Villages remain valuable and critical for India's growth and development. Ignoring village will be counter-productive for the nation and urban India. Rural India needs empowerment and skilling to use the large manpower resource available with the villages. Agriculture needs reinvention and redefinition to make it more productive and for bringing more dividends. Villages need to be planned and designed with all basic amenities and services so to make them self-reliant and self-sustaining to enable them grow as inclusive human settlements. Villages offer enormous opportunities to leverage the growth provided they co-operate, collaborate and come on the same platform of thoughts and action . Most of the rural ills have genesis in the rural population which remain self-created and self-imposed. Solution are obvious with the villagers themselves. Time is ripe to empower Rural India to overcome those problems through its own innovations and actions to make India global leaders and to make urban India more effective and efficient, clean, green and sustainable.

1. PLANNING FOR
SUSTAINABLE
VILLAGE
DEVELOPMENT
• Jit Kumar Gupta
•Chairman, Chandigarh Chapter
•Indian Green Building Council, IGBC
Jit.kumar1944@gmail.com
Mob- 90410-26414

3. Hierarchy of Human Settlements

4. Defining - Village
 Word Village-- Derived from French term referring to;
 -- a group of buildings housing a small community .
 -- a clustered human settlement/community- larger than
a hamlet but smaller than a town
 --with population ranging from a few hundred to a few
thousand.
 -- having permanent fixed dwellings
 -located fairly close to one another,
 -- not scattered broadly over landscape,
 -community that practice agriculture
 where homes are situated together
 -- for sociability/ defence,
 -- land surrounding living quarters used for farming
 Great Britain -- a hamlet called village-- when it built a church

5. Defining – Village- India
 India- has Two kinds of settlements;
 Urban and Rural
 Village has no definition
 Village defined by exclusion- definition speaks of urban settlements – rest are rural
 Urban settlements are defined as ;
 Statutory towns-
 includes an area having
 - municipality,
 -corporation,
 -cantonment board
 -- a notified town area committee/Nagar Panchyat
 Census Town—
 - a habitation that has;
 - a population- minimum of 5,000;
 - Avocation-at least 75% male working population engaged in non-agricultural
pursuits; and
 population-- density - minimum 400 people per sq km.
 Villages---Rest of human settlements excluding urban- -- with governing bodies
known to be panchayats
 -- which act as local decision-making entities
 - With low density/ low concentration of human beings/activities-large in number

7. Population Scenario- India-2011
 Population of India reached
 250 million in 1919
 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
 1027 million in 2001 (1yr Later)
 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
 -- Urban -377 million 31.1% &
 -- Rural-- 833 million- 68.9%-
 2050- Indian population- 1600 mil.
 -- 50% in Urban India- 800 million
 -- 50% in Rural India- 800 million
 Metropolitan Centers -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)-68(2031)
 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9 (2051
 Urban India --first time added more persons(91m) than Rural
India (90m) in last decade
 During last 100 years, India witnessed—
- -Urbanization level going up by 3 times
- --Urban settlements growing merely 4 times
- --Total Population multiplying 5 times
- -Urban population increasing 15 times and
- -Rural population increasing 3.5 times

8. Population Distribution- Urban/Rural-India-2011
Urban Pop. Distribution(2011)377 m (31.1 %)-
7935 towns/cities
-Mega Cities with Pop > 10m - 4% of total Country pop
- Cities with Population 5-10m- 3%
- Cities with Population 1-5m- 6%
- Cities with Population 0.1-1m- 9%
- Cities with Population < 0.1 m- 9%
** Rural Pop Distribution(2011) 833 m ( 68.9%) -------
6,40, 867 villages ( Inhabited -5,99,608)
 --236,004 Indian villages have population < 500,
-- 4,681 villages have population > 10,000
---- Very large (>10k), large villages(>5k)-17%( 23.54%)
-- Medium villages (2-5 k)— 24%( 34.63%)
--- Small villages (1-2000) — 17% (23.70%)
------Hamlets (500-1000) — 8% (12.39%)
---- Small Hamlets(<500)— -- 3% ( 5.74 %)
 2 out of 3 Indian lives in villages.
 Every 6th Indian lives in large villages
 6 out of 10 ruralites live in large and medium villages.
 Globally,- Every Ninth person lives in Indian Villages

9. Rural India-
Context,
Role and
importance

10. Rural India- Role and Importance
 “India lives in villages” -said Mahatma Gandhi – father of nation-
many decades ago
 .Even after 100 years - data does not seem to disagree
 Villages House majority of Indian population
 -69% --roughly one-eleventh of humanity on planet earth
 - almost 67% households-- still in rural areas
 - Despite decline – villages will hold large population
- more than 50% before 2050
 India- second largest urban/rural system globally after China
 - - 6.4 lakh Villages Vs 0.079 lakh towns/cities
 - 833 million pop Vs 377 million - 2011
 Villages critical to India’s growth
 Provider of food;- daily/basic needs of human living
 Provider of basic/raw material for industrial processing
 Mainstay of industry& national economy
 One of Major contributor to Indian GDP
 Offering largest consumer market
 Houses largest manpower/work force

11. Rural India--Contributions of Agriculture to GDP
 -Rural economy - primarily agrarian
 Large dependence of population on Agriculture
 - characterized by- Lower /limited productivity
 - leading to - Poverty.
 Agriculture contributes - 14 % of India’s GDP,
 main source of income/ sustenance for- 69 % of rural population
 Agriculture - strongly influences
 -- food security
 --prices of food
 -- monetary wages.
 -- rural income & demand
 --supply of raw materials to industrial sectors
 Rural India suffering due to--
 -- public investment-- in rural India getting diluted
 – proportion of irrigated land – remain low
 - Large land-- rainfed land
 - declining land productivity
 - Limited adoption of cash crops
 - Lack of agriculture diversification.
 - Lack of consolidated land holding
 - Low land holding
 -- slow Growth of agricultural output--only 3.2% during 2007-2011.

