1.
Cities impacting
Nature
Ar. J.K.GUPTA,
Email---- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com, Mob- 90410-26414

2.
Hierarchy of Human Settlements

3.
Global Context of Cities

4.
Cities and their Context
• Cities have been part of human history.
• - Cities- known to command power and authority
• Cities -- known for their dualities and contradictions.
• Cities- known for both -- positivities and negativities
• Cities -- known to be areas of concentration of population/ activities,
infrastructures, services, healthcare, education
• Cities -- known to be Engines of economic growth-70%
• Cities - generators of employment , wealth and prosperity,
• Cities – also known for their negativities,
• Cities – large consumers of resources/energy/ land
• Cities- generators of 70% waste;-- consume 60% global energy -
generating 70% of carbon footprints
• --98% /56% cities in low& middle/high income economies - do not meet
air quality WHO norms Cities- remain a manmade , mechanical habitat
• Cities- destroy natural habitat-anti-thesis to bio-diversity
• Cities- known to be creator of best/ worst living conditions
• cities – house both rich and poor

5.
Cities and their Context
• Cities- home to large migrants
• Cities- home to slums
• Cities- remain in crisis- both -natural and manmade
• Crisis-- of population, poverty, pollution
• Cities – always evolving and devolving, never static/finite
• Cities – to dominate & define future growth/ development
• Cities- drivers/definers of nation’s future
• Cities - largely responsible for climate change ,global
warming, manmade disasters etc-
• However Cities - need rationalization
• Cities --need to be made – clean, green, nature friendly;
bio-diverse; productive, effective, efficient, humane,
• - inclusive, safe, Resilient ,sustainable, Healthy place to
live /work

6.
Indian Urbanization
• 250 million in 1919
• 1210 million in 2011
• 2050- Indian population- 1600 mil. -- 50%
in Urban India.
• Metropolitan Centres -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)-
68(2031)
• 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9
(2051)
• During last 100 years, India witnessed—
- -Urbanization level going up by 3 times
- --Urban settlements growing merely 4
times
- --Total Population multiplying 5 times
- -Urban population increasing 15 times and
- -Rural population increasing 3.5 times
- India heading to be most populated
country on this planet-2023

7.
URBAN INDIA- 2030- Mckinsey Global Inst-
• India Urban Awakening :Building Inclusive Cities-
Report- April, 2010 -- by 2030:
• 590 m -- to live in Urban India- twice US population
• 70% GDP --generated by cities
• 80% -- Revenue generated by cities
• 4 fold increase-- in per capita income
• 5 times --number by which GDP would multiply
• 270 million -- net increase in working age group
• 70% --of new jobs(170 mil) generated in cities
• 91 M-- urban households will be middle class-- up from 22 M
• 68 Cities-- will be Metropolises-Europe has 35 only
• $ 1.2T --capital needed to meet projected infrastructure demand
• 700-900 million Sqmts. --of residential/ commercial area needed
annually- a new Chicago to be created
• 2.5 b Sqmts. --roads paved-20times created in last decade
• 7400km (350-400 km/year) - of metro needed
• -20times created in last decade
• 200 million-- Rural Indians to benefit-living close to top 70 cities
• 75%urban India-- to live in bottom segment -earning Rs 80 per day

8.
Threats Posed by Cities/Urban Development
• Intensive urban growth and large urban population leads to;
• -- greater poverty,
• - inability to services all people basic amenities/services/ housing
• - promoting Concentrated energy use- increasing energy demand -
• -- greater air pollution - adversely impact human health.
• - Large scale Automobile exhaust -- elevated lead levels in urban air.
• -- Large volumes of uncollected waste
• - Magnifying risk of environmental hazards
• -- flash flooding.
• -- loss of habitat for animals- flora /fauna
• - Adversely impacting bio-diversity- -- loss of trees- open spaces
• - Creating Heat Island- Raising Temperature- Global warming
• -- Promoting Green House Gas emission- Climate Change
• - Intensive use of water- Polluting water/water resources
• - Promoting largescale mechanical mobility Congestion
/pollution/accidents
• - Making cities prone to disasters- unsafe- natural/manmade

9.
Urban Sprawl eating into wildlife
Habitat

10.
Impact of Global Warming

11.
BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF
RESOURCES
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world’s
CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of the residents having sick building syndrome
( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Buildings planned, designed and operated with utmost care
for considerations--- energy/ sustainability/resources

