2. Peritoneal CavityPeritoneal Cavity
Greater omentumGreater omentum
Extends from greater curvature ofExtends from greater curvature of
stomach to posterior abdominal wall.stomach to posterior abdominal wall.
Apron-like fold covering transverseApron-like fold covering transverse
colon and small intestine.colon and small intestine.
3. Peritoneal CavityPeritoneal Cavity
Lesser omentumLesser omentum
Extends from lesser curvature ofExtends from lesser curvature of
stomach to liver.stomach to liver.
Includes:Includes:
Hepatogastric ligament.Hepatogastric ligament.
Hepatoduodenal ligament.Hepatoduodenal ligament.
4. Peritoneal CavityPeritoneal Cavity
MesenteriesMesenteries
Mesentery proper attaches to smallMesentery proper attaches to small
intestine from duodenojejunal flexureintestine from duodenojejunal flexure toto
ileocecal junction.ileocecal junction.
Composed of two layers ofComposed of two layers of
peritoneum:peritoneum:
Enclose blood vessels and nervesEnclose blood vessels and nerves
to jejunum and ileum.to jejunum and ileum.
6. LiverLiver
Largest visceral organ in body.Largest visceral organ in body.
Lies mostly in upper right portion ofLies mostly in upper right portion of
abdominal cavity.abdominal cavity.
Encased in fibrous capsule and coveredEncased in fibrous capsule and covered
by visceral peritoneum except:by visceral peritoneum except:
Bare area:Bare area:
In contact with underside ofIn contact with underside of
diaphragm.diaphragm.
8. LiverLiver
Porta hepatis:Porta hepatis:
Transverse fissure separating caudate andTransverse fissure separating caudate and
quadrate lobes.quadrate lobes.
Transmits:Transmits:
Right and left hepatic ducts.Right and left hepatic ducts.
Right and left hepatic arteries.Right and left hepatic arteries.
Right and left branches of portal vein.Right and left branches of portal vein.
Autonomic plexus and lymphatics.Autonomic plexus and lymphatics.
9. GallbladderGallbladder
Relationship to liver:Relationship to liver:
Lies between quadrate and right lobe.Lies between quadrate and right lobe.
Pear-shaped organ.Pear-shaped organ.
Function:Function:
Store and concentrate bile.Store and concentrate bile.
10. GallbladderGallbladder
Duct system:Duct system:
Common hepatic duct:Common hepatic duct:
From union of right and leftFrom union of right and left
hepatic ducts of liver.hepatic ducts of liver.
Accompanied by portal vein andAccompanied by portal vein and
proper hepatic artery.proper hepatic artery.
11. GallbladderGallbladder
Duct system:Duct system:
Cystic duct:Cystic duct:
Connects common hepatic duct toConnects common hepatic duct to
gall bladder.gall bladder.
Common bile duct:Common bile duct:
Formed by union of common hepaticFormed by union of common hepatic
duct and cystic duct.duct and cystic duct.
Opens into duodenum with mainOpens into duodenum with main
pancreatic duct.pancreatic duct.
12. StomachStomach
Located in epigastric and left hypochondriacLocated in epigastric and left hypochondriac
regions.regions.
Regions:Regions:
Lesser curvature.Lesser curvature.
Short concave right border.Short concave right border.
Attached to lesser omentum.Attached to lesser omentum.
Greater curvature:Greater curvature:
Long convex left border.Long convex left border.
Attached to greater omentum.Attached to greater omentum.
15. StomachStomach
Blood supply:Blood supply:
Left and right gastric arteries.Left and right gastric arteries.
Left and right gastroepiploic arteries.Left and right gastroepiploic arteries.
Short gastric arteries.Short gastric arteries.
Accompanying vein to portal vein.Accompanying vein to portal vein.
16. SpleenSpleen
Largest lymphatic organ:Largest lymphatic organ:
Develops in dorsal mesentery of stomach:Develops in dorsal mesentery of stomach:
Not an embryological derivative of gut tube.Not an embryological derivative of gut tube.
Location:Location:
Lies against diaphragm in leftLies against diaphragm in left hypochondriachypochondriac
region.region.
Along the long axis of ribs 9-11.Along the long axis of ribs 9-11.
17. SpleenSpleen
Attached to stomach by:Attached to stomach by:
Gastrosplenic ligament:Gastrosplenic ligament:
Contains:Contains:
Left gastroepiploic artery andLeft gastroepiploic artery and
vein.vein.
Short gastric arteries andShort gastric arteries and
veins.veins.