12. Rural India- Role and Importance
 - Housing Large population - Below Poverty Line (BPL)—25.7%- 2013
 About 1/3 Rural India-- survives on a family income of Rs 5000/ month –
Current income- India 1.79 lakh/capita/year
 Rural development - easy to understand – difficult to implement.
 - Rural areas face;
 - Problem of physical/ planned development
 -- lack of adequate infrastructures , services , amenities,,
 -Inadequate transport, Employment ,Physical development- etc.
 - Lack of adequate Credit
 - Absence of gainful alternates to occupations-- other than agriculture
 -- Low investment in skilling Human beings in rural area
Promoting Rural development essential for India;
 - to fueling overall economic growth
 - increasing income opportunities
 -- curbing poverty .
 1% decline in agricultural growth– can pull back industrial/ GDP growth
by 0.52%
 For Achieving target of 9% GDP growth- Agricultural sector must grow
annually@ 4%

13. Rural India-
Problems

14. Urban Vs Rural
 India Vs Bharat debate is not new.
 Urban –Rural divide debated for years
 Little progress--in bridging gap between rural-urban- over last
seven decades
 Gap ever widening - when looking at;
 --physical,
 --socio-economic,
 --healthcare,
 --education indicators
 No city exists in isolation
 - invariably supported by large number of villages for
 -- sustaining urban activities/population
 -- meeting daily urban needs
 Cities/villages- cannot be seen in isolation
 - Cities/villages
 -two sides of same coin
 -need integration, collaboration,
 co-operation and mutual support

15. Challenges of Rural Indian
Agriculture
 Indian agriculture - undergoing heavy stress
 - average land holdings decreasing day by day.
 - Agriculture acreage static- 140 million hect-. For last 40
years
 - number of farmers increased from 7 to 14 crore.
 - adding one crore farmers every five years.
 Over 80 % rural households –landholdings - less
than one hectare (10,000 square metres)
 landholdings decreased in size- almost 50%- last
20 years;
 just 7% per cent farmers-- own more than 2
hectares,
 over 75 % urban migrants-- come from marginal

16. Problem of Large Population

17. Problem of--Declining share in GDP
Contribution of agriculture to GDP reduced from 51.88% in1950 to 13.94% in
2013.
 Share of service sector increased > 200% from 29.54% to 59.93%
 Industry contribution increased by 60%; from 16.19% to 26.15%
 --almost 69 % of population lives in rural areas 50% labour force still
dependant on agriculture, --Situation definitely not sustainable for Rural
India/India
 Share of Agriculture sector in GDP --must go up considerably

18. Problem of--Livelihood & Employment
 Almost ¾ of rural households—-- live with monthly income -- less than Rs
5000.
 More than 50% rural households-- do not own land
 More than half Ruralites work as casual labour- unemployment/disguised
employment
 - Rural India suffers from-- low employment /low wages & perpetual
poverty..
 source--Socio- Economic and Caste Census


19. Problem of--Poverty
 Poverty reduction in urban areas higher than rural
areas
 -- nearly 25.7 % of rural India is poor, compared to
13.7% in urban areas. Rural poverty placed at double
that of urban poverty- Every 4th Ruralite remains poor.

20. Problem of Low level of Skilling

21. Low Literacy Levels
Literacy levels increasing since independence.
- Still Rural literacy lower than urban - both in males/ females
 Large gender disparity -- both in males/females
 -- urban female literacy rate-- almost higher by more than 20% than
rural female.
 -Urban Male Literacy rate – 11.61% higher than Rural Male

22. Net Attendance –Rural Vs Urban- Low
 Net attendance --insight into education dynamics of India- Higher in
Urban compared to Rural.
 Rate of fall of net attendance -from primary to secondary-- much steeper
in rural areas.
 Reasons- lack of family commitment, migration, climate induced
disasters, famine and poverty.

23. Health Indicators- Poor Health
 Health - Known to be wealth of a society--best indicators
of well-being of population /human resources
development.
 Rural India lags behind Urban India-- in all indicators
including Infant Mortality- Steady declining mortality
 Rural infant mortality 20% higher than urban mortality