12.
•Air Pollution-
Transport
Sector

13.
ISSUES:--Heterogeneous Traffic
•increasing individual vehicle ownership;
•low road capacity; poor road geometry;
•large obsolete vehicular population;
• inefficient/ inadequate public
transportation;
• high degree of environmental pollution;
• low priority for traffic planning; ;
•Low priority to bicycles/pedestrians
• poor traffic management;
• mismatch between vehicle density/
road capacity;
•multiplicity of agencies involved
• absence of unified traffic regulatory
authority;
• acute problems of parking;
•high rates of accidents etc.
TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA

14.
CONFLICT BETWEEN MAN& MACHINE

15.
Water Pollution

16.
Water Pollution

17.
Water Pollution

18.
Urban Heat Islands- Causes,
Effects
• “urban heat island” -- cities get much warmer than their surrounding rural
landscapes, particularly during summer.-- when cities’ unshaded roads / buildings gain
heat during day and radiate heat into surrounding air.
• urban core mid-afternoon temp. 15°F - 20°F warmer than surrounding, vegetated
areas.
• Causes
• Cities create their own microclimates -because they greatly alter local landscape.
• More Urbanization- more intensity of development- large/High Rise-
Buildings
• - Higher travel-- more cars
• -- Pattern of city planning, development
• Effects
• Higher Deaths--Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
estimates --annual rate of heat-related deaths per 100,000 population is 0.3 in
large central metro areas –
• -increased health risk --of respiratory illnesses, heat exhaustion, heat
stroke, heat-related mortality.
• increase energy consumption- needed to air condition homes and

19.
Urban Heat Island Effect- Rising Temp.

20.
Urban Heat Island Effect- Rising Temp.

21.
Urban Flooding
• Definition- Urban Flooding--Is the inundation of property in
a built environment, particularly in more densely populated
areas, caused by rain falling on increased amounts of
impervious surfaces and overwhelming the capacity of
drainage systems
• Reasons;
• High Intensity/prolonge Rainfall
• inadequate drainage
• Blocking the natural water channels or rivers;- human encroachments onto
the active flood channel
• Converting farmland, vegetation cover, and bare soil built-up areas.
• runs off from concrete structures- increase in impermeable surfaces and
urban development,
• Increase in changing climate/ Rising Temperature
• Location- coastal cities exposed to coastal floods
• poor flood management strategies,
• lack of flood early warning system disposal of solid waste in drainage lines.

22.
Urban Flooding

23.
Urban Flooding

24.
Urban Flooding

25.
Urban Flooding

26.
AIR Pollution

27.
Industrial Pollution

28.
Thermal Plant Pollution

29.
Industrial Pollution

30.
Human wiped off 2/3rd of wild life
in last 50 years

31.
Urbanisation impacting Nature

32.
Open Spaces

33.
Global- Tree Count

34.
Urbanization-issues

35.
Defining Green Cities
• Best described as cities which are planned to;
• - focus on sustainability and eco-friendliness,
• - responding to climate change
• providing-- resources, partnerships and
• --a platform to lessen its environmental impact.
• -- reduce waste, - expand recycling,
• --lower emissions,
• -- increase housing density,
• --while also expanding open space, and
• --encouraging development of sustainable local businesses.
• --creating denser, greener and more liveable cities.

36.
Options for
Making
cities-Nature
supportive

37.
SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements
inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable

38.
SDG Targets
• 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable
housing and basic services, and upgrade slums
• 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and
sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably
by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of
those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with
disabilities and older persons
• 11.3 By 2030 enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and
capacities for participatory, integrated and sustainable human
settlement planning and management in all countries
• 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural
and natural heritage
• 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the
number of affected people and decrease by y% the economic losses
relative to GDP caused by disasters, including water-related disasters,
with the focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable
situations

39.
SDG Targets
• 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of
cities, including by paying special attention to air quality, municipal
and other waste management
• 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and
accessible, green and public spaces, particularly for women and
children, older persons and persons with disabilities
• 11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links
between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national
and regional development planning
• 11.b By 2020, increase by x% the number of cities and human
settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans
towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to
climate change, resilience to disasters, develop and implement in line
with the forthcoming Hyogo Framework holistic disaster risk
management at all levels
• 11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial
and technical assistance, for sustainable and resilient buildings
utilizing local materials

