This presentation introduces working recommendations for encoding etymological information in TEI P5 dictionaries. Herein an overview of a reformed package of elements attributes and structures is given for a revamping of TEI as per the ongoing project seeking a general overhaul of TEI dictionaries at INRIA France. Central to this is the need to create an LMF compatible set of TEI structures which is a long needed step forward in the field of lexical markup. This presentation demonstrates ways to encode information that is central to linguistics but have not previously been encoded in any known TEI project such as: metaphor, metonymy, phonological changes, to name a few. Additionally demonstrated are structures meant to improve upon the existing ways that lexicographical resources are encoded in TEI such as etymological dictionaries.

1. Recommendations for Encoding
Etymological Information Using TEI XML
Laurent Romary
INRIA
France
Jack T. Bowers
iljackb@gmail.com
COST ENeL WG2 Meeting Vienna
13/02/2015
revision 06/04/2015

2. General Overview of Project
We are creating a set of structural recommendations for
TEI lexical dictionaries, including information relevant to:
• phonetic and orthographic forms;
• grammatical information;
• semantic and meta-linguistic
information;
• variation (on all levels);
• etymology;
• mono-/bi-/multi-/lingual
dictionaries; as well as in
dictionaries in which encyclopedic
and examples are included;
Models involve proposing changes to the TEI P5 guidelines itself
and defining our constraints on the TEI in an ODD;

3. Goals for TEI Etymological Markup Recommendations
(i) address the lack of sufficient digital markup models and standards for
representing etymological information;
(ii) coherence in treatment of the same exact linguistic information between
synchronic and diachronic data structures;
(iii) LMF and ONTOLEX compatible TEI structures;
(iv) make better use of linking mechanisms in TEI for:
• connecting cited forms in etymology and their project
internal sources (where possible);
• making use of existing external resources for lexical and
information conceptual not internal to a given project or
corpus:
e.g.
open source lexical & ontological knowledge and linked data resources
(v) increase diversity in the types of etymological information that can be
treated & make more use of concepts from linguistics:

4. 0…n
<colloc>
<per>
<usg>
<case>
<gram> <pos>
<number>
<tns>
<gen>
<mood>
Working TEI Dictionary Metamodel (elements)
TEI
0…n
<quote>
0…n
1…n
0…1
<usg> <cit>sense
0…n 0…n0…1
<gramGrp>
1…10…10…1
0…n0…n
1…n
<bibl>
0…n<form>
<sense>
<orth> <pron>
0…n
<seg> <seg>
<listChange>
1…n
<change>
0…1
<bibl>
0…1
<seg>
<oRef>
<pRef>
<gramGrp>
0…n
0…n
0…n
<etym>sense
0…n
<etym>entry
0…n
<ref>
<gloss>
1…n
<oRef>
<pRef>
<lang>
<lbl>
0…n
<ptr>
<note>
<date>
<bibl>
<ptr>
<entry>
0…n
<ref>0…n
<spanGrp>
<span> <annotationGrp>
<annotations>
1…n 0…n
1…n
<def>
1…n
0…n
<def>
<cit>etym
<gramGrp>
<cit>
<num>
<cit>
<num>
<lbl>
<num>
<lbl>
0…n
<c><c>

5. Two Potential Etymology Structures in TEI0…n
<quote>
0…n
<cit>
0…n0…1
<gramGrp>
1…n
<bibl>
0…n
<seg>
<oRef>
<pRef>
<ptr>
<entry>
0…n
<ref>0…n
<spanGrp>
<span> <annotationGrp>
<annotations>
1…n 0…n
1…n
<def>
1…n
0…n
• if there are semantic implications for
the etymological change;
• no semantic implications for existing
lexical items in language the
etymological change;
<etym>sense
<etym>entry
• both may occur in the same entry
to account for unrelated changes
that occurred at different stages;
0…1 0…n
0…n
0…n
0…n
<etym>sense
0…n
<gramGrp>
<ref>
<gloss>
1…n
<cit>
<oRef>
<pRef>
<lang>
<lbl>
0…n
<ptr>
<note>
<date>
<bibl>
1…n
<def>
<num>
<cit>
<etym>entry
<sense>
0…n
<usg>