24. Access to basic services- Poor

25. Problems- water

26. POOR QUALITY HOUSING

27. Unorganized Marketing

28. Major Problems- Rural India
 India- Ranks among countries having Low land man ratio-2.4 Vs 17.7
 Large population base -69%
 High degree of Poverty ( Majority of rural India lives on Rs 35 per day)
 Lack of sanitation and cleanliness- adverse impact on health;
 Low level of skill &literacy -- Low level of gainful employment
 Inadequate level of basic infrastructure /services /amenities- water supply,
sanitation, drainage, power, SWM- Poor Quality of life
 Agriculture largely Rainfed--Low level of irrigation facilities
 Large number of Poor quality Housing- Katcha, temporary- Poor human
Living
 Haphazard and unplanned development- Poor Quality of life
 Low level of Healthcare & Educational facilities- Low Human Quality Index
 Poor quality of living environment-Poor Quality of life
 Poor accessibility/connectivity- to urban markets-Absence of efficient
marketing of agrictural produce -Low prices for agricultural produce
 -Low order of Agro-based industries
 - Low income/low employment opportunities
 -High water pollution- Large diseases- Poor Health- High mortality
 Loss of Fertile soil /desertification-- due to erosion, Overgrazing /
deforestation- Low agricultural productivity- poverty
 - Large number of Villages Prone to Natural Hazards- Repeated
destruction of human/animal life/property- leading to perpetual poverty

29. Issues Facing Rural Economy-India
 Large population- depending on agriculture
 Low level- of literacy
 High degree- of unemployment/disguised unemployment
 Lack of -female empowerment
 Poor enforcement- of law and order
 Inadequate Land reforms
 Inadequate Infrastructure development- like irrigation/,
electricity,.
 Declining- agricultural productivity
 Large Rural- urban divide
 Absence of high -tech agriculture
 High degree of indebtedness- Poor Quality of life/economic
growth
 Inadequate storage capacity- for horticulture/ vegetable produce
 Poor skilling in agriculture-Large scale loss of agricultural
produce
 Increasing social/economic/physical/ cultural divide- Rural
population
 Highly stratified/ divided rural society- based on caste/economy/
traditions/avocations
 Absence of any planning/development Agency

30. SWOT - Analysis

31. Opportunities
Weakness
 Rich natural resources
 Good Natural attributes
 Cultural strength
 Provider of food/basic human needs
 Provider of raw material for industries
 Large population base
 Sustainer of economy
 Considerable contribution to GDP
 Compact community- Large Market
 Lack of infrastructure/services
 Poor accessibility/Areas of neglect
 Low land holding/ high social divide
 Lower order of literacy/ low level of skill
 Poor educational /healthcare facilities
 High dependence on agriculture
 -outdated agricultural practices
 Poor housing/ Poor quality of life
 Poor capacity to plan/ develop
 Poor financial health/low wages
 High degree of poverty/unemployment
Strength
For making agriculture more productive
Skilling India, Promoting higher growth
rate-- making India economically vibrant
•Providing gainful employment for all
•Promoting economical/cost-effective
development
•Eradicating poverty
• Improving connectivity between urban /
rural areas-synergizing urban-rural growth
• Making growth of urban Centers rational
• Promoting operational efficiency of
urban /rural settlements
Threats--Neglect of rural areas will
lead to---Chaos, unemployment, poverty,
poor health, lower quality of life,
development paralysis, haphazard
/unplanned urban development, large
scale migration, neglect of agriculture,
food scarcity, food insecurity declining
industrial productivity, loss of large rural
market, Rapid growth of slums

32. Options for making
Rural India- livable,
sustainable, green,
inclusive and safe

33. Opting for achieving-SDGs

34. Ministry of Rural
Development- Major
Rural Development
Schemes –
Objectives/Coverage

35. Ministry of Rural Development-
GOI
 Involves-- two departments
 1. Department of Rural Development
 2. Department of Land Resource.
 Vision—Promote sustainable / inclusive
growth of rural India through;
 - a multipronged strategy focusing on--
 -- eradicating poverty ;
 --increasing livelihood opportunities
 -- providing social safety net
 -- developing infrastructure for growth.
 --improving quality of life
 --correcting developmental imbalances,
 --reaching most disadvantaged

36. Ministry of Rural Development
 Major programs operated by Ministry in rural areas;
i. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
(MGNREGA)-- for providing wage employment,
ii. National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM--) for self
skill development,
iii.Housing for All : Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana -
providing housing to BPL households,
iv.Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGY)-- for
roads, connectivity to/from villages
v. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee RURBAN Mission,- for
development of villages
vi.Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)-
productivity of land.
viii Scheme for capacity development of rural
promoting Information, Education, Communication;
Monitoring and Evaluation.

37. Ministry of Rural Development
 Ix. Prime Minister Rural Development Fellows Scheme ; focused on-
developing competent / committed facilitators
 - serving as manpower resource for Rural India for providing support to
district administration in underdeveloped & remote areas
 X. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY); --
 for providing employment to poor
 -- providing food to people living below poverty line
 -- to improve their nutritional levels
 -- provide social /economic assets to people
 xi Samagra Siksha Abhiyan; launched in 2000.- combines three schemes-
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan(RMSA), Teacher Education and the Sarva
Siksha Abhiyan for.
 -- providing free education to children-- as basic fundamental right.
 -- state / central government share expenses - central share at 85% and state
shares 15%
 Xii Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY); launched in 2014;
- With each Member of Parliament
- taking responsibility of three villages
- looking after personal, human, social, environmental /economic development of
villages.
- To improve standard of living & quality of life
-

