2. Henry Goddard
Brought Binet scale to America in 1908.
Participated in the writing of the first U.S. law
requiring special education for children with
intellectual disability in 1911.
Developed the Army Alpha and Beta group tests.
3. Henry Goddard –
some drawbacks
Nature of intelligence
Intellectual differences associated with national
origin.
Need for institutionalization.
Role of heredity in feeble-mindedness.
Kalikuk family.
4. Selected as a Top Five for
Intellectual Disability
Significant contributions to the field in his time.
Lasting legacy in special education through his work
in writing the first law addressing special education in
Congress.
5. Cyril Burt
In the UK, one of the most influential psychologists
of his time.
First psychologist to be knighted in 1946.
Eleven Plus program
6. Cyril Burt
Work with identical twins.
Credibility was questioned.
Compared with scientists of his time, his work was
viewed as very flawed.
7. Views of Psychologists
Have Changed
Genetic factors.
Measure of intellect is complex.
Environmental factors.
Self-contained classrooms are replaced with
inclusion.
8. Top Five for
Intellectual Disability
Incredible contribution during his time in the field of
intellectual disabilities
Innovative work on factor analysis.
9. Donald M. Baer
Director of the Department of Human Development
and Family Life at the University of Kansas from 1955
until 2002.
Developed applied behavior analysis.
10. Donald M. Baer
Studied people with severe intellectual disability
Methods included applied behavior analysis, which
dealt with socially significant factors.
Applied behavior analysis was first set forth in his
writings.
11. Donald M. Baer
Applied behavior analysis remained effective because
its methods worked and could be experimentally
verified and replicated.
Raised the morale in the entire field and aided efforts
in de-institutionalization.
12. Chosen as a Top Five for
Intellectual Disability
Quality of his work on socially important behaviors.
Other researchers were able to draw on his work for
legislation, litigation, and administrative actions.
An advocate in that he practiced good science on
socially relevant topics.
13. Samuel Gridley Howe
Expanded the Perkins Institute for the Blind in 1848
to include individuals with intellectual disability.
Predicted the dangers of residential institutions.
Institutions spread across the U.S. despite his
warnings.
14. Samuel Gridley Howe
Also noted for his work with the blind.
Brought blind students before state legislatures in
order to obtain funding for his school.
Known for teaching a blind-deaf mute, Laura
Bridgeman to read, write, and hold communication
with others.
15. Top Five for
Intellectual Disability
First to found a school for intellectual disabilities.
The school was replicated nationally, and despite his
warnings against it, institutions sprang up across
America.
16. James Hinshelwood
First physician to recommend a specific instructional
approach for students with dyslexia.
Made first attempt in the literature to explain word
blindness and to establish a scientific basis.
17. James Hinshelwood
Often more than one case in a family.
Similar to adults who had lost the ability to read due
to brain injury.
He believed dyslexia may be a result of disease, birth
injury, or defective development of the embryo.
19. Top Five for
Learning Disabilities
First to recognize that a different instructional
approach for students with written language disorders
is necessary.
First to recognize what we now call dyslexia as a
medical condition.
20. References
Routh, D. (2005). Historical Reflections on Advocacy
in the Psychology of Intellectual Disability. Journal of
Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 34 (4), 606 –
611.
Richards, L. (2006) The Cadmus of the Blind. Journal
of Visual Impairment & Blindness. 20 (2), 584-585.
Smith, D., (2007). Introduction to Special Education:
Making a Difference. San Francisco, CA: Pearson.
Richardson, S. (1992). Historical Perspectives on
Dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 25 (1), 40-47.