1. NURSING EDUCATION
Non Projected AV Aids
Poster
SUBMITTED BY-
Miss. Jaice Mary Joy
M.Sc Nursing Previous
Batch – 2020-21
GCON, Jodhpur

2. NON PROJECTED AV AIDS
INTRODUCTION
AV Aids facilitate the understanding of spoken and written words. Audiovisual
education or multimedia-based education (MBE) is instruction where particular attention
is paid to the audio and visual presentation of the material with the goal of improving
comprehension and retention.
DEFINITION
“All materials used in the classroom or in other teaching situations, to facilitate
the understanding of the written or spoken words.”
-Dent
Audio-Visual aids are supplementary devices by which the teacher, through the
utilization of more than one sensory channel is able to clarify, establish and
correlate concepts, interpretations and appreciations.
-Mckown and Roberts
NON-PROJECTED AV AIDS
Non-Projected AV Aidsare aids that do not need the use of equipment for projection.
These are the most widely used media in many isolated and rural areas around the world.
(Heinich, 1993).
 They allow instruction to move from abstract ideas to concrete experiences.
 Non-projected visuals are the realia or real objects, model, still pictures, field trip
and display materials.
ADVANTAGES
 Can be easily acquired or obtained.
 Can be used without electricity.
 Appropriate for those with low budget.
 Can be used in different levels of instruction & discipline.

3.  Can be used to stimulate creative expression such as telling stories.
DISADVANTAGES
 Can be damaged easily with regular used.
 Hard to store.
 May be too small for group viewing.
TYPES OF NON PROJECTED AV AIDS
AV Aids can be classified into
1) Graphic aids
a) Charts
b) Diagrams
c) Posters
d) Graphs
e) Maps
f) Cartoons
g) Comics
h) Flash Cards
i) Pictures & photographs
j) Time line
2) Display Boards
a) Black Board
b) Roll-up Board
c) Peg Board
d) Hook & Loop Board
e) Flannel Board
f) Magnetic Board
g) Bulletin Board
3) 3-D Aids
a) Models
b) Objects
c) Specimen

4. d) Diorama
e) Puppets
f) Globes
4) Audio Aids
a) Radio
b) Tape Recorder
c) Public address System
CHARTS
A chart may be defined as a combination of graphic & pictorial media designed for the
orderly & logically visualizing of relationship between key facts & ideas. The most used
charts are flip charts, flow charts, display charts, tabular charts, tree charts & time chart.
Purposes
 Showing relationship by means of facts, figures and statistics
 Presenting material symbolically
 Summarizing information
 Showing continuity in process
 Presenting abstract ideas in visual form
 Showing development of structure
 Creating problems and stimulating thinking
 Encouraging utilization of other media of communication
 Motivating the students.
Size of the Chart
The optimum size of chart is 20" x 30". The size of the letters should be
 Title—Two and half inches
 Subtitle and headings—One and one- third inches
 Space between lines—One to two inches

5. Types of charts
 NARRATIVE CHART - Left-to-right arrangement of facts and idea for
expressing the events in a process. It is also used to explain the cause and effect
 ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS - shows structure or chain of command in an
organization such as school, company, corporations, civic groups or government
department. This also shows interrelationship of personnel or departments.
 CLASSIFICATION CHARTS- used chiefly to classify or categorize objects,
places or species.
 TIME CHART- shows chronological relationships between events. They mostly
show the historical events in sequence.
 FLOWCHARTS- also known as process charts which shows sequence,
procedure or a flow of process
 TABULAR CHARTS - these are tables contains numerical information and data
values.
Effective use of Charts
 Sufficiently large in size
 Explain only one concept
 Limited writing
 Neat appearance
 Provision for hanging the chart
 Use of pointer
 Proper storage, preservation and reuse
Advantages
 Charts are an effective tool for learning
 They arouse interest in the student
 They are prepared in a very low-cost
 They are portable and available for use and reuse
 They are used to explain, clarify and simplify the complicated subject matter.
 They attract attention, and reduce the amount of verbal explanation given by the
teacher.