38. Ministry of Rural Development
 xiii . National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP); launched in August
15 in 1995.
 -- for fulfiling Directive Principles in Article 41 / 42 of constitution to provide
assistance to citizens in terms of sickness, unemployment, old age in limits of
economic capabilities.
 -- a centrally sponsored scheme to provides financial help to;
 -- widows, elderly, people with disability in form of pensions.
 -xiv. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY); aimed at ;
 --providing food grains to around 2 crore people at subsidised rates.
 -with Below Poverty Line (BPL) families
 - providing 35 kgs of food grains.
 -- Rice provided @ Rs 3/kg / wheat @ Rs 2/kg.
 - first launched in Rajasthan - later implemented in all Indian states.
 Xv Provision of Urban Amenities In Rural Areas (PURA); launched in
2004 - a strategy for Rural Development
 ;-- former President APJ Abdul Kalam in his book-- Target 3 billion;
 -- for providing urban infrastructure / services in rural areas
 -to create opportunities outside cities.
 -to prevent migration of youth from rural areas to urban areas

39. Ministry of Rural Development
 Xvi Mission Amrit Sarovar
--Launched on 24th April 2022
-- for conserving water for future,
- -aimed at developing / rejuvenating
- - 75 water bodies in each district of country
 Xvii- Jal Jeevan Mission-
 - for providing safe and adequate drinking water
 -- through individual household tap connections
 --by 2024 to all households in rural India
 Xviii Swatch Bharat Mission-
 a country-wide campaign
 -- initiated by Government of India in 2014
 - promoting universal sanitation coverage
 - to eliminate open defecation
 -improve solid /liquid waste management.
 Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen)
 - to reinforce ODF behaviors and
 - focus on safe management of solid and liquid waste in villages.

40. Ministry of Rural Development
 Budget outlay of Rs. 86000 crore -- provided under Plan for
Financial Year 2016-17. additional of Rs. 9000 crores allocated
later making provision to Rs. 95000 crores.
 Budget outlay of Rs. 105447.88 crores allocated for Financial
Year 2017-18 and
 Budget outlay of Rs. 112403.92 crores allocated to for Financial
Year 2018-19 and
 Budget outlay of Rs. 117647.19 crores allocated for Financial
Year 2019-20. and
 Budget outlay of Rs. 120147.19 crores allocated for the
Financial Year 2021-22.
 Budget outlay of Rs. 2,06,293 crores allocated for the
Financial Year 2022-23.

41. Planning Villages
-Need and Scope

42. Need for Village Planning
 Villages Critical for scripting growth/ development of India
 In the words of Mahatma Gandhi- father of nation-
‘ India lives in villages -India will prosper if villages prosper,
--if villages perish India will perish too”
 Former President- Dr Kalam- gave the concept of
 PURA- ( Providing Urban Amenities in Rural areas)-- --
Villages to usher new era of-- India regeneration-Making India
vibrant -Physically, socially, environmentally /economically
 Villages would need;
 -Empowering people --Physically/socially/ economically-- by
skilling/education/healthcare/ employment
 -- Promoting promoting planned development/ management;
 -- ensuring basic amenities/ services essential for human
living
 - creating adequate opportunities of gainful employment

43. Need for Village Planning
Villages have great potential for ;
 -providing simple/healthy/cost-effective living
 - Leveraging national Economy
 -Providing food security to nation/ globally
 Generating Employment- gainful employment > 2/3rd work
force
 - Making national growth rational
 Eradicating poverty- 365 million
 Providing quality of life- to majority of Indians
 Minimizing migration–
 minimizing haphazard urban development
 Minimizing slums/houselessness -- in urban India
 Ensuring-- housing for all --Rationalizing urban growth-
 Promoting-- planned development in India
 Eliminating majority of urban ills - having genesis in neglect
of rural India

44. Scope for Improving Rural India
 - Generating employment in rural areas
 Creating options for Agro- based Industry in Rural India
 -- improving productivity of agricultural sector.
 - Promoting connectivity /Integration between rural - urban India
 - Eliminating social stratification
 - bringing entire village community on same platform
 - Eliminating social divide between urban - rural areas.
 - Improving social/physical infrastructure of rural areas
 - Improving Quality education-- eradication social evils
 - Making India Literate - Improving literacy particularly for females
 -Improving land based reforms
 --Modernizing Agriculture-Using Modern technologies—in
organic farming for improving outputs /profits.
 - Making Agriculture marketing more rational
 -- Providing access to easy credit /loans
 -- improving banking system in rural areas.
 -- Renewing/giving new outlook/ updating schemes-- already in
place-.

45. Planning Villages
-Objectives

46. Village Planning- Objectives
Village Planning to revolve around/aim at-
:Empowerment, enablement, accountability of Panchayati Raj
Institutions – for inclusive development with social justice,/ efficient
delivery of service
 Promoting-- holistic development of Villages
 Minimising Rural- urban divide
 -Creating Urban opportunities for individuals residing in rural areas-
to Create a level ground for income options.
 Promoting high degree of connectivity/accessibility
 Preventing -- distress migration from Rural areas to urban areas--
 Guaranteeing -- a decent standard of living.
 Providing -- basic amenities/facilities- essential for good living
 Making village “hub”- to attract resources for development
 Providing easier, faster/ cheaper-- access to urban markets-
 Promoting land reforms
 Offering Remunerative price of agricultural produce/ commodities
 Introducing modern techniques/ sustainable /affordable technology for
agriculture - to promote increased productivity
 Improving standard of living of underprivileged population
 Providing basic needs: education, healthcare, clean drinking water,
rural roads, etc