40.
New Planning/Development Agenda
- --Reviewing planning tool
- New order of planning -to focus
on Regional Planning:
- -for Synergizing urban and rural
areas
--Making cities compact
-- Making cities energy efficient
--Planning cities for bio-diversity
– -- Avoiding Urban Sprawl
-- Stopping melting of cities
– - Empowering/capacity building of
villages – making them productive
and self-sufficient in daily needs..
-- reducing carbon footprints
– - Reducing global warming

41.
Regional Planning- NCR

42.
Making cities Great Places to Live
• Sustainable Visioning
• Promoting State of art Planned Development
• Weaving nature with development
• Making cities Compact
• --Making cities Inclusive--Making Cities Safe
• --Leveraging Technology
• Making cities Green/blue - Leveraging landscape/water
• -Leveraging Culture, Heritage, Art / Architecture
• -Creating Quality Public Spaces
• -Designing low energy Buildings
• -Making cities community/people centric-Creating
ownership for city
• Reconnecting cities to food productivity
• - integrating agriculture into cities through holistic architecture-
Making Cities Spongy- keeping large area open/ promote
water harvesting--ground water charging/reducing flooding
• Making informal sector- integral part of planning/develop.

43.
CO
BS
WO
RKING
LIVING
CIRCULATIO
N
• The Radiant City
•An organism capable of housing the
works of man of machine-age society.
• placed under the masterful
government of natural conditions:
•Sun
•Space
•Greenery
•And its mission is the service of
mankind:
•To live
•To work
•To cultivate body and spirit
•To travel about
(in this order and obeying this
hierarchy)

44.
Making Cities Green
• Green Cities approach to involve ;- urban renewal, green
field and retrofitting program - focussed on
-Embedding nature integral part of – Urban Planning,
designing, developing cities to make cities--
- Nature friendly / Supportive of nature/ Value addition to nature
• Preserving /protecting- flora fauna-Promoting Bio-diversity
• -Using Natural/green sources of Energy
• - Making cities people centric –
-- providing basic amenities/ assured quality of life
- Having Living supported- by Green Built Environment
- -with mobility based on Green Transport
• Promoting safety/inclusiveness/resilience /sustainability
• To create cities- Land efficient; Energy efficient; Water
efficient- Resource efficient; Zero Waste ; Zero Carbon; Zero
GHGE Environment Friendly; Eco-Sensitive

45.
PLANNING COMPACT CITIES
Make cities compact by;
– promoting High-density development
-- adopting Transit oriented development
-- Raising Height and
-Rationalizing land uses / Building bye-laws
-Building inside not outside
--- Building vertical not horizontal
--- Building High not low
--- Building mix not pure
---Building dense not shallow
----- optimizing current infrastructure.
.

46.
COMPACT CITY

47.
Curitiba's BRT corridors run along
high-density developed area

48.
Making cities low carbon
• – by making cities compact
• --Planning and designing Green buildings
• --Promoting Green Transport
• – Retrofitting existing buildings - make existing
buildings green
• -- Bringing nature into cities
• -- Reusing existing materials- C&D
• - Reduction of Green House Gases
• - Decoupling economic growth from carbon emission
• - Using green energy
• --Designing with nature and using natural elements

49.
Creating Zero- Waste Cities
• Making City planning /development based on;
• -- Optimisation of available resources
• - Making waste integral part of city planning/ development
process
• -- Planning for zero waste
• -Recycling all waste
• --Converting waste to compost
• - Using waste for constructing buildings
• -- Using waste for constructing infrastructure
• -- Generating Energy from waste--sewerage network
• - Creating systems for reinventing use of waste.
• - Promoting R&D for valuing waste

50.
Healthy & Resilient City
--Reducing urban temperature/heat island-
• -- planting more trees
• -- providing large green area
• --reducing hard paving
• -- Making Cities Spongy- keeping large area open/ -
- promote Rain water harvesting
• --Promoting ground water charging
• --reducing flooding
• Designing Green Buildings-
• Making informal sector- making them integral part of
planning/ designing cities

51.
Green City of World –Musdar –
Abu Dhabi-UAE
 A city of 50,000population
 City of no cars , no waste
Planned to make use of cool sea winds
Using solar energy on rooftop
Narrow streets shading houses
Total recycling of waste/water
 working/ living area-- not farther
than200 mts from transportation nodes.
Electric powered light rail on elevated
track to permit easy transport between
Musdar and Abu Dhabi.
•for Intra-city travel people use
personal rapid transit pods (PRT) run on
magnetic tracks using electric power.
•Aim is to create:
Zero Carbon
Zero Waste
Zero Car city

