CREDAI- -1.ppt

Ar. J.K.GUPTA,
Email---- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com, Mob- 90410-26414
Sustainable Urban
Planning -Issues and
Options

Sustainable Development
• 1987 UN World Commission on Environment and
Development Report- Our Common Future-
Brundtland Report- defined Sustainable
Development in terms of ;
• Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
• Oxford Dictionary, defines --sustainability -- “
ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.”-
avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in
order to maintain an ecological balance.”

Sustainability & Environment – remain synonymous
- Making value addition to planet, benefits us.
- Survival of Humanity depends upon earth / its resources,
--Still We continue to deplete these resources at fast pace
“Sustainability remains a global issue,
--urban sustainability has numerous implications.
Urbanisation creates many positives but also negativities--
--increase divides
-- rich get richer-- poor get poorer.
With cities increasing in size
-- inequality grows.
-More and more resources are consumed-to meet - needs of
increased population.
Environment /ecosystems begin to erode/degrade leading to;
•Urban sprawl leads to;-- encroaching on farmland, wetlands,
and forests - loss of biodiversity --Air pollution -- The
development of slums

• Four pillars of sustainability;
• - Environment,
• -Economy
• Society.
• Institutions /governance.
• Capacity for Achieving Sustainable Development
must be built on;
1. Valuing Environment- Improving on Environmental aspects-Resources
2. Optimising Land-- Minimizing Landuse Change, Sustainable
Agriculture, Rationalizing food
3 Minimising Materials- Minimizing use of Materials and generating Waste
4. Promoting Bio-diversity- Promoting bio-diversity & Eco-System
Services
5. Leveraging Social/economic aspects--Improving Social and Economic
status
6. Minimising Consumption--Management of Human Concumption

sustainable planning-Importance
• Inefficient planning leads to – Loss of energy
• Considering large numbers of houses required for future
• Implementation of planning policies-- based on sustainable
planning --for improving overall energy efficiency of our
communities remains vital.
• Expanding footprint of urban areas
• -- leads to making urban development energy inefficient
• “high density residential development
• -- in right locations
• -- well serviced by public transport & community facilities
• -- built to highest standards”-
• -- helps to reduce transport/ energy needs of communities
• -- reducing the overall carbon output.
• -- Sustainable Development

State of World’s Cities
• UN Habitat Report, State of World’s Cities 2008/2009-
Harmonious Cities, defines cities in terms of --
• Cities contain both order and chaos.
• In them reside beauty and ugliness--virtue and vice.
• They can bring out best or worst in human kind.
• They are physical manifestation of history and culture
• They are incubators of innovations, industry, technology,
entrepreneurship and creativity.
• Cities are materialization of humanity’s noblest ideas, ambitions and
aspirations,
• but when not planned or governed properly, can be repository of
society’s ills.
• Cities drive national economies by creating wealth, enhancing social
development and providing employment but
• they can also be breeding grounds for poverty, exclusion and
environmental degradation.

Cities and their Context
• Cities have been part of human history.
• - Cities- known to command power and authority
• Cities -- known for their dualities and contradictions.
• Cities- known for both -- positivities and negativities
• Cities -- known to be areas of concentration of population/ activities,
infrastructures, services, healthcare, education
• Cities -- known to be Engines of economic growth-70%
• Cities - generators of employment , wealth and prosperity,
• Cities – also known for their negativities,
• Cities – large consumers of resources/energy/ land
• Cities- generators of 70% waste;-- consume 60% global energy -
generating 70% of carbon footprints
• --98% /56% cities in low& middle/high income economies - do not meet
air quality WHO norms Cities- remain a manmade , mechanical habitat
• Cities- destroy natural habitat-anti-thesis to bio-diversity
• Cities- known to be creator of best/ worst living conditions
• cities – house both rich and poor

• Cities – always remain in crisis
• Cities – ever evolving and devolving, never static
• Cities – to remain dominant in future
• Cities- drivers/definers of nation’s future
• Cities largely responsible for climate change ,global
warming, manmade disasters etc-
• Cities - needs rationalization
• Cities --need to be made more
• -- bio-diverse; productive,
• effective, efficient, humane,
• - livable, inclusive,
• safe, Resilient ,sustainable,
• Healthy place to live /work