6. <etym>entry
• If there are no semantic implications for the
etymological change, and/or the semantic
change occurred in another language or
proto-language stage;
0…n
1…n
<entry>
<quote>
0…n
<cit>sense
0…n0…1
<gramGrp>
<bibl>
0…n
<seg>
<oRef>
<pRef>
<ptr>
0…n
<ref>0…n
<spanGrp>
<span> <annotationGrp>
<annotations>
1…n 0…n
1…n
<def>
1…n
0…n
<sense> • Inheritance
;
Phonetic and phonological processes:
(non exhaustive)
• assimilation (place, manner) ;
• epenthesis;
• metathasis
• erosion/deletion; (apokope,
• coalescence;
• tone changes;
(has own internal categories)
• neutralization;
• Borrowing*;
• lexical item imported from
other language;
1…n
0…n
0…n
0…n
0…n
0…n
<ref>
<gloss>
1…n
<cit>etym
<oRef>
<pRef>
<lang>
<lbl>
0…n
<ptr>
<note>
<date>
<bibl>
1…n
<def>
<num>
<cit>
<colloc>
<per>
<usg>
<case>
<gram>
<number>
<gen>
<mood>
1…n
<num>
<gramGrp>
<note>
<etym>sense
<cit>
<lbl>
<etym>entry
<pos>
<tns>

7. 0…n
<quote>
0…n
0…1
<usg> <cit>sense
0…n0…1
<gramGrp>
1…n
<bibl>
0…n
<seg>
<oRef>
<pRef>
0…n
0…n
<etym>sense
0…n
<ref>
<gloss>
1…n
<cit>etym
<oRef>
<pRef>
<lang>
<lbl>
0…n
<ptr>
<note>
<date>
<bibl>
<ptr>
<entry>
0…n
<ref>0…n
<spanGrp>
<span> <annotationGrp>
<annotations>
1…n 0…n
1…n
<def>
1…n
0…n
Used when there are semantic implications
for the etymological change;
• *where there are multiple
etymological processes that
occur and some are semantic in
nature and others phonetic, they
may all be included in
<etym>sense if the former
permitted the latter.
1…n
<def>
<num>
<cit>
<etym>sense
• Metaphor;
• Metonymy
• Blending*;
• Compounding;
• Grammaticalizati
on;
• several of these processes can
co-occur;
<gramGrp>
0…n
0…n
0…n
<etym>entry
<num>
<lbl>
0…n
0…n
<colloc>
<pers>
<usg>
<case>
<gram>
<pos>
<number>
<tns>
<gen>
<mood>
1…n
<sense>
<num>
<lbl>

8. Etymological Processes: Inheritance
<entry xml:lang="it" xml:id=“buono">
<form type="lemma">
<orth>buono</orth>
<pron notation=“ipa">'bwo.no</pron>
<gramGrp>
<pos>adj.</pos>
<gen>masc.</gen>
</gramGrp>
</form>
<sense>
....
</sense>
<etym type="inheritance">
<cit type="etymon">
<oRef xml:lang="la">bónŭ</oRef>
<gramGrp>
<pos>adj.</pos>
<gen>masc.</gen
<case>nom.</case>
</gramGrp>
</cit>
</etym>
</entry>
Italian < Vulgar Latin
buono < bŏnu
synchronic entry
diachronic
(etymological)
entry
Note: processes and changes are approximate and meant for
demonstrating markup rather than asserting precise etymological
diachrony of individual items;

