this presentation includes the growth and development of infant

1. Growth and development -
Infant
BY
Prof. Janki Shinde
HOD, Child Health
Nursing
D.Y.Patil College of
Nursing, Kolhapur

3. Growth
• Growth refers to the increase in
physical size and shape of the
whole or any of its parts and can
be measured in inches or cms or
kgs.
• Development
• Development refers to progressive
increase in skill and capacity to
function.

4. Infant
Infant is a baby of the age from 28
days of life till one year!!!!!

5. Physical parameters:
• Average birth weight: 3 kg
• doubles: 5-6 months
• triples : 12 months
• Normal length at birth = 45-50 cm
• Birth till 6 months( 2.5 cm / month )= 65cm
• 6-12 months(2cm/month) = 75 cm
• Head circumference : at birth : 34 cm
• 2 months : 38 cm
• 4 months : 41 cm
• 6 months : 43 cm
• 8 months : 44 cm
• 12 months : 46 cm

6. Chest circumference:
at birth : 30.5 -33cm
chest circumference = head
circumference by 9-12 months of age.
Midarm circumference :
at birth : 8.5 – 9 cm

7. Physiological parameters:
• Temperature : 37.5- 37.7 ° c
• Pulse rate: 120-160 beats / min
• Respiratory rate : 30- 40 / min
• Systolic Blood pressure: age in years + 90
• eg: 1 + 90 = 91 mmhg
• Diastolic blood pressure :56 mmhg
• :age in years + 60

8. MATURATION OF SYSTEMS
• Respiratory system:
• Respiratory movements- abdominal
• Close proximity of trachea to the bronchi rapidly
transmits an infectious agent.
• Short, straight eustachian tube communicates with
the ear allowing infection to ascend from pharynx
to middle ear.
• Cardiovascular system:
• Rhythm is often sinus arrythmia. ( Heart Rate
Increases With inspiration & decreases with
expiration).
• Systolic B.P increases during first 2 months &
diastolic B.P decraese for first 3 months.

9. • Hematologic system:
• Fetal hemoglobin is present for 3 months,
hence shortened survival of RBC. & thus
exhibiting as physiological anemia.
• Integumentary system:
• Peripheral capillaries respond to changes in
ambient temperature to regulate heat loss.
• Decreased activity of sebaceous gland, hence
resulting in dry skin.
• Increased adipose tissue during the first 6
months insulates the body against heat loss.

10. Immunologic :
 Maternal IgG confers immunity to the baby for first 3
months.
 After 3 months, infant starts synthesizing it.
 Secretory IgA is absent at birth. Colostrum is rich in
IgA which offers protective role in GI tract.
• Gastrointestinal system:
• Decreased saliva secretion.
• Poorly co-ordinated swallowing reflex.
• Secretion of amylase which is responsible for digestion
of complex carbohydrate is deficient for first 4 – 6
months.
• Lipase is also deficient- loss of fat absorption.
• Liver is immature. Capacities for gluconeogenesis,
formation of plasma proteins, ketones, storage of
vitamins are relatively immature.

11. •Renal system:
•Immaturity of renal structures predisposes the infant
to dehydration.
•Complete maturity of the system occurs in 2nd year,
where the cuboidal epithelium of the glomeruli
becomes flattened.
•Urine is voided frequently & has low specific gravity.
•Central nervous system:
•At birth, 70 % of brain development is complete.