47. Village Planning- Objectives
 Making optimum use of local resources
 Making villages self- sufficient-- in day- to- day needs
 Economic empowerment- sharing of resources;
 Generating- appropriate employment
 Social empowerment -- engaging all sections of community in village
development.
 Creating Rural sustainability
 - Creating a Co-operative culture of living/working
 Promoting inclusive development.
 Improving Village environment/ Ecology
 Promoting Planned Physical Development
 Making Village self-reliant -- energy/ resources
 Promoting integrated urban –rural growth
 Involving local community –for decision making
 Minimising social stratification
 Promoting Agro-based industry
 Promoting alternate source of employment /income
 Bridging gap-- between local governing bodies and state/ Central
administration- for better economic communication-


48. Understanding, Appreciating,
Implementation of - 73rd CAA,
1992-Promoting Good Governance
- Adopting Regional Planning
- Adopting District Planning
-Adopting Metropolitan Area
Planning
- Empowering Aspirational Districts
-Implementing Ru-Urban Mission

49. Promoting Good Governance
73rd
Constitutional
Amendment Act,
1992
-Key to Rural
Emancicipation

50. 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992-Rural
-Made India from 2 tier-federal- to 3 tier system of
Governance – by including Panchayats
Gave constitutional recognition to Rural institutions of
governance -- Converted Panchayati raj system into ;
--3-tier system with- elected bodies at
--village -taluk/ block- district levels.
--System based on ;
--traditional {Panchayati raj. Panchayat governance}
for
-- Decentralisation/empowering local institutions
-- with a degree of local autonomy.
-- larger people participation at local level for more
-effective implementation of rural development
programs. --
73RD amendment calls for
- having a duly elected -
- gram panchayat -- for each village/ group of villages,
-- Block level council—Block Samiti

51. PANCHAYATI Raj system in india- Features
--Gram Sabha or village assembly ---as foundation of Panchayati Raj
System.
--73rd Amendment empowers Gram Sabhas to- conduct social audits in
other functions
-- All seats in Panchayats-- filled by elections .
--Not less than 1/3 seats--- membership / chairpersons-- reserved for
women.
--- Reservation for SCs / ST– proportion of their population
----Constituting State Election Commission --To supervise, direct /
control-- elections to Panchayats-
-Constituting State Finance Commission - for every State/UT, - every five
years
--- Suggest measures- to strengthen finances of Panchayati raj
institutions.
- Promoting bottom-up Village Planning
- Preparing-District Development/Metropolitan Development Plans
- District Planning Committee (DPC) – accorded constitutional status.
-- 29 functions given in Eleventh Schedule of Constitution- for
Panchayats
-- Panchayats – to play an effective role in planning/ implementation of
rural works

52. ELEVNTH SCHEDULE
1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation
3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development
4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.
5. Fisheries 6. Social forestry and farm forestry
7. Minor forest produce.
8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries
9. Khadi, village and cottage industries. 10. Rural housing.
11. Drinking water 12. Fuel and fodder.
13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways/other means of communication
14. Rural electrification
15- Education including primary and secondary schools
16 Non- conventional sources of energy 17. Technical Training and vocational
education 18. Public distribution system
19. Adult and non-formal education. 20 Maintenance of public assets
21. Cultural activities 22. Markets and fairs
23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centers and
dispensaries 24. Family welfare. 25. Women and child development.
26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded.
27. Welfare of the weaker section
28 Public distribution system
29. Poverty Alleviation programmes

53. 1.Regional Planning
2.District Planning&
3 Metropolitan
Planning
4 Planning for
Aspirational Districts

54. Regional Planning
Globally--Most progressive countries/states/ cities
- adopted Regional perspective for :
---Integrating urban and rural settlements
--for Minimizing migration
--Making urban development-- more rational / sustainable
--Promoting co-operation & collaboration; between urban-rural areas
- Minimizing local competition /conflicts- urban/rural
- Infrastructure optimization between neighboring cities/rural
settlements,
-- Preventing disasters,
-- Promoting / protecting regional ecology / bio-diversity,
-- Providing recreational activities
-- Overcoming confusion over role / responsibilities of various agencies.
-- Achieving integration and decentralized planning--
• Regional Planning optimizes Regional resources
by--
-- promoting synergy between rural & urban areas
-- connecting villages/cities-- through a well defined settlement hierarchy
-- using developmental potential of each settlement
-- making them sustainable

55. Regional Planning- National Capital
Region
.

56. District Planning - DPC
• 73rd/74th CAA,1992- Landmark legislation- Rural/Urban
Empowerment- promoting Decentralization- Setting of
DPC/MAPC
•District Planning vital for growth of Rural India
•- Creating synergies between villages/ cities at district level
•Creating Committee for District planning
•- Consisting of elected representatives
•- Taking District as Regional Planning Unit
-- Consolidating plans of Panchayats/ Municipalities
-- Prepare draft development plan for district
- Villages lack manpower/knowledge/ resources to prepare
village development plans
-DPC has no manpower for planning at distinct level
-- DPC needs strengthening/empowerment
-- Besides preparing Draft District Development Plan ;
-Should also be involved in implementation
-District Town Planning office to provide assistance/ support