9. Etymological Processes:
2)
ˈbonu > ˈbon
<entry xml:lang="fr" xml:id="bon">
<form type="lemma">
<orth>bon</orth>
<pron notation=“ipa">'bɔ̃</pron>
<gramGrp>
<pos>adj</pos>
<gen>masc.</gen>
</gramGrp>
</form>
<sense>
....
</sense>
<etym type="inheritance">
<cit type=“etymon" xml:id="bónŭ" next="ˈbon">
<oRef xml:lang="la">bónŭ</oRef>
<gramGrp>
<case>nom.</case>
</gramGrp>
</cit>
<cit type=“etymon” xml:id="ˈbon" prev=“bónŭ” next="ˈbɔ̃">
<pRef xml:lang=“fro">ˈbon</oRef>
</cit>
<cit type=“etymon” xml:id="ˈbɔ̃" prev=“ˈbon">
<pRef xml:lang="fro">bɔ̃</oRef>
</cit>
</etym>
</entry>
bon < bónŭ
French < Vulgar Latin
(2) Intermediate
phonological
change
(1) Root level
etymological
process
(3) Final
phonological
change
Inheritance
&
Phonological
Changes
Note: processes and changes are approximate and
meant for demonstrating markup rather than asserting
precise etymological diachrony of individual items;
3)
ˈbon > ˈbɔ̃

10. Etymological Processes: Borrowing*
Key Linguistic concepts:
Description of lexical process:• where a language takes a
lexical item from different
language;
• aka: loaning, importing;
• often have historical and
practical explanation for
need
• source language;
• source form(s); phonetic,
orthographic
• importing language;
• imported or borrowed form;
• semantic/meta-linguistic
concept;
Source
Language:
Importing
Language:
Meta-
linguistic
Concept:
Borrowed
Form(s):
Source
Form(s):
orth(i..n)
pron(i..n)
orth(i..n)
pron(i..n)

11. Etymological Processes: Borrowing*
<entry xml:id="taxi" xml:lang="jpn">
<form type="lemma">
<orth type="transliterated" notation="romanji">takushī</orth>
<orth notation="katakana">タクシー</orth>
<pron notation="ipa">taku'shi:</pron>
<gramGrp>
<pos>noun</pos>
</gramGrp>
</form>
<sense corresp="http://dbpedia.org/page/Taxicab">
<usg type=“dom">transportation</usg>
</sense>
<etym type="borrowing">
<lbl>source</lbl> <lang>English</lang>
<cit type="etymon">
<oRef corresp="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taxi" xml:lang="en">taxi</oRef>
<pRef notation=“ipa" corresp=“http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taxi#Pronunciation" xml:lang="en-US">'tæksi</pRef>
</cit>
</etym>
</entry>
Japanese < English:
taxi(cab)
Borrowed Form(s):
Source Form(s):
Meta-linguistic Concept:
Importing Language
Source Language

12. <cit type=“etymon"><orth @type @notation>
<pron @notation>
<form type=“lemma">
<gramGrp>
<pos>
<etym type=“borrowing”>
<entry @xml:id>
<oRef @corresp @xml:lang>
<sense @corresp>
<lbl>
<lang>
<usg type=“dom”>
TEI Model for Japanese ‘takushī’
Etymological Process: Borrowing
Lexical entry:
<pRef @notation @corresp @xml:lang>
Ontological resource for entry
External lexical entry
resource for source term
External pronunciation
resource for source term

13. Description of process:
Key components
• Domain of concept
(y): Source Domain;
• Domain of concept
(x): Target Domain
Source Concept:
Salient
Attributes
Target Concept:
• Lexical innovation based in
human cognition;
• Describe/understand one
concept (x) in terms of
concept (y);
• Requires a change in
semantic domains;
• Mapping between concepts
is only limited to certain
salient attributes;
• Results in lexical Polysemy
Etymological Processes: Metaphor
Source Domain Profile:
Domain (x)
Target Domain Profile:
Domain (y)
Lexical
Source Form(s)
Polysemous
Lexical Form(s)
phonetic
orthographic

14. Etymological Processes: Metaphor
Source Concept: bean
Target Concept: kidney
color shape
Source Domain Profile:
Legumes
Food
Target Domain Profile:
Body
Internal Organs
Lexical
Source Form(s)
[ndù.ʧí]
ntuchi
Polysemous
Lexical Form(s)
Mixtepec-Mixtec
‘ntuchi’ (bean > kidney)

