Aquaculture

1. Aquaculture
Jayachandran PR

2. • “Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms: fish, molluscs,
crustaceans, aquatic plants, crocodiles, alligators, turtles, and
amphibians. Farming implies some form of intervention in the
rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking,
feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies
individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. For
statistical purposes, aquatic organisms which are harvested by an
individual or corporate body which has owned them throughout
their rearing period contribute to aquaculture, while aquatic
organisms which are exploitable by the public as a common
property resource, with or without appropriate licences, are the
harvest of capture fisheries”
• (FAO)Aquaponics
It is a combination of
AQUACULTURE and
HYDROPONICS
Japanese Resource Council, Science and
Technology Agency:
“Aquaculture is an industrial process of
raising aquatic organisms up to final
commercial production within properly
partitioned aquatic areas, controlling the
environmental factors and administering the
life history of the organism positively and it
has to be considered as an independent
industry from the fisheries hitherto.”

3. Why do we need aquaculture?
• Capture fishery declining
• Aquaculture improve nutrition and food security
UN FAO:
“With capture fisheries production stagnating, major increases
in fish food production are forecast to come from aquaculture.
Taking into account the population forecast, an additional 27
million tonnes of production will be needed to maintain the
present level of per capita consumption in 2030.”

4. OBJECTIVES OF AQUACULTURE
Production of protein rich, nutritive, palatable and easily digestible human
food benefiting the whole society through plentiful food supplies at low or
reasonable cost.
Production of sportfish and support to recreational fishing.
Production of bait-fish for commercial and sport fishery
Production of ornamental fish for aesthetic appeal.
Recycling of organic waste of human and livestock origin
Improving the fish stocks of existing fish in natural and man-made water-
bodies through artificial recruitment and transplantation.
Providing new species and strengthening

5. • Organisms are
reared in manmade
impoundments
• Water is diverted
from natural flows
or pumped
• eg. Ponds and
raceways, tanks
AQUACULTURE
SYSTEMS
CLOSEDOPEN SEMICLOSED
• Organisms are
reared in natural
systems
• No diversion or
pumping of water
• eg. Floating netpens,
floating racks,
longlines,on-bottom
culture, cages,
• Water is reused - little
or no effluent
• Sophisticated water
filtration and treatment
• eg. Recirculating
aquaculture systems,
aquariums, raceways,
tanks
Broodstock
Management
Hatchery Production
Nursery ProductionGrow-out
Harvest &
Market

6. pen
pond
raceway
cage
raft fish culture
shrimp
mussel
seaweed oyster
fresh water
brackishwater
mariculture
warm-
water
cold-
water
inland
coastal
estuarine
,
lowlandupland
TYPE OF
ORGANISM
CULTURED
TYPE OF
CULTURE
TECHNIQUES
TYPE OF
ENVIRONMENT

7. 1. Monoculture:
This is the practice of culturing only one
species of fish in a pond unit in the pond.
Clarias only or Oreochromis niloticus
2. Polyculture/ composite culture:
This is the practice of culturing more than
one species of fish in the same pond.
Fishes can exploit food at different trophic
levels.
Integrated Multi-trophic
Aquaculture (IMTA)
It mimic natural ecosystems. Here
organisms are present from more
than one trophic level and waste
products are recycled.
Fish Culture Practices
An example is cultivating sea weed
near mariculture fish pens. Nutrients
in the fish waste fertilize algae, which
in turn improve water quality for fish.

8. • by-products from one farming
enterprise as inputs to other farming
enterprises.
• higher production with minimum
costs: best use of your on farm
available resources.
• best use of the crop, fish and
livestock resources.
Integrated
aquaculture

9. Level of
management:
pond culture
extensive
Hyper-
intensive
Intensive
Semi-
intensive
Extensive culture system –
characterised by low stocking density, no
input and output of less than 1000
kg/ha/year.
Semi-intensive culture system –
characterised by moderately high density,
addition of input (fertiliser and feed)
Yield around 10,000 kg/ha/year
Intensive culture system –
characterised by high stocking density,
addition of high input (fertiliser and
nutritionally balanced diet), cost of
production is generally high with yield
above 10,000 kg/ha/year
FISH CULTURE TECHNIQUES BASED ON
TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION

10. WATER SYSTEMS
Effluent
PretreatmentWater
Source
Post treatment
Effluent
Water treatment
Biofiltration
Disinfection Rearing
Tank
Pretreatment
Water
Source
Rearing Tank
FLOW-THROUGH: one time use of water
RECIRCULATION: reuse of water
Advantages
• Lower cost
• Simplicity
• Provides ambient food
• Requires lower skill level
Disadvantages
• No environmental control
• Source of contaminants, pollutants
• Greater regulatory constraints
Advantages
• Environmental control
• Free of outside contaminants
• Fewer regulatory constraints
Disadvantages
• Higher costs, Higher skill level
• Complex system, potential problems
• Must provide all feed
• Buildup of toxins & pathogens
Rearing Tank

11. INTENSIVE =
•Highly controlled
•Maximize production
•Limited space
•High density
•Complete diet
•High water exchange
•RAS, raceways, confined
(industrialized)
EXTENSIVE =
•Minimal control
•Utilize natural productivity
•Low density
•No or supplemental feeds
•Low water exchange
•ponds, third world

12. TRADITIONAL
CULTURE SYSTEMS IN
INDIA
PADDY CUM FISH
CULTURE
(Jun-Sep)-paddy,
(Oct-Apr)-Fish +
Shrimp
EXTENSIVE
SYSTEMS
MODIFIED
EXTENSIVE
FISH AND SHRIMP
CULTURE
Throughout year
(Nov-Dec)
2 to 40ha,200-
500kg/ha/season
SEMI INTENSIVE
KHAZAN FIELD
(Goa)
KHARLANDD
(Karnataka)
POKKALI
FIELDS
(Kerala)
BHERIES
(West Bengal)
large bheries
west bengal and
certain areas of
central kerala
SHRIMP CULTURE SYSTEMS IN INDIA
1-2ha,
>80 cm depth,
Fertilized,
30000-
50000seeds/ha,
3 - 4months,
500-1000kg
/ha/crop
1-2ha Scientific
designed,
Fertilized with
inorganic &
organic, 50,000-
1,00,000
seeds/ha, 10-
15% water
exchange, 1000-
2500kg/ha/crop
, 3-4 months,
Aerator for
emergency
Rectangular or
square shaped
( 0.5ha), 1.2 m
depth,
1,00,000-
2,50,000seeds/
ha, 25-30%
water
exchange, 4-
6aerator /
pond, 2.5-5
tons/ha/crop
INTENSIVE

13. •Thankyou