57. Metropolitan Planning- MPC
243ZE. Metropolitan Planning Committee
-Constituted for Metro Area
– to prepare Draft development plan for Metropolitan area –
- ------------Consolidating plans of both rural- urban
settlements
(a) Metropolitan Planning Committees consists of:
-- not less than two-thirds of members elected
from Municipalities/ Chairpersons of Panchayats in
Metropolitan area--
-(d) functions relating to planning / coordination
--- MPC has no manpower for planning at Metropolitan level
-- MPC -- needs strengthening/ empowerment
-- prepares only Draft Metropolitan Development Plan
-- to be actively involved in-- finalization/ implementation of
MPC
-- Conflict between District Planning & Metro Planning need
Resolution

58. Development of Aspirational Districts-
options
 117 out of 742 districts—identified as Aspirational district by NITI
Aayog—640(2001) & 593(1991)
 -- based upon indicators -having impact on Human development
 Health & Nutrition, Education, ;Agriculture & Water Resources,
Financial Inclusion/Skill Development/ Basic Infrastructure --.
 Treating backward districts -- not a physical problem
but human problem
 People suffering for centuries -- due to exclusion ,
poverty, acute deficiency of basic amenities/ neglect
 States – should rationalize - structure, plan, develop /
manage backward districts
 -- based on a detailed study & analysis
 Program extended from District to Block level for
 -- Empowering Villages- socially/physically/
economically

60. Development of Aspirational Districts-
options
 Implementing on priority
 - District Planning / Metropolitan Planning envisioned in -
73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1992
 - promoting rational /economical development of
districts.
 --Making Districts/Block planning/ development- as Unit
for;
-- equitable distribution of resources
-- integrated development of urban / rural areas ,
-- removing disconnect between urban/ rural settlements
- Promoting-- integrated development
--Rationalizing Distribution-- of population
--Rationalizing Distribution --of economic activities/
industry-- Sharing -- infrastructure/services
- -- Economizing development
- -- Avoiding overlapping of development efforts
- - Generating Resources


61. PROMOTING
RU-URBAN
MISSION

62. Ru-urban mission- Genesis
 Large number of rural settlements exist in India as--Part
of a cluster of settlements
 --relatively proximate to each other.
 -- illustrate potential for growth,
 have economic drivers/locational / competitive
advantages.
 -- making them into clusters-- ‘Ru-rban'.
 Government of India, proposed -- Shyama Prasad
Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) aimed at;
 -- developing rural areas–
 --providing economic social /physical infrastructure
facilities.
 -- development of 300 Rurban clusters,-- in next five years.
 -- clusters strengthened with --amenities/ resources
 -- mobilized through convergence of schemes of

63. Ru-urban mission- Vision
 National Rurban Mission (NRuM)
follows vision of;
 -- "Development of a cluster of villages
 -- that preserve and nurture
 -- essence of rural community life
 -- with focus on equity and
inclusiveness
 -- without compromising with facilities
 -- perceived essentially urban in nature,
 -- creating a cluster of "Rurban Villages

64. Ru-urban Mission's- OBJECTIVES/Outco
 Objective of National Rurban Mission
(NRuM) to;
 -- stimulate local economic development
 -- enhance basic services, and
 -- create well planned Rurban clusters
 -- Bridging rural-urban divide--- economic,
technological, facilities / services.
 -- Stimulating local economic
development-- focussing on reduction of
poverty / unemployment
 -- Spreading development in region.
 --- Attracting investment in rural areas.

65. Ru-urban Cluster
 A ‘Ru-urban cluster', would be -- a cluster of
--geographically contiguous villages with;
 -population of 25000 to 50000 in plain/coastal
areas and
 -- 5000 to 15000 in desert, hilly/ tribal areas.
 --Clusters – to follow administrative
convergence units of Gram Panchayats
 --within a single block/ tehsil-- for
administrative convenience.
 -- formed by identifying geographically
contiguous villages/gram panchayats
 --within a radius of 5–10 km
 -- around identified growth centre

66. RU-URBAN MISSION- COMPONENTS
 Skill Development --training Linked to Economic
Activities
 Agri- Services and Processing Support-- to
Agriculture /Allied Activity
 Digital Literacy --(access to digital resources for all
citizens
 24 x 7 Piped-- Water Supply
 Sanitation
 Solid waste / liquid management / Vermi-compost Pit
 Metalling Village Streets with Drains
 Creating Fully equipped Mobile Health Unit
 Up- gradation of primary/secondary /higher
secondary schools
 Promoting Inter- village roads connectivity/ Public
transport
 Creating Citizen Service Centres- for electronic

67. Methodology for
Village Planning

68. - Promoting planned development-- based on local
climate/culture/strength
-- Making Village– self- sufficient in basic needs of human living
--Providing- appropriate quality of life
-- Creating opportunities- for gainful employment/economic growth
-- Promoting community living / co-operative /community farming
-- Providing housing for all –adequately lighted/ventilated
--Providing clean water, sanitation, drainage, solid waste management
--promoting accessibility through Metalled approach roads/ internal
streets
-- creating common spaces- & Community buildings -- healthcare/
education , janjghar, Panchayat Ghar etc- creating self-sufficiency in
Energy
--Providing E- Sampark kendra- vocational /learning centre
--Creating Space for village/cottage /agro based industries, shops etc for
day to day needs/agro products/dairy farming
--Adopting self- help approach/Creating local Groups- using local
resources
-- creating - open spaces/parks/water bodies- Using low lying areas
-Making Villages Zero Energy- Zero Waste-
--Using Green energy from solar/Gobar-gas - for promoting clean
environment, promoting-- water /energy self-sufficiency