15. <entry xml:id="kidney">
<form type=“lemma">
<orth>ntuchi</orth>
<pron notation="ipa">ndù.ʧí</pron>
<!— gramGrp cluster—>
</form>
<sense corresp="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kidney">
…..
<usg type="dom">Body</usg>
<usg type=“dom">InternalOrgans</usg>
<etym type="metaphor">
<cit type=“etymon">
<oRef corresp="#bean">ntuchi</oRef>
<pRef corresp="#bean">ndù.ʧí</pRef>
<gloss>bean</gloss>
</cit>
</etym>
<entry xml:id="bean">
<form type=“lemma">
<orth>ntuchi</orth>
<pron notation="ipa">ndù.ʧí</pron>
<!— gramGrp cluster—>
</form>
…..
<sense corresp="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pinto_bean">
<usg type="dom">Legume</usg>
<usg type="dom">Food</usg>
…….
<!— translation info here—>
</sense>
</entry>
Etymological Processes: Metaphor
dbpedia ontology
entry for: ‘pinto
bean’
dbpedia ontology
entry for: ‘kidney’
pointer to entry for ‘bean’

16. <usg type=“dom”> <etym type=“metaphor”>
<gloss>
<cit type=“etymon”>
<lbl>
<sense @corresp>
<entry @xml:id>
<cit type=“translation” @xml:lang>
<oRef @corresp>
<gramGrp>
<pos>
<orth>
<pron @notation>
<form @type=“lemma">
<sense @correp><form type=“lemma”>
<usg type=“dom”>
<cit @type @xml:lang>
<gramGrp>
<entry @xml:id>
TEI Model for Mixtepec-Mixtec ‘ntuchi’
Etymological process: Metaphor
Lexical entry:
Source entry:
<pRef @corresp @notation>
Ontological resource
for entry (kidney):
Ontological resource for
Source entry (bean):
<oRef @corresp>
<pron @notation>
<orth>
<pos>

17. Etymological Processes: Metonymy
Description of lexical process:
Key Linguistic concepts:
• concept (y) stands for concept (x);
• no change in semantic domains;
• one “vehicle” entity provides
mental access to another, (i.e. a
target) within the same domain.;
• source concept (cognitive);
• target concept (cognitive);
• source form (lexical);
• target form (lexical):
• results in (synchronic) polysemy
Vehicle Concept:
Target Concept:
Domain (X)

18. Etymological Processes: Metonymy
Mixtepec-Mixtec: ‘kiti’ (horse)
<entry xml:id=“animal”>
<form type="lemma">
<orth>kiti</orth>
<pron notation="ipa">kì.tí</pron>
<!—gramGrp here —>
</form>
<sense corresp="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Animal">
<usg type=“dom">Living Beings</usg>
<usg type=“dom">Animal</usg>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="eng">
<oRef>animal</oRef>
</cit>
<!—other translations here —>
</sense>
</entry>
<entry xml:id=“animal-horse”>
<form type=“lemma">
<orth>kiti</orth>
<pron notation="ipa">kì.t̪í</pron>
<!—gramGrp here —>
</form>
<sense corresp="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Horse">
<usg type=“dom”>Animal</usg>
<etym type="metonymy">
<date notBefore="1517"/>
<cit type="etymon">
<oRef corresp="#animal">kiti</oRef>
<pRef notation="ipa" corresp="#animal">kì.t̪í</pRef>
<gloss>animal</gloss>
</cit>
<note>In this lexical item, the language reflects the
history, since there were no horses in Mexico until
the arrival of the Spanish, there was no Mixtecan word
for 'horse', thus they categorical noun for 'animal'
was used to describe the unnamed animal.
</note>
</etym>
<cit type="translation" xml:lang="eng">
<oRef>horse</oRef>
</cit>
<!—other translations here —>
</sense>
</entry>
Vehicle Concept; entryTarget Concept; entry