12. Gross motor development
• 1-4 months
• Raises head when prone
• Can sit with head erect
• Attains complete head control
• Lifts head while lying in supine
• Rolls from back to side
• Creeping on the floor
• 4-8 months
• Holds head erect continuously
• Can sit with support
• Can sit without support for short intervals
• 8-12 months:
• Sits from standing position without help
• Can stand erect with support
• Stands erect momentarily
• Pulls self to crawling position
• Crawls
• Walks with help

13. Fine motor development
• 1-4 months
• Purposeful attempts to grab objects
• Follows objects from side to side
• Brings objects to mouth
• Watches hands and feet
• Grasps objects with both hands
• 4-8 month:
• Uses thumb and fingers for grasping
• Explores grasped objects
• Picks up objects with cupped hands
• Transfers objects from hand to hand
• 8-12 months
• Uses pincer grasp
• Can put objects in container
• Drinks from cup with help
• Eats with fingers
• Holds crayons & makes marks on paper

14. Sensory development
• 1-4 months:
• Discriminates mothers voice & face from those
of female strangers
• Evidences accurate visual tracking
• Recognises familiar & unfamiliar faces.
• 4-8 months
• Responds to changes in colour
• Follows objects from midline to side
• Tries to locate sounds
• Attempts hand- eye co-ordination
• Has highly developed sense of smell
• Has highly developed sense of smell
• Responds to unseen voice
• Demonstrates taste preferences
• 8-12 months:
• Increases depth perception
• Knows own name

15. Cognitive development (sensorimotor
stage)by Jean Piaget
• 1-4 months:
• Reflexive behavior gradually replaced by voluntary
movement
• Activity centered around body
• Initial attempts to repeat & duplicate actions
• Attempts to modify behavior behaviour to varied
stimuli( breast vs bottle)
• Unable to differentiate self from others
• 4-8 months
• Purposeful repetition of movements
• Emergence of goal directed behavior
• Imitates simple actions
• Demonstrates beginning of object permanence
• Anticipates future events (feedings)
• Demonstrates awareness that self is
separate
• from others

16. 8-12 months
• Anticipates events as pleasant or unpleasant
• Emergence of intentional behavior
• Evidences object permanence
• Can imitate larger number of actions
• Understands meaning of simple words and
commands
• Demonstrates goal directed behaviour

17. Language development
• 1-4 month:
• Makes sounds with smiling
• Can make vowel sounds
• Vocalizes,babbles
• 4-8 months:
• Increasing vocalisations
• Uses two-syllable words
• Able to form vowel sounds together(baba)
• 8-12 months:
• Speaks first word
• Uses sounds to identify objects, persons
• Imitates wide range of word sounds
• Can say series of syllables
• Understands meaning of words such as no
• Responds to own name & those of immediate family
members
• One word sentence

18. Psychosexual development
• Oral stage:
• Body focus- mouth
• Developmental task- gratification of task
( food, warmth, comfort)
• Developmental crisis- weaning
• Pleasurable bodily sensations are derived
by physical pleasures of holding, cuddling,
rocking & sucking.
• Common coping skills- sucking, crying,
cooing, babbling, thrashing…

19. Psychosocial development
• Trust vs mistrust:
• Formulate basic attitude towards life based on
experiences with parents; parents can be perceived
as reliable, consistent, available and caring ( sense of
trust)
• Negative counterpart ( sense of mistrust)

20. Spiritual development( fowlers)
• Stage I: primal faith
• Infant forms an attachment for parents that
develops trust, hope and autonomy
• Moral development ( kohlberg)
• Stage I: preconventional morality
• Infants are egocentric. Unable to understand
what is good or bad in terms of rules or
authority. What is pleasant is good.
• What is unpleasant is bad.
• Play
• Solitary play.

21. Needs of the infant
• Emotional social need
• Love and security
• Infant temperaments and parents
• Biologic care:
• thermoregulation
• sleeping pattern
• nutrition: 120 kcal/kg/day
• bottom care.

22. Milestones development
• Month 2 :social smile
month 3 : Hold head steady when upright
month 4 :Hold up head at 90 degree angle
while on stomach.
Month 5 Roll over
Month 6: Sit momentarily with minimal support
Month 7 : Sit without support
Month 8 : Start crawling
Month 9 : Stand while holding on to something
Month 10 : Stand holding on to someone or
something
Month 11 : Stand alone momentarily
Month 12 : Say one word other than
• mama or dada