69. Key Elements of Model Village Plannin

70. Project Planning- implementati
• identification of Village
 partnership building- Involving people, Institutions
involved in Village planning/development
 Creating Think Tank /Holding Village Meetings
 Surveying/ Preparing- Existing Village Plan
 Identifying Issues—Village/Project Planning
 Budget Setting
 Sub-Committee Formation
 Implementation
 Monitoring and Evaluation
 Promoting Sustainable livelihoods and beyond

71. Methodology for village Development
planning---- Must be different in approach/ intent
/contents- to urban planning. Each Village unique/distinct-
requires different approach
-Village planning based on;
-Empowering people, communities / local institutions
--based on local initiative consultative/ participatory
mechanism- -- involving all stakeholders.
-- using simple/direct technique,
-- making - time bound, quick/simple decisions/actions
i. Involving Panchayats--Holding Exploratory meeting with
for:
-- briefing about project ,
-- Defining aim/ objectives /scope,
-- value to be added to village -- planning & development,
--processes / methodology to be followed
-- for implementation and obtaining
--consent for going ahead with project.

72. Methodology for village Planning
Ii. Approval from Panchayat
Iii. Calling meeting of Gram Sabha involving all residents
for:
-- explaining project,
-- benefits,
-- understanding problems,
--identifying needs/ priorities
--understanding vision,
-- promoting participatory mechanism,
-- sourcing suggestions
obtaining approval
- defining role of residents,
iv. Creating a Think Tank comprising --elders, NGO,
Panchayat for aiding/advising about plan preparation and
implementation.
---Carrying out a SWOT Analysis

73. V Carrying out a;
-- socio-economic, demographic survey
-- asking for priorities of development/infrastructure .
VI Creating a physical map of village defining --
-- location/conditions of houses
-- community buildings,
-- public buildings
-- Mapping services--sewerage, roads,
--- sanitation/ storm/waste water drainage, network
-- street lights(if any) etc
vii. Preparing inventory of:
-- problems,
--deficiency in infrastructure,
---amenities,
-- additional facilities needed etc
viii. Making projections/forecast for next 5 years for
population, housing /other infrastructure, services etc

74. x Preparing Draft Development Plan of Village based
on:
-- studies made
-- analysis carried out,
--vision and priorities defined ,
-- problems identified,
--Understanding needs/ requirements of village
-projections made for -- development / amenities /
services
--rough estimates / cost of development.
x. Sharing Draft Development Plan with:
-- Think Tank and
-- Panchayat
-- for approval in principal
for placing before Gram Sabha.

75. •xii. Development works to comprise --
*Water Supply
*Sewerage
* Streets
*Drainage
* Street Lighting
Toilets in houses/ community latrines
* Water Bodies
*Afforestation, Landscaping of open spaces--Plantation of Trees
*Construction of Panchayat Ghar / Community Centre
*Providing dispensary for Residents/ animals
*School &Library
* Creating Vocational Centre/ Anganwari/ adult education centre
*Krishi Vigyan Kendra – -for sale of essential agricultural inputs, seeds,
--latest information about prices/marketing options of agricultural
produce,
--new options for crop/agriculture diversification, weather forecast and
--innovations in agriculture,
* Co-operative Banking &
E-Samparak Kendra

76. XIV Village development Plan shall essentially be taken up as a joint
venture of all :
-- stakeholders involving residents,
-- Panchayat,/ Panchayat officials
--Think Tank,
-- NGOs,
--state/ local rural development agencies
--corporate agencies etc
-- for formulation / implementation of Plan --Plan is reviewed
periodically to meet emerging village demand
XV Methodology for Financing
Funding of development works to be through:
--Funds made available by state
- Income of Panchayat from its own resources
-- Grant- in- aid by state,
--funds made available by MPLAD/MLA
-- funds available under different state/ local level rural development schemes,
-- contribution by villagers ,
- Funds from Self- Help Groups
-- Individual Donations/contributions
-- international agencies – Funding viability gap

77. Glenn Family Foundation - “Village Development Model” --Providing
Villages with;
-- sustainable access to basic needs.
-- access to clean water,
-- to solar power,
-- improved sanitation
-- to reduce incidence of disease
-- improved living conditions
-- to foster a sense of pride.
-- Help enrich Village communities through
-- education, --health initiatives,-- skills sharing-- technical expertise.
Model aims to increase ;
-- standard of living
-- in poor rural communities
--- through interventions in -education, health, shelter and basic needs.
-- Creating local empowerment /ownership,
-- Involving communities in development
-- Enabling them to sustain/ contributing to further development
-- using local volunteers
– bringing project specific expertise
-- learning new skills / competencies,

78. Strategy for Different Villages
 However, different planning, development strategies would be
required for planning differently situated Villages
 Urban Villages- made integral part of urban planning and
development strategies with well defined planning
norms/standards- creating tourism potential. Part of funds
generated from urban development used for urban villages
 Urbanisable Villages- Villages provided with all urban
facilities for easier future integration with urban areas- through
well defined norms/ planned development- supported by
concerned urban centre
 Rural Villages—To be retained as villages with basic
amenities/infrastructure/ employment through --producing day
to day goods needed for urban living- vegetables, dairy
products, fruits/ vegetables etc- self-contained villages-
provided with amenities
 Villages falling in hill areas and plains/desert/coastal area will
require different strategies for development depending upon
local conditions/culture/climate/resources etc

81. SUCCESS
STORIES

82. Village Dharnai –Bihar- Solar Power
Once struggling- to get basic electricity - Dharnai-- first village in India to
completely run on solar power. Used diesel-based generators / cow dung to meet
electricity requirement -- costly and unhealthy.
Launched solar-powered 100 kilowatt micro-grid in 2014, quality electricity
provided to more than 2,400 people living .