19. <usg type=“dom”>
<form type=“lemma">
<entry @xml:id>
<sense @corresp>
<cit type=“translation” @xml:lang>
<oRef>
<gramGrp>
<pos><orth>
<pron @notation>
<sense @corresp><form type=“lemma”>
<pron @notation>
<usg type=“dom”>
<cit type=“translation” @xml:lang>
<gramGrp>
<entry @xml:id>
TEI Model for Mixtepec-Mixtec ‘kiti’ (horse)
Etymological process: Metonymy
Lexical entry:
Source entry:
<etym type=“metonymy”>
Ontological resource
for entry:
Ontological resource for
Source entry:
<orth>
<cit type=“etymon”>
<note>
<gloss>
<oRef @corresp>
<pRef @corresp @notation>
<date @notBefore>
<pos>
<oRef>

20. Etymological Processes:
Compounding
Description of lexical process:
• Combines surface forms of two
lexical items to form new one;
• Become the sum of its lexical
and semantic parts;
• Can involve metaphor,
metonymy, and/or
grammaticalization
Etymon(i)*:
Etymon(ii)*:
grammatical
info(i)
grammatical
info(ii)
semantic/meta-
linguistic info(ii)
semantic/meta-
linguistic info(ii)
etym.
process
(0..n)
etym.
process
(0..n)

21. Etymological Processes: Compounding
(with Metonymy)
Salient attribute of location = “the
presence of hummingbirds”
Mixtepec-Mixtec: Yucha Nchu’u ’Puebla State’
<etym type="metonymy">
<cit type="etymon">
<oRef corresp=“#hummingbird”>Nchu’u</pRef>
<gramGrp>
<pos>concrete noun</pos>
</gramGrp>
<gloss>hummingbird</gloss>
</cit>
</etym>
<entry xml:id=“Puebla-state" xml:lang="mix" type="compound">
<form type="lemma">
<orth><seg corresp=“#lake">Yucha</seg> <seg corresp=“#hummingbird”>Nchu’u</seg></orth>
<!— <gramGrp> here —>…..
</form>
Etymon(1):
<sense corresp="http://dbpedia.org/resource/Puebla_State">
<etym type="compounding">
</etym>
….
</sense>
</entry>
<cit type="etymon">
<oRef corresp=“#lake”>Yucha</pRef>
<gramGrp>
<pos>concreteNoun</pos>
</gramGrp>
<gloss>hummingbird</gloss>
</cit> Etymological process(ii): Metonymy
(Primary) Etymological process: Compounding
Etymon(2):

22. <oRef @corresp>
<form type=“lemma">
<gramGrp>
<pos>
<orth>
<seg @corresp>
Etymological Processes: Compounding
TEI model for Mixtepec-Mixtec “Yucha Nchu’u”
<gloss>
<cit type=“etymon”>
<pos>
<gramGrp>
<oRef @corresp>
<gloss>
<cit type=“etymon”>
<etym type=“metonymy”>
<pos>
<gramGrp>
Lexical entry:
<entry @xml:id type=“compound”>
<etym type=“compounding”>
<sense @corresp>
<seg @corresp>
Ontological resource for entry:

23. Alt (2006) LMF etymology extension proposal;
merged with the LMF Core package
Form
Representation
Lexical Entry
Lexical DB
Text
Representation
Lexical Resource
Global Information
Statement
Form Representation
0…n
1…n
0…1
0…n
Etymon Etymological Link
Etymology
0…n
1…n
1…n
1…n 0…n
Sense
0…n
0…n
0…n
0…n
1…1
Definition