•Global
Population,
econmy, urban
context

Hierarchy of Human Settlements

Population Scenario-World
• World population recorded:
• 1 Billion in 1804
• 2 Billion in 1927 (123 yrs. Later)
• UNO population projection ranges from 8.9-10.9
billion for 2050.
• 60% population to live in cities by 2030-adding 1.4
billion
• 65 million people added annually to cities- 1.79
lakh/day
• China and Indian have population over 1 billion
• India to be most populated country by 2036.
• Tokyo largest Urban Agglomeration with 34
million residents (2011).
• 26 Urban Agglomerations with + 10 million
population in world out of which 3 are in India
(Mumbai, Kolkata & Delhi).

Defining Level of Urbanization
• Urbanization level - percentage of population living in
cities to the total population of the place
• Global Urbanisation-- 50% in 2007; 55% in 2022,60%- 2030
• India- 35 .9% ; Argentina- 92.3% ; America- 83.1%
• UK- 84.4%; Pakistan- 37.7% ;Belgium- 98.2%
• Bhutan- 43.7%; Hongkong- 100%; Iran- 71.4%
• Brazil- 87.6%; Canada- 81.8%; China -63.6%
• Denmark- 88.4%; France- 81.5%; Germany- 77.6%
• Chile- 87.9%; Israel- 92.8%; Japan- 92.9%
• Malawi- 18%; Nepal – 21.5%; Malaysia- 78.2%
• Level of urbanization and economic development remains
positively connected
• Higher the level of Urbanisation- higher level of economic
growth

Defining Urban
• TwoTypologiesofTowns
• -- StatutoryTownsand
• -- Census definition
1. StatutoryTowns
--Stategovernments determine administrativestatusofsettlementsfollowinga definedlegal process.
--Constituting anyurbanlocal bodies-NagarPanchayats,Municipal Council& Municipal Corporation,
Cantonment Board,NotifiedAraCommitteemakesit astatutorytown.
2. Census Towns;
• Census ofIndiaacknowledges existence ofsettlements--thatarede- factourbanbut governed asrural-by
creatinga categorycalled “Census towns”
• Minimum Populationof5,000,
• Minimum populationdensityof 400personspersquarekilometer
• Minimum 75%of malemain1 workingpopulationengagedin non-agriculturalactivities.

Population Scenario- India-2011
• Population of India reached
• 250 million in 1919
• 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
• 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
• 1027 million in 2001 (1yr Later)
• 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
• 1400 million in 2031
• 1600- Indian population in 2050
• Urban Context of India
• -- 378 million– 33.1%-in urban areas in 2011
• --590--million – 41% -in urban areas in 2031
• --800 million--50% in Urban India.
• Metropolitan Centres> 1million
• -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)
• -68(2031) - 90( 2051)
• Mega Cities -10 m plus
• - nil (1951) - 3 (2011)
• -7 (2031)
• -9 (2051)

Population Scenario- India-2011
• Urban India --first time added more
persons(91m)
• than Rural India(90m)in last decade
• During last 100 years, India witnessed—
- -Urbanization level going up by 3 times
- --Urban settlements growing merely 4 times
- --Total Population multiplying 5 times
- -Urban population increasing 15 times and
- -Rural population increasing 3.5 times
-- massive shift of population -not simply a shift of
demographics
• places cities/towns at centre of India’s
development
• Increased population requires --More cities,
More housing, More educational/ healthcare/
institutions
• More commercial space ,More transportation–
More infrastructure– more Resources

• Future of Indian
Urbanization

• India
Urbanization-
issues

Factors Causing of Urbanization
• - Secondary &Tertiary Activities-Industrialization, Services, Skill,
technology; Trade and commerce- commercialization-
• Higher urban Productivity
• More/ better/ varied opportunities of gainful Employment
• Better Services
• Better Infrastructure
• Higher Income
• Quality of life
• Rural Poverty--Migration- Rural- Urban
• Better Education
• Better Social Connectivity
• Major public/private Investment- metro, infra, healthcare, airports
• Centre of power and Authority
• Priority for development
• Globalization, Liberalization of economy
• Emerging Technology
• Effective/efficient Transportation- higher mobility