83. Payvihir– Maharashtra-Organic Forest ,
Fruits
Turning a barren, 182-hectare land under community forest right, into a
forest.— village started growing & selling organic Sitafals (custard
apples) and Mangoes in Mumbai under their brand Naturals Melghat!

84. Hiware Bazaar, Maharashtra- Water management
.Facing water shortage village decided to shun water-intensive crops
opted for horticulture / dairy farming. Consistent water conservation--- rising
groundwater levels -- village started to prosper. Today, village has 294 open wells-
- brimming with water / prosperity. -never called a single water tanker since 1995.
village has 60 millionaires& highest per-capita income in India

85. Odanthurai, Tamil Nadu-Solar/Wind Energy
Panchayat generating electricity for own use
--sold surplus energy to Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
--- Village created corpus of Rs 5 crores
-- to install wind /solar energy farms
--enable free supply of electricity to over 8,000 residents.

86. Khonoma, Nagaland-First Green Villag
India’s first green village.--perfectly terraced fields,
--self-sustaining village- Protects / conserves natural habitat.
-- Hunting banned -- Village practices its own eco-friendly version
of jhum agriculture that enriches the soil.

87. Punsari, Gujarat- Technology driven Villag
Punsari village,-- Closed-circuit cameras, water purifying plants, biogas
plants, air-conditioned schools, Wi-Fi, biometric machines – done in
eight years- cost of Rs. 16 crore.--Transformation made possible by
young tech-savvy sarpanch – 33-year-old Himanshu Patel
--village offers amenities of a city but the spirit of a village.”

88. Mawlynnong, Meghalaya- Cleanest
village
 plastic is banned--paths lined with flowers-- bamboo
dustbins stand at every corner, --volunteers sweep
streets -- signboards warn visitors against littering. --
Cleanliness a ritual for all old/young –
 --village Known as cleanest village in India /Asia.

89. Piplantri, Rajasthan- Saving girls&
Trees
Village Panchyat saving girl children & increasing green cover
---planting 111 trees when a girl is born –ensuring survival of trees --
attaining fruitation as girls grow up. - set up a fixed deposit for girls -
parents sign an affidavit ensuring their education
.-During last nine years,- planted over a quarter million trees on village’s
grazing land—Preventing trees from termite,
-planted over 2.5 million aloe-vera plants around them.
Trees/aloe-vera,-- a source of livelihood for several residents.

90. Conclusions
 Even after more than 7 decades of independence,
 existing policies --taken a toll on rural India.
 villages development-- taking a backseat
 Created economy of duality/contradiction
 - rich cities -poor villages,--
 Surging urban areas and decaying rural areas.
 Urgent Need for ---
 India – to evolve/ adopt a policy of Regionalisation along with Policy of
Urbanization
 Creating balance/synergies between urban /rural development
 Making Urban & Rural areas supportive of each other - Physically, socially,
economically , environmentally, structurally, culturally and financially
 Sharing amenities/facilities between urban and rural areas
 Creating appropriate level of employment for all in rural India
 Removing poverty by
 -- Skilling rural India,
 -- making agriculture more productive; more scientific , more skilled-
 -- Reducing dependence on agriculture
 -- Prioritizing Planned development- both rural & urban areas
 - using Regional Planning,-- followed by Rural/urban Planning
 - Providing basic amenities / facilities to all

91. Conclusions
 Promoting culture of co-operation/ sharing in villages-
for doing all activities
 Leveraging local culture/technologies/art/craft/talent --
for skilling, employment Creating
 Making villages self-sufficient -- in all day-to-day
requirements
 Promoting education / literacy-- for all
 Making rural planning/development-- integral part of
academics-- at all level in urban/rural areas
 Running specialized dedicated courses --for rural
development/ Masters in Rural Development
 Involving all educational institutions-- in process of rural
development
 Adopting villages -- by academic Institutions imparting
architecture/Engineering educations

92. Conclusions
 Promoting agriculture-- based on crop diversification/
growing cash crops/High Value Crops
 Promoting water conservation /preservation
 Adopting green practices-- for development based on
nature
 Promoting solar/gas based energy-- for lighting and cooking
 Promoting Agro-based industries-- for making value addition/
generating employment
 Implementing 73 rd CAA in letters & spirits
 Implementing Ru-urban mission pan India
 Converging all missions at local level
 Empowering village panchayats/ involving communities
 Involving professionals- Architects/planners/
engineers/economists-- in framing District/ Metropolitan
plans- based on concept of Regional Plans– Creating bare-
foot professionals
 Creating self- help groups-- for planning /implementation of

93. Consultation; Collaboration, Co-Operation

94. THANKS
THANKS
THANKS