24. pompel
limoes
+pamplemousse pompelmoes
Synchronic Diachronic
DutchModern French
/etymologicalLink/
/source/=“..”/target/=“…”
/etymologicalClass/=/composition/
/biblSource/=“Boulan, König…”
/confidenceScore/=“probable”
Etymology of French ‘pamplemousse’:
from Trésore de la Langue Française (TFL)
Etymological stage
Composition
(eg., Compounding)
Etymological stage
Loan Word
(eg., Borrowing)
/etymon/
/orth/=“pompelmoes”
/language/=”nl”
/pos/=“commonNoun”
/gender/=“feminine”
/gloss/=“Citrus Maxima”
/etymologicalLink/
/source/=“..”/target/=“…”
/etymologicalClass/=/loan word/
/biblSource/=“TLF”
Alt (2006) LMF Etymology Extension: Borrowing Stage
/etymon/
/orth/=“limoes”
/language/=“nl”
/pos/=“commonNoun”
/gloss/=“citron”
/etymon/
/orth/=“pompel”
/language/=“nl”
/pos/=“adjective”
/gloss/=“gros, enflé”

25. <entry xml:id="LE1" xml:lang=“fr">
<form type="lemma">
<orth>pamplemousse</orth>
....
</form>
<sense>
....
</sense>
…..
</etym>
</entry>
<cit type="etymon" xml:id="L2">
<oRef xml:lang="nl">pompelmoes</oRef>
<gloss xml:lang="lat">Citrus maxima</gloss>
<gramGrp>
<pos>commonNoun</pos>
<gen>feminine</gen>
</gramGrp>
<note>probablement de l’origine
tamoule, De Vries, Nederl</note>
</cit>
<etym type=“borrowing">
…..
<ref target=“#TLF”>TLF</ref>
…..
Alt (2006) LMF Etymology Extension: Borrowing Stage
Converted TEI Markup
Note: our TEI structures do not explicitly use an equivalent of
/etymologicalLink/ or “ /source/=“..”/target/=“…” ) as this link is
implicitly present in the xml data structure
Dutch
Modern
French
pompelmoes
pamplemousse
/etymologicalLink/
/source/=“..”/target/=“…”
/etymologicalClass/=/loan word/
/biblSource/=“TLF”
/etymon/
/orth/=“pompelmoes”
/language/=”nl”
/pos/=“commonNoun”
/gender/=“feminine”
/gloss/=“Citrus Maxima”
<!— ‘compounding’ section goes here —>
≈

26. pompel
limoes
+pamplemousse pompelmoes
Synchronic Diachronic
DutchModern French
/etymologicalLink/
/source/=“..”/target/=“…”
/etymologicalClass/=/composition/
/biblSource/=“Boulan, König…”
/confidenceScore/=“probable”
Etymological stage
Composition
(eg., Compounding)
Etymological stage
Loan Word
(eg., Borrowing)
/etymon/
/orth/=“limoes”
/language/=“nl”
/pos/=“commonNoun”
/gloss/=“citron”
/etymon/
/orth/=“pompel”
/language/=“nl”
/pos/=“adjective”
/gloss/=“gros, enflé”
/etymon/
/orth/=“pompelmoes”
/language/=”nl”
/pos/=“commonNoun”
/gender/=“feminine”
/gloss/=“Citrus Maxima”
Alt (2006) LMF Etymology Extension: Compounding Stage
Etymology of French ‘pamplemousse’:
from Trésore de la Langue Française (TFL)
/etymologicalLink/
/source/=“..”/target/=“…”
/etymologicalClass/=/loan word/
/biblSource/=“TLF”

27. ation of Alt (2006) LMF Etymology Extension: Compounding Stage
<entry xml:id="LE1" xml:lang=“fr">
<form type="lemma">
<orth>pamplemousse</orth>
....
</form>
<sense>
....
</sense>
<etym type="borrowing">
……
…..
</etym>
</entry>
<etym type=“compounding”>
<ref target="#Boulan-König">Boulan, König...</ref>
</etym>
<cit type="etymon">
<oRef xml:lang="nl">pompel</oRef>
<gramGrp>
<pos>adjective</pos>
</gramGrp>
<gloss>gros, enflé</gloss>
</cit>
<cit type=“etymon">
<oRef xml:lang="nl">limoes</oRef>
<gramGrp>
<pos>commonNoun</pos>
</gramGrp>
<gloss>citron</gloss>
</cit>
/etymon/
/orth/=“pompel”
/language/=“nl”
/pos/=“adjective”
/gloss/=“gros, enflé”
/etymon/
/orth/=“limoes”
/language/=“nl”
/pos/=“commonNoun”
/gloss/=“citron”
pompel
limoes
+
pamplemousse
Historical
Dutch
Modern
French
/etymologicalLink/
/source/=“..”/target/=“…”
/etymologicalClass/=/composition/
/biblSource/=“Boulan, König…”
/confidenceScore/=“probable”
<!— ‘borrowing’ section goes here —>
Note: our TEI structures do not explicitly use an equivalent of
/etymologicalLink/ or “ /source/=“..”/target/=“…” ) as this link is
implicitly present in the xml data structure
≈
≈