Indian Urbanization
• Urban area are important because they are :
 Areas of future concentration of population,
 Providers of large employment.
 Areas of large investment.
 Housing major infrastructure & services.
 Hub around which entire economy gravitates.
 Promoters of higher order of productivity
• Major contributors to the national wealth/GDP
 1950-51 - 29% (level of urbanization - 17.29%)
 1970-71- 37% (level of urbanization - 19.91%)
 2011- 12- 65% (level of urbanization - 31.1%)
 10 Largest cities house 8%pop and produce 15%GDP
 53 Metro cities house 13 %pop and produce 33%GDP
 100 Largest cities house 16%pop and produce 43%GDP

Indian Urbanization
-
Urbanization -- determinant and consequence of
economic development.
-- development and urbanization synonymous
– Urban growth & economic growth go hand in hand
– Cities called engines of economic growth
– -- make large contribution to national wealth.
– Economy hinges on productivity of urban settlements.
– Building Smart cities critical to boost rural economy
– Urban centers need to be planned to
 Attract investment
 Provide Employment.
 Ensure quality of life.
 Make them Smart ,Sustainable, Productive,
Livable, Humane and Eco- friendly.
Lack of policies to manage Urban India will
– jeopardize growth
– risking employment generation.

Urbanization-issues
• Despite distinct advantages , Urban
centers:
 Poorly managed and governed.
 Failure to meet challenges of urban dynamism
 Haphazard /Unplanned pattern of development.
 Enormous growth of slums
 Poor quality of life
 Failure to meet basic needs of
1. Shelter
2. Services
3. Land ,Water/ Sanitation
• Population , Poverty , Pollution and traffic have emerged
as the greatest threat and challenge to Indian Cities.
• Indian Urbanization is rightly called :
 Urbanization of Population
 Urbanization of Poverty
 Urbanization of Pollution

• Cities profoundly alter the :
--quality of life
-impact local and global environment
- consume 70% energy / generate 73% carbon footprints
• Cities fast emerging as GREY CITIES,
• the way they:
 Use land
 Consume resources
 Create high energy demand
 Increase travel needs
 Create heat islands
 Generate waste
 Create ecological problems
 Destroy natural habitat
 Add to water demand- pollution
 Adversely impact environment
 Lower down quality of life
Urbanization-issues

Cities fast emerging as large consumers of resources and
generators of waste due to:
 Concentration of large population.
 Concentration of large number of activities.
 Increasing size of cities.
 Increasing travel demand.
 Increased travel distance.
 Increased use of personal vehicles.
 Construction of large number of buildings
 Cooling / heating spaces- for comfortable
living/working.
Energy consumptions levels are rising rapidly due to:
 Increasing income level.
 Higher car ownership.
 Travel becoming a habit.
 Designing buildings without caring for energy
implications
 Increasing level of living comforts.
--Considering multiple impacts -essential to make cities
sustainable
-- Need to convert existing GREY CITIES to Future SMART
CITIES.
Urbanization-issues

• .Niti Ayog recent document,’ Reforms in Urban Planning Capacity
in India- Final Report; September 2021 states that;
• major challenges faced by urban India/cities/towns / metropolises
include;
◦ Complexity & diversity -- of India’s urban story
◦ Absence of Statutory Master Plans-- for majority of urban centres ‘
◦ Lack of Preparedness-- to Capture Benefits of Urbanization in
Census Towns
◦ Sub-Optimal Utilization-- of Urban Land
◦ Large Magnitude of Population-- Living in Slums
◦ Increasing Risk of Water Scarcity-- in Cities
◦ Inadequate focus in City Planning-- for Disaster Mitigation
◦ Increasing pressures -- on Coastal Habitation
◦ Lack of Multi-Disciplinary and Multi-Sectoral approach-- in Urban
Planning and Policy framework
Urbanization-issues

• Crisis in India
Urbanization-

• Cities- remain in crisis – 32 crisis
• both -natural and manmade
• Crisis of Planning
• Crisis of development, Crisis of Urban Sprawl
• Crisis of population, Crisis of Over-crowding
• Crisis of Migration
• Crisis of poverty,
• Crisis of pollution
• Crisis of Traffic and transportation
• Crisis of Shelter/housing
• Crisis of Water
• Crisis of Energy
• Crisis of heat island
• Crisis of Exclusion

