to confront the various conflicts and problems? Who
should be responsible?
Views of Public Administration
As a Field of Practice
Areas of Concern
 AGENDA -Absence of a blueprint reflects lack of vision
 POLICY - Absence of consistent framework spells success
or failure
 PLANS & PROGRAMS - Absence of a plan leaves the fate
of society to chance, a possibility of hit and miss in
operations and will show ineffectiveness.

16. PA is concerned with discovering and advancing
theoretical and practical knowledge in the field using
scientific methods and other social sciences use
Views of Public Administration
As a Field of Study or Discipline
PA differs from political science in its emphasis on
bureaucratic structure and behavior and its methodologies
(Rossenbloom, 1989)
Example of PA as a field of study
 Empirical studies
 Case method analysis
 Surveys
 Quantitative analysis

17. Example of PA as a field of study
 how a policy is made and implemented
 The interrelationship between government institutions
 Human Resource development
 Impact of environmental regulation on communities and
economic activities
 the behavior and attitude of public officials as the perform
their official duties
 Leadership styles of public managers
 Mechanisms adopted by poverty-focused programs
 The relations of government and the citizens
What is the PA subject matter or focus to be
studied?

19. It has practical use for government, particularly
in improving government performance
 it prepares persons for careers in public
service and trains them to be good public
administrators
What is also considered an applied discipline?

21. As an Art:
PA involves creativity, leadership, a good
sense of the intangibles in administration.
This view is closely to the practice of PA
Views of Public Administration
As: Both an Art and a Science

22. As a Science:
There is a body of knowledge or theories that can
explain or predict phenomenon or variables in the
field of PA
 The PA theories and concepts are built based on
empirical research using systematic methods
 These theories can be used not only to explain
but also improve the art and practice of PA
(Bautista, 1990)
Views of Public Administration
As: Both an Art and a Science

23. Waldo, 1955
Definition of Public
Administration
PA is the organization and management of men
and materials to achieve the purposes of
government
 PA is the art and science of management as
applied to the affairs of the state

24. Caiden, 1971
Definition of Public
Administration
is a cooperative group effort in a public setting
 covers all three branches – executive, legislative and
judicial and interrelationships
 has important role in the formulation of public policy and
is , thus, part of the political process
 as a field of study and practice , it has been influenced by
human relations approach
 is closely associated with numerous private groups and
individuals in providing services to the community

25. Fry, 1989
Definition of Public
Administration
PA is policy-making. It is not autonomous,
exclusive or isolated policy making.
 PA is one of a number of basic political
processes by which this people achieves and
controls governance

26. Rossenbloom, 1989
Definition of Public
Administration
PA is the action part of government. The means by which
the purposes and goals of government are realized. PA as a
field is mainly concerned with the means for implementing
political values
 PA differs from political science in its emphasis on
bureaucratic structure and behavior and its methodologies
 PA differs from administrative science in the evaluative
techniques used by non profit organizations because profit-
seeking organizations are considerably less constrained in
considering public interest in their decision-making
structures and the behavior of their administrators

27. Rossenbloom, 1989
Definition of Public
Administration
The process of PA consists of the actions involved
in effecting the intent or desire of a government . It
is thus the continuously active, “business” part of
government, concerned with carrying out the law, as
made by the legislative bodies (or other
authoritative agents)and interpreted by courts,
through the processes of organization and
management

28. De Guzman, 1993
Definition of Public
Administration
From a very broad perspective, PA may be viewed to
refer not only in activities carrying out or implementing
policies and programs of the government but also to the
processes and contents of these policies and programs
 From a broader perspective, PA may refer to the
cooperative human action whether within the public
bureaucracy, the private sector or in nongovernmental
organizations aimed at delivering services to the people

30. Public and Private Administration
Criteria Public Administration Private
Administration
1.Relations to
environment
 subject to public
scrutiny; public demand
and expectations;
political pressures
 Less exposed to
public inspection;
internal processes are
kept from public;
response to public
guided by market
dynamics
2. Accountability  Accountable to the
public; transparency in
transactions is expected
 management
accountable to owners
of firms/corporations
3. Measure of
performance
 general public
satisfaction is the gauge
in the improvement in
the quality of life
 profit is bottomline
4. Nature of goods and
services
 open to all  availment based on
ones ability to pay

32.  Bautista, Victoria. (Cited in Supplementary Readings.)
 Caiden, Gerald. (Cited in the Supplementary Readings.)
 Fry, Brian. “Five Great Issues in the Profession of public Administration” in Jack
Rabin, W. Bartley Hildreth, Gerald J. Miller (eds). Handbook of Public
Administration, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989.
Ocampo, Romeo. “Toward a Review of Research and knowledge in Philippines
Public Administration” in Victoria A. Bautista, Ma. Concepcion P. Alfiler, Danilo R.
Reyes, Proserpina D. Tapales (eds.) Introduction to Public Administration in the
Philippines; A Reader, Quezon City: College of Public Administration, University of
the Philippines, 1993.
Rosen bloom, David H. and Deborah D. Goldman. “The Practice and Discipline of
Public Administration: Competing Concerns” in David Rosen bloom (ed) Public
Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and law in the Public Sector,
New York: Random House, 1989.
 Module Introduction to PA, Open University, UP, NCPAG, Diliman, Quezon City,
Philippines
 Tenedero, Avelino P. “Theory and Practice of Public Administration in the Phils.
Referrences