28. <lbl>
<lang>
<sense> 0…n
<oRef @xml:lang>
<etym type=“borrowing”>
<ref @target>
<form type=“lemma">
<gramGrp>
<pos>
<c>
<orth>
<seg @corresp>
Etymological Processes: Borrowing & Compounding
TEI model for ‘pompelmousse’
as converted from LMF (Alt 2006)
<gloss @xml:lang>
<cit type=“etymon”>
<gen>
<note>
<pos>
<gramGrp>
<oRef @xml:lang>
<gloss @xml:lang>
<cit type=“etymon”>
<etym type=“compounding”>
<ref @target>
<pos>
<gramGrp>
Lexical entry:
<seg @corresp>
<entry @xml:id type=“compound”>

29. Étymol. et Hist. 1. 1re moitié du xiies. put cel estre (Psautier Oxford, 54, 13 ds T.-L.); ca 1160 puet
estre (Eneas, 9003, ibid.); début xves. peut-estre (Quinze joies mariage, éd. J. Rychner, XII, 12);
1824 peut-être bien (Joubert, loc. cit.); 2. 1636 employé elliptiquement pour répondre évasivement à
une question (Corneille, Le Cid, I, 2); 3. 1775 détaché en fin de phrase, exprimant le défi, l'ironie
(Beaumarchais, Barbier de Séville, II, 2); 4. fin xiies. puet estre que (Flore et Blancheflor, éd. J.-L.
Leclanche, 407); 1641 peut-estre que (Corneille, Cinna, III, 1); 5. 1637 subst. un peut-estre (Id., La
Place royale, IV, 6). Comp. de peut, 3epers. du sing. de l'ind. prés. de pouvoir* et de être*.
<entry xml:id="peut-être" xml:lang="fr" type="compound">
<form type="lemma">
<orth><seg corresp="#pouvoir-3s-pres-ind">peut</seg><c>-</c><seg corresp="#être">être</seg></orth>
<gramGrp>
<pos>adv.</pos>
</gramGrp>
</form>
…
</entry>
PEUT-ÊTRE, adv.
Encoding from existing sources:
synchronic portion of entry
Trésor de la Langue Française
For “compound” entry types, @corresp can
(optionally) be used in the <seg> element to point
to the individual sub components of the item within
a project or externally;

30. PEUT-ÊTRE,adv.
Encoding from existing sources:
non-linguistic content portion of diachronic entry
….
<etym xml:id=“PEUT-ÊTRE-adv-Étym-et-Hist” >
<lbl>Étymol. et Hist.</lbl>
<num>1.</num>
……
<num>2.</num>
…..
<num>3.</num>
……
<num>4.</num>
…..
<num>5.</num>
……
<note> Comp. de peut, 3epers. du sing. de l'ind. prés. de pouvoir* et de être*. </note>
</etym>
…
Trésor de la Langue Française
Étymol. et Hist.
2. 1636 employé elliptiquement pour répondre évasivement à une question (Corneille, Le Cid, I, 2);
1. 1re moitié du xiies. put cel estre (Psautier Oxford, 54, 13 ds T.-L.); ca 1160 puet estre (Eneas, 9003, ibid.); début
xves. peut-estre (Quinze joies mariage, éd. J. Rychner, XII, 12); 1824 peut-être bien (Joubert, loc. cit.);
3. 1775 détaché en fin de phrase, exprimant le défi, l'ironie (Beaumarchais, Barbier de Séville, II, 2);
4. fin xiies. puet estre que (Flore et Blancheflor, éd. J.-L. Leclanche, 407); 1641 peut-estre que (Corneille, Cinna, III, 1);
5. 1637 subst. un peut-estre (Id., La Place royale, IV, 6).
Comp. de peut, 3epers. du sing. de l'ind. prés. de pouvoir* et de être*.