18. PancreasPancreas
Location:Location:
In epigastric and left hypochondriacIn epigastric and left hypochondriac
regions.regions.
Blood supply:Blood supply:
Branches of splenic artery.Branches of splenic artery.
Superior and inferiorSuperior and inferior
pancreaticoduodenal arteries.pancreaticoduodenal arteries.
20. PancreasPancreas
Head:Head:
Lies in curvature of duodenum.Lies in curvature of duodenum.
Lies anterior to inferior vena cava.Lies anterior to inferior vena cava.
Traversed by common bile duct.Traversed by common bile duct.
Neck:Neck:
Constricted where crossed posteriorly by:Constricted where crossed posteriorly by:
Superior mesenteric artery.Superior mesenteric artery.
22. Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Duodenum:Duodenum:
From pylorus to jejunum.From pylorus to jejunum.
Surrounds head of pancreas.Surrounds head of pancreas.
Retroperitoneal.Retroperitoneal.
Begins to right of midline at level ofBegins to right of midline at level of
lumbar vertebra 1.lumbar vertebra 1.
Ends left of midline at level of lumbarEnds left of midline at level of lumbar
vertebra 2.vertebra 2.
23. Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Duodenum:Duodenum:
Divided into 4 parts:Divided into 4 parts:
Not discussed here.Not discussed here.
Blood supply:Blood supply:
Gastroduodenal artery via smallerGastroduodenal artery via smaller
named arteries.named arteries.
Superior mesenteric artery viaSuperior mesenteric artery via
smaller named arteries.smaller named arteries.
24. Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Jejunum and Ileum:Jejunum and Ileum:
Begins at duodenojejunal flexure in upperBegins at duodenojejunal flexure in upper
left quadrant.left quadrant.
Ends at ileocecal junction in lower rightEnds at ileocecal junction in lower right
quadrant.quadrant.
Approximately 20 feet in length (8/12)Approximately 20 feet in length (8/12)
Attached to posterior abdominal wall by:Attached to posterior abdominal wall by:
Mesentery of small intestine.Mesentery of small intestine.
15 inches long.15 inches long.
25. Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Jejunum and Ileum:Jejunum and Ileum:
Arterial supply:Arterial supply:
Superior mesenteric artery.Superior mesenteric artery.
Venous drainage:Venous drainage:
Superior mesenteric vein.Superior mesenteric vein.
26. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
Cecum and Appendix:Cecum and Appendix:
Ileocecal orifice with ileocecal valve.Ileocecal orifice with ileocecal valve.
McBurney’s point:McBurney’s point:
2/3 distance from umbilicus to2/3 distance from umbilicus to
ASIS.ASIS.
27. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
Transverse Colon:Transverse Colon:
From right colic flexure (hepatic) toFrom right colic flexure (hepatic) to leftleft
colic flexure (splenic).colic flexure (splenic).
Suspended by transverse mesocolon.Suspended by transverse mesocolon.
Arterial supply:Arterial supply:
Middle colic artery from superiorMiddle colic artery from superior
mesenteric artery.mesenteric artery.
28. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
Descending Colon:Descending Colon:
From left colic flexure to pelvic brimFrom left colic flexure to pelvic brim
(sigmoid colon).(sigmoid colon).
Mostly covered by peritoneum butMostly covered by peritoneum but
posterior wall is fused to posteriorposterior wall is fused to posterior
abdominal wall.abdominal wall.
Arterial supply:Arterial supply:
Branch from inferior mesenteric artery.Branch from inferior mesenteric artery.
29. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
Sigmoid Colon:Sigmoid Colon:
Begins at pelvic brim.Begins at pelvic brim.
Becomes continuous with rectum atBecomes continuous with rectum at
sacral vertebra 3.sacral vertebra 3.
Suspended by sigmoid mesocolon.Suspended by sigmoid mesocolon.
Arterial supply:Arterial supply:
Inferior mesenteric artery.Inferior mesenteric artery.
31. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
Anal Canal:Anal Canal:
Internal anal sphincter:Internal anal sphincter:
Thick ring of circular smooth muscle.Thick ring of circular smooth muscle.
Surrounds upper part of anal canal.Surrounds upper part of anal canal.
Controlled reflexively and involuntarilyControlled reflexively and involuntarily
by ANS:by ANS:
Parasympathetic systemParasympathetic system
promotes relaxation.promotes relaxation.
Sympathetic systemSympathetic system
promotes contraction.promotes contraction.
32. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
Anal Canal:Anal Canal:
External anal sphincter:External anal sphincter:
Three rings of skeletal muscle.Three rings of skeletal muscle.
Extends entire length of analExtends entire length of anal
canal.canal.
Controlled voluntarily viaControlled voluntarily via
branches of pudendal nerve.branches of pudendal nerve.
33. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
Anal Canal:Anal Canal:
Anal columns:Anal columns:
5-10 longitudinal folds of mucosa in upper5-10 longitudinal folds of mucosa in upper
half of canal.half of canal.
Pectinate line:Pectinate line:
Marks junction between endodermMarks junction between endoderm
portion of anal canal andportion of anal canal and
ectoderm portion of anal canalectoderm portion of anal canal
(proctodeum).(proctodeum).
Marks division between visceral and somaticMarks division between visceral and somatic
arterial, venous, lymphatic, and nervearterial, venous, lymphatic, and nerve
supply.supply.
34. Urinary SystemUrinary System
Kidneys and ureters:Kidneys and ureters:
Kidneys are retroperitoneal.Kidneys are retroperitoneal.
Lie against posterior abdominal wallLie against posterior abdominal wall
on either side of vertebral column.on either side of vertebral column.
Generally lie adjacent to upper threeGenerally lie adjacent to upper three
lumbar vertebrae.lumbar vertebrae.
Move with movements of theMove with movements of the
diaphragm.diaphragm.
35. Urinary SystemUrinary System
Kidneys and ureters:Kidneys and ureters:
Subdivisions:Subdivisions:
Cortex.Cortex.
MedullaMedulla
with renal pyramidswith renal pyramids
PelvisPelvis
major and minor calyces (sing.major and minor calyces (sing.
calyx)calyx)
36. Urinary SystemUrinary System
Kidneys and ureters:Kidneys and ureters:
Ureter is a continuation of the pelvis.Ureter is a continuation of the pelvis.
Descends retroperitoneally on theDescends retroperitoneally on the
anterior surface of the psoasanterior surface of the psoas
major.major.
Passes anterior to bifurcation ofPasses anterior to bifurcation of
common iliac.common iliac.
Renal fat.Renal fat.
37. Urinary SystemUrinary System
Suprarenal (adrenal) glands:Suprarenal (adrenal) glands:
Blood supply:Blood supply:
Right and left renal arteries:Right and left renal arteries:
Right is longer than the left.Right is longer than the left.
Right and left renal veins:Right and left renal veins:
Left is longer than the right.Left is longer than the right.
38. Urinary SystemUrinary System
Urinary bladder:Urinary bladder:
ApexApex
points anteriorly.points anteriorly.
attached to umbilicus via medianattached to umbilicus via median
umbilical ligament.umbilical ligament.
Base:Base:
faces posteriorly.faces posteriorly.
receives ureters.receives ureters.
opens into urethra.opens into urethra.
39. Urinary SystemUrinary System
Urinary bladder:Urinary bladder:
Superior surface:Superior surface:
Completely covered byCompletely covered by
peritoneum.peritoneum.
Muscle:Muscle:
= detrusor muscle.= detrusor muscle.
40. Urinary SystemUrinary System
Urinary bladder:Urinary bladder:
Arterial supply:Arterial supply:
Superior and inferior vesicalSuperior and inferior vesical
arteries from internal iliac arteries.arteries from internal iliac arteries.
41. Urinary SystemUrinary System
Urinary bladder:Urinary bladder:
Trigone:Trigone:
Smooth internal surface ofSmooth internal surface of
triangular base:triangular base:
Does not contract or stretchDoes not contract or stretch
when bladder empties andwhen bladder empties and
fills.fills.
43. Urinary SystemUrinary System
Suprarenal glands:Suprarenal glands:
Lie against posterior abdominal wall onLie against posterior abdominal wall on superiorsuperior
poles of kidneys.poles of kidneys.
Arterial supply:Arterial supply:
Superior suprarenal arteries:Superior suprarenal arteries:
From inferior phrenic artery.From inferior phrenic artery.
Middle suprarenal artery:Middle suprarenal artery:
From abdominal aorta.From abdominal aorta.
Inferior suprarenal arteries:Inferior suprarenal arteries:
From renal arteryFrom renal artery
44. Urinary SystemUrinary System
Suprarenal glands:Suprarenal glands:
Venous drainage:Venous drainage:
Right suprarenal vein to inferiorRight suprarenal vein to inferior
vena cava.vena cava.
Left suprarenal vein to renal vein.Left suprarenal vein to renal vein.