52.
TIANJIN- Master Plan
..
1. Land-use Planning –Making city compact—providing mix land
uses – promting Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
2.
2. Transport Planning -Green transport .—Large trips via public transport ;
bicycles and walking
3. Green and Blue Network Planning---extensive green (vegetation)
and blue (water) networks – for quality living /working environment.
4. Water bodies --linked for circulation – enhancing ecology , environment ,
recreational activities.
5. A wastewater pond -rehabilitated /transformed into a clean/beautiful lake.

53.
GREEN
TRANSPORTATION

54.
Transportation- Options
• Minimize travel- Making cities compact-
• Planning for mixed land-use/ TOD
• Changing priority for travel-
• Planning for People-- not for vehicles
• Promoting Accessibility-- Not Mobility
• Promoting Cycling
• Promoting Mass Transportation
• Pricing Roads
• Making Equitable allocation of road space

55.
Defining Sustainable Transport
• Sustainable Transport --
• -- sometimes known as Green Transport
• -- form of transport that does not use / rely
on dwindling natural resources.
• -- relies on renewable /regenerated energy
• -- rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life
expectancy

56.
•Promoting use of Bicycle as
preferred mode of travel for majority
of intra- city travel being :
 Most inexpensive
 Most flexible
 Environmental friendly
 Zero pollution
 Zero Energy Vehicle
 Occupying minimum road space
 Requiring minimum Parking
Space
 Promoting National Economy
 Promoting Human Health
 Reducing depletion of Non-
renewable resources
 Best option for travelling over
short distance.
SMART TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING

57.
JANMARG AHMEDABAD

58.
.
EQUITABLE
ALLOCATION
OF
ROAD SPACE

59.
.
SINGAP-
ORE
MODEL
OF
ROAD
PRICING

60.
•DESIGNING
SUTAINABLE /
GREEN
BUILDINGS

61.
Defining- Green Buildings
•Buildings can achieve zero carbon by; Adopting Integrated
approach to design-Planning with nature, natural elements,
Climate, Evolving passive building design,- eliminating using
fossil fuel --for heating, cooling /air conditioning
• using on-site/off-site renewable energy,Retrofitting Buildings
•reducing use of high global warming potential refrigerants

62.
Advantages of Green Buildings

63.
Daylighting
Local materials
Indian Way of approaching design
• Rediscovery of the Indian ethos
– We worship 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)
Prithvi (Earth) Sustainable Sites
Jal (Water) Water Efficiency
Agni (Energy) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight
Views
Water body

64.
Bahrain World Trade Center -
Bahrain
• Generating 15% energy from windmills
• Two 240 meter twin sky scrapers joined by
three windmill--, each 3 meters wide, attached to
walkways

65.
PEARL RIVER TOWER- GUANGZHOU, CHINA
NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
YEAR OF COMPLETION- 2011
SITE AREA-10635SQ.M.
PROJECT AREA- 214,100SQ.M.
(2.3MILLION SQ.FT.)
NO. OF STORIES- 71
HEIGHT OF BUILDING-309 M
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACHIEVED
THROUGH
SOLAR PANELS
PHOTO VOLTAIC CELLS
WIND TURBINES
DAY LIGHT HARVESTING
DOUBLE SKIN CURTAIN WALLS
CHILLED CEILING WATER
UNDER FLOOR VENTILATION

66.
Godrej Sohrab ji Building- Hyderabad-
India’s first platinum rated building

67.
Optimization of
water demand
Use of water
efficient systems
Use of recycled
water and rainwater
harvesting
Some
cost
impact
Highest
cost
impact
Least
cost
impact
Greening City-- strategy for water efficiency

68.
Green Cities--strategy for energy efficiency
Reduce energy
demand by
passive measures
Reduce energy
demand by active
measures
Integration of
renewable energy
Least
cost
impact
Some
cost
impact
Highest
cost
impact
• Climate responsive
architectural design
• Efficient building envelope
• Daylight harvesting
• Integration of natural sources
for cooling & heating in
building design.
Offset energy demand from the
grid by installing on-site
renewable energy
• Energy efficient equipment
• Lights
• Fans
• Air- conditioners
• Efficient building Operation &
Maintenance through BMS (Building
Management System) & Smart
Metering

69.
•GREENING
CITIES

70.
Central Park New York- 700 Acs Vaux and
Olmsted'

71.
Hyde Park London- 253 Hectare

72.
PERTH- Australia

73.
Chandigarh Master Plan- Le Corbusier

74.
Public housing --Singapore, seven 50-story towers
connected by 1,600-foot-recreational “sky garden.”
-- high-density development
accommodating growth in compact city-state.