6. Disadvantages
 Charts cannot be used for large groups
 They cannot be used for illiterate audience
 Charts can oversimplify data, which can provide a misleading view of the data
 Cannot be used for illiterate groups
POSTERS
Posters are bold and attractive representations of an idea concept and are usually given
in color. Poster captures the eye and conveys the desired message.
Principles of Poster Making
 Brevity: A poster must be brief, so that it can be read in the shortest time
possible not more than five words is best. The message should be clear.
 Simplicity: Too many words should not be used on a paper.
 Idea: A poster must tell its story, at a glance. Hence illustrations and captions
should be large enough.
 Layout: The poster must be organized properly to convey the idea, Bold simple
styled letters will be easy to read expressive letters also can be used to attract
attention and to convey the idea.
 Color: Colors when used properly make the poster more attractive. Black or
Yellow is recognized to be the most striking combination.
 Lettering: Letters should be legible and of appropriate size.
 Poster size: This usually confirm to the paper sizes available such as 10”x15”,
15”x20”, 20”x30” etc.
Characteristics of a Poster
The following characteristics identify a poster from other graphics:
 Words are minimal. Usually 4 or 5 only.
 Layout of elements is simple and arranged well.
 Colors and text are efficient.
 Illustrations are bold and lettering styles are simple.

7.  Posters are attractive.
Uses of a Poster
Posters may use in many ways such as:
 To motivate the students
 Single ideas or subject are presented
 It can publicize important school and community projects and events
 It captures attentions and conveys message quickly
 It gives a strong and lasting impression.
Advantages
 Complex ideas and concepts can be conveyed more easily through posters.
 Posters are very attractive and hence they convey the message more quickly
 They can stand alone and are self-explanatory
 Affordable
 Mass Impact
 Great for promoting local community events using noticeboards and shop
windows
 Brevity
Disadvantages
 Poster making is time-consuming
 Can be frustrating to students who are not visual learners
 Posters always may not give enough information
 When a poster is seen too often, it becomes a part of environment and then no
longer attracts attention
 Not easy to modify or edit
 Location Restrictions
 Needs a good design to have impact
 Can easily get lost in the visual noise of locations

8. FLASH CARDS
Flash cards are small cards of generally 25×30 cm in size which are shown for a few
moments before the class to send across a message or impart an idea. Flash cards would
be used along with the other graphic aids to make the lesson effective.
Preparation of flashcards
 Cut a chart paper and cut it into four equal parts to get the flash cards.
 Write the content on it either in the free hand or using lettering stencils and
sketch pen.
 Also the height of writing on the flash card is to be large enough so that the
whole class can see the flash card properly.
Guidelines for effective use of flash cards
 Selection of topic and the content to be displayed should be carefully planned
 Illustrations in the flash cards should be simple
 The number of cards should not exceed 10-12
 The size of the group should not be more than 40
 Arrange the cards in the proper sequence
 A brief introduction of the topic should be given to the group before displaying
flash cards
 Display the cards in congruent with the content
 Hold the cards and turn towards different parts of the group and ensure it viewed
by all members in the group
 Significant points should be pointed out
 Look at the cards while the concept is explained from the card
 Involve the audience in discussion

9. Advantages
 They can be used easily for illiterate groups.
 They can attract attention and convey messages quickly
 Easy to prepare, portable and economic
 They are dynamic and flexible and maintain continuity
 They are helpful in overcoming the language barrier
 They are very effective to convey important messages in areas where people
gather
 They can be used to develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of
students.
 They can be used to introduce, present and review a topic
Disadvantages
 Way of presentation influences the effectiveness of flash cards.
 Maintenance of the flashcards for a longer time may be difficult.
 They cannot be used for a bigger audience.
 Viewers may lose interest when too many cards are used.
 Literate and high class people may not be attracted by this method

10. CONCLUSION
Non-Projected AV Aids are aids that do not need the use of equipment for projection.
These are the most widely used media in many isolated and rural areas around the world.
They can be easily acquired or obtained and used without electricity but can be damaged
easily with regular used and are hard to store. Non-Projected AV aids can be further
classified into graphic aids, display boards, 3-D aids and audio aids.

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. R Sudha; Nursing Education Principles & Concepts; First Edition, Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, Pg. No. 123-123.
2. K.P.Neeraja; Textbook of Nursing Education; First Edition, Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers, New Delhi, Pg. No. 215-219
3. D. ElakkuvanaBhaskara Raj &NimaBhaskar; Textbook of Nursing Education;
First Edition 2013; Emmess Medical Publishers; Pg. No. 203-218
4. Suresh K. Sharma &Reena Sharma Communication & Education Technology;
Second edition 2017; Elsevier India Publishers; Pg. No.