• Crisis of infrastructure
• Crisis of flooding
• Crisis of Managing waste
• Crisis of Slums
• Crisis of Land
• Crisis of unemployment;
• Crisis of Quality of life;
• Crisis of Resources
• Crisis of leadership / management
• Crisis of Safety
• Crisis of Climate Change
• Crisis of Environment and Ecology, bio-diversity
• Crisis of identity; Crisis of Heritage
• Crisis of Health
• Crisis of Happiness
• Crisis of Sustainability

• Crisis of
Population,
Planning and
•Urban Population

Crisis of Planning
Niti Ayog-, 65% of 7,933 urban settlements don’t have any master plan
to regulate use of land. Even in cities where such plans are available,
non- implementation of master plans has led to haphazard
constructions, aggravating problems like traffic congestion, pollution,

Delhi- Urban Sprawl- melting of cities

• Crisis of
Migration,
Poverty , Slums
•Houselessness

Crisis of Rural- Urban Migration

Crisis of Housing –Homeless ness

• Crisis of
overcrowding,
Pollution,
Traffic &
Transportation

Overcrowding of Building/People

• Crisis of Pollution---India’sairpollution crisis getting worse withdeadlyultra-fine airborne particles PM
2.5andPM 10--killing millions across countryandcostingthecountry’s economyUSD38 billion
annuallyinlost labour income.

MAJOR ISSUES:
•Heterogeneous Traffic
•increasing individual vehicle ownership;
•low road capacity; poor road geometry;
•large obsolete vehicular population;
• inefficient and inadequate public transportation;
• high degree of environmental pollution;
• low priority for traffic planning; ;
•Low priority to bicycles and pedestrians
• poor traffic management;
• mismatch between vehicle density/ road capacity;
•multiplicity of agencies involved
• absence of unified traffic regulatory authority;
• acute problems of parking;
•high rates of accidents etc.
•WHO–10%world’s road fatalities (130,000) - in India
• Traffic crashes occur every minute, and
• a life is lost every 3.7 minutes.
• Crashes negatively impact nation’s economy
• costing country 3 % of its GDP
CRISIS of TRANSPORTATION

Registered MV in India on 31.03. 2015
• Total registered vehicles in India – 21,00,23,289
• -- 7 states have more than 100,,00,000 registered motor vehicles --.
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan
and Madhya Pradesh-
• In 2013-14- India added 17.6 million vehicles
• 5 states have half of nations registered vehicles–
• Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, UP, Gujarat, Karnataka
• Registered motor vehicles in
• --Maharashtra -- 25562175 (12.17%) of registered motor vehicles in
India .
• -- Tamil Nadu – 22518669 (10.72%)
• -- Uttar Pradesh -- 21635531 ( 10.3%)
• --Gujarat -- 18720567 ( 8.91%)
• --Karnataka –14784961 (7.04%)
• -- Rajasthan – 12378929 (5.89%)
• -- Madhya Pradesh-11141127 (5.3%)
• -- Delhi --maximum number of Vehicles-- 8850720 (4.21%)

Inadequate Mass Transportation

Crisis of Traffic and Transportation

• Crisis of Water,
•Flooding, Climate
Change;Energy,
Solid waste

Water crisis-- a health crisis.
1 million people die/from water, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases
Every 2 minutes a child dies from a water-related disease

Crisis of Climate Change- Climate Refugees

• Crisis of Heat
Island, Exclusion,
•Disaster, Land,
•Safety

Crisis of Safety- women, Children etc

Crisis of Land- Quality& Quantity

• Crisis of Bio-diversity
• De-forestation
•Open Spaces,
• Trees
• Unsustainable Buildings

BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF
RESOURCES
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world’s
CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of the residents having sick building syndrome
( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Buildings planned, designed and operated with utmost care
for considerations--- energy/ sustainability/resources

• Crisis of
Governance;
•Leadership

Crisis of Good Urban Governance

Challenges in Cities of India -
World economic forum

AND SEARCH FOR CREATING SUSTAINABLE CITIES
WILL CONTINUE TO POSE GREATEST CHALLENGE TO
ARCHITECTS, ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

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