31. PEUT-ÊTRE, adv.
Encoding from existing sources:
diachronic portion of entry
….
<sense>
<etym xml:id=“PEUT-ÊTRE-adv-Étym-et-Hist” type="inheritance">
<lbl>Étymol. et Hist.</lbl>
<num>1.</num>
……
<num>2.</num>
…..
<num>3.</num>
……
<num>4.</num>
…..
<num>5.</num>
……
<note> Comp. de peut, 3epers. du sing. de l'ind. prés. de pouvoir* et de être*. </note>
</etym>
</sense>
…
Trésor de la Langue Française
<cit type="attestation">
<date> </date>
<oRef> </oRef>
<gramGrp>
<!—appropriate element here —>
</gramGrp>
<bibl> </bibl>
<note> </note>
</cit>
….
template
2. 1636 employé elliptiquement pour répondre évasivement à une question (Corneille, Le Cid, I, 2);
1. 1re moitié du xiies. put cel estre (Psautier Oxford, 54, 13 ds T.-L.);
ca 1160 puet estre (Eneas, 9003, ibid.);
début xves. peut-estre (Quinze joies mariage, éd. J. Rychner, XII, 12);
1824 peut-être bien (Joubert, loc. cit.);
3. 1775 détaché en fin de phrase, exprimant le défi, l'ironie (Beaumarchais, Barbier de Séville, II, 2);
4. fin xiies. puet estre que (Flore et Blancheflor, éd. J.-L. Leclanche, 407);
1641 peut-estre que (Corneille, Cinna, III, 1);
5. 1637 subst. un peut-estre (Id., La Place royale, IV, 6).

32. Encoding from existing sources:
diachronic portion of entry
<cit type="attestation">
<date notBefore="1200" notAfter="1250">1re moitié du xiies</date>
<oRef xml:lang="fro">put cel estre</oRef>
<bibl>(Psautier Oxford, 54, 13 ds T.-L.)</bibl>
</cit>
Trésor de la Langue Française
iso 639-3 code
Old French (842-ca. 1400) fro
iso 639-3 code
Middle French (ca. 1400 - 1600) frm
<cit type="attestation">
<date notBefore="1400" notAfter="1450">début xves</date>
<oRef xml:lang="frm">peut-estre</oRef>
<bibl>(Quinze joies mariage, éd. J. Rychner, XII, 12)</bibl>
</cit>
<cit type="attestation">
<date when="1824">1824</date>
<oRef>peut-être bien</oRef>
<bibl>(Joubert, loc. cit.)</bibl>
</cit>
….
1re moitié du xiies. put cel estre (Psautier Oxford, 54, 13 ds T.-L.);
1824 peut-être bien (Joubert, loc. cit.);
début xves. peut-estre (Quinze joies mariage, éd. J. Rychner, XII, 12);
1.

33. Conclusions and Summary
Our TEI recommendations can facilitate:
• linking and integrating corresponding data structures between
the synchronic and diachronic levels;
• the use of open source lexical resources and ontological
information;
• a more principled and consistent set of TEI guidelines for digitally
encoding etymological information;
• better compatibility between information traditionally kept, and
formatted separately in etymological dictionaries, lexical dictionaries
and linguistic analyses;
• models for encoding ubiquitous processes of linguistic change for
multiple levels of language;
• theoretically agnostic data structures;
• a more diverse set of etymological examples for the TEI guidelines;