75.
Singapore-- Super trees in 250-acre Gardens by Bay.
-- High-tech structures range from 80 to 160 feet
-- collect solar energy to power a nightly light show.
-- trunks are vertical gardens, laced with more than 150,000 living plants.

76.
Today Curitiba boasts > 50 sq metres of green space
per person. Buenos Aires’s two sq meters / person

77.
•FUTURE
CITIES

78.
Future Cities-Conceptual
Ultima Tower- 2Mile High Sky City
•Location: Any densely populated urban
environment
•Date: 1991
•Cost: $150,000,000,000
•Population: 1,000,000 people
•Exterior surface area of building: 150,000,000 sft.
•Enclosed volume: 53,000,000,000 cubic feet
•Total enclosed acreage: 39,000 acres-156 sectors
•Elevator speed: 20 feet per second (13 miles per
hour) 9 minutes and 40 seconds to reach top floor
from ground floor.
•Dimensions: Height--10,560 feet;
•Diameter at the base--6000 feet;
•Number of stories--500;
•Total Square Feet: Approximately 5,000,000 sft

79.
Earth Scraper – Mexico City
• Location- Mexico City
• Depth 300 m below ground
• Designed as Inverted Pyramid
• Glass floor to cover 240 mtrs X
240 mtrs. hole in cities main
square to filter natural light
• Preserve the cities historic
centre and heritage buildings
surrounding square.
• Interior of building to look
natural.
• Building to be city”s top retail
destination.

80.
Mile-High Tower-
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Location Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Cost US$28.5 billion
• Height 1 mile (1,600 m; 5,280 ft)
• Floor area 3,530,000 m2 (38,000,000 sft)
• Capacity 80,000 people
• The tower will have -275 floors
• Lobby upto 5 th floor
• Offices 6- 50 floors
• Five-star hotel &Conference halls 51-75 floors
• Deluxe residential units 76-195 floors and
• Retail facilities 196-275 floors
• Alternate Energy Generation 196-275 floors
• Status of project
-- Already under construction since 2008

81.
SMART
TECHNOLOGIES

82.
Using Smart Technologies-
Implementing IOT- Traffic, Transportation, Urban
Planning, managing infrastructures/services, solid
waste management, parking, pollutions, payments etc
- digital --bus stops- bus schedule,
--sensor based garbage bins
- Promoting accessibility
-Managing Traffic/parking – Managing services
Minimizing travel --Tackling noise- Planning
cities-
Preparing Master Plans/ Development Plans
- Making amendment in MP/DP
- Monitoring Delivery of services- water supply
--Tackling air pollution
--creating platform for efficiency--breaking silos
-- lodging complaints/ --making payments on line
--rendering services on line

83.
QUALITY
LEADERSHIP
•

84.
Jaimy Learner- Mayor Curitiba-
BRTS, TOD, Spongy Cities, SWM

85.
BRTS- Dedicated Bus Lane

86.
Pedestrianizing City Core

87.
Pedestrianizing City Core

88.
Transit Oriented Development

89.
CREATING LARGE OPEN SPACES

90.
•
• Three Mantra for Sustainable/
Inclusive/ Resilient cities
1. Achieve smart growth
• -- finding best options to do things sustainably
• -- promote economic growth for people –
• -- making them earn good livelihood
• -- make them enjoy a good quality of life.
• 2. Do more with less–
• -- cities need money-- to accomplish all wants .
• Cities to collect, manage/spend resources effectively/ efficiently
• 3. Win support for change-
• - City leaders need to;-- deliver fast, positive & visible results,
• - build support for changes.
• -- Based on high-performing civil servants-- made accountable
for their work—Singapore model

91.
CREATING Smart/Sustainable CITIES POSES
GREATEST CHALLENGE TO PLANNERS/
PROFESSIONALS