4. What is an acquired brain injury (ABI)?
ABI is damage to the brain which
occurs after birth, either:
5. What is an acquired brain injury (ABI)?
ABI is damage to the brain which
occurs after birth, either:
traumatically, i.e. motor vehicle
accident, fall, assault or sports injury
6. What is an acquired brain injury (ABI)?
ABI is damage to the brain which
occurs after birth, either:
traumatically, i.e. motor vehicle
accident, fall, assault or sports injury
through a medical problem or
disease process which causes
damage to the brain, i.e. aneurysm,
stroke, or tumour
7. What is an acquired brain injury (ABI)?
ABI is damage to the brain which
occurs after birth, either:
traumatically, i.e. motor vehicle
accident, fall, assault or sports injury
through a medical problem or
disease process which causes
damage to the brain, i.e. aneurysm,
stroke, or tumour
But not:
Progressive neurological diseases
such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s
9. The Human Brain The Frontal Lobe
planning decision making
organizing selective attention
problem solving problem solving
memory behavioural control
impulse control emotional control
10. The Human Brain The Frontal Lobe
planning decision making
organizing selective attention
problem solving problem solving
memory behavioural control
impulse control emotional control
When injured:
emotions
impulse control
language
memory
social and sexual behaviour
11. The Human Brain The Parietal Lobe
integrate sensory information from
different parts of the body
controls sensation (touch, heat, pain)
tells us which way is up
helps to keep us from bumping into
things when we walk
12. The Human Brain The Parietal Lobe
integrate sensory information from
different parts of the body
controls sensation (touch, heat, pain)
tells us which way is up
helps to keep us from bumping into
things when we walk
When injured:
inability to locate parts of your body
inability to recognize parts of your body
13. The Human Brain The Occipital Lobe
receive and process visual information
contain areas that help in perceiving
shapes and colours
14. The Human Brain The Occipital Lobe
receive and process visual information
contain areas that help in perceiving
shapes and colours
When injured:
visual field defects
distorted perceptions of size, colour, and
shape
15. The Human Brain The Temporal Lobe
recognizing and processing sound
understanding and producing speech
various aspects of memory
16. The Human Brain The Temporal Lobe
recognizing and processing sound
understanding and producing speech
various aspects of memory
When injured:
hearing loss
language problems
sensory problems like the inability to
recognize a familiar person’s face
17. The Human Brain The Cerebellum
balance
movement
coordination
18. The Human Brain The Cerebellum
balance
movement
coordination
When injured:
uncoordinated movement
loss of muscle tone
an unsteady gait
19. The Human Brain The Brain Stem
heart rate
breathing
blood pressure
swallowing
20. The Human Brain The Brain Stem
heart rate
breathing
blood pressure
swallowing
When injured:
heart rate
breathing
swallowing
33. invisible
no outward signs of trauma
dismissed as a knock on the head
34. invisible
no outward signs of trauma
dismissed as a knock on the head
high likelihood of being diagnosed
late, or misdiagnosed
35. invisible
no outward signs of trauma
dismissed as a knock on the head
high likelihood of being diagnosed
late, or misdiagnosed
cognitive and behavioural issues blamed
on the individual rather than the injury
...
36. invisible
no outward signs of trauma
dismissed as a knock on the head
high likelihood of being diagnosed
late, or misdiagnosed
cognitive and behavioural issues blamed
on the individual rather than the injury
...
44. Mental
Illness
Major Depression
39% 77%
Mild ABI Severe ABI
Malaspina, D. et al.
Brain Injury and Schizophrenia in
Members of Schizophrenia and
Bipolar Disorder Pedigrees. Am J
Psychiatry 158:440-446, March
2001
55. Substance Abuse
Pre-ABI History of
Substance Use Disorder: 60%
Corrigan et al. (1995). Substance abuse as a mediating factor in outcome from traumatic brain injury.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 76(4): 302-9.
57. Substance Abuse
Post-ABI Development of
First Substance Use
Disorder:
20%
Ashman et al. (2004) Screening for substance abuse in individuals with traumatic brain injury.
Brain Injury: (18),191-202
104. "Back when I was coming up, it
was like the Dark Ages. You get a
ding, you clear the cobwebs, and
you skate right back out there."
- Pat LaFontaine
105.
106. Injury causes drastic changes in
people’s lives.
Well informed people do better.
Most people want or wish for
their old life back.
Most people want productive
and meaningful lives.
Every person deserves respect.
People have the right to make
choices, good and bad.
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Give the spaghetti and meatball example. \nBrain injury is a diffuse axonal injury caused by shearing forces in the brain.\nAcceleration causes shearing injury, which refers to damage inflicted as tissue slides over other tissue. When the brain is accelerated, parts of differing densities and distances from the axis of rotation slide over one another, stretching axons that traverse junctions between areas of different density, especially at junctions between white and grey matter.[2] Two thirds of DAI lesions occur in areas where grey and white matter meet.\nCerebral cortex is a common site of injury with diffuse axonal injury. \n
Other here refers to a collection of: sports, childbirth, operations, health complications, radiation therapy, toxic chemicals, and workplace incidents. \n\nThis is from OBIA 2012 Impact Report, so it reflects Canadian data. U.S. data differs significantly with the inclusion of one category? Any guesses? It’s armed conflict. Acquired brain injury has been called the signature injury of modern conflict. There may be as many as half a million servicemen and women returning from overseas conflict areas with acquired brain injury. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
Nearly 15% of respondents of the OBIA Impact report said that it took up to six months for their ABI to be diagnosed. \n
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So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
So, I’m going to go a few of the major problems that people with ABI can be expected to encounter as a result of their ABI. \n\nTwo problems, fatigue AND disrupted sleep. You can imagine how frustrating it would be to become fatigued by 6 o clock every day and then toss and turn all night. \n
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Problems with decision making can leave individuals with ABI vulnerable to exploitation of various kinds. \n
Problems with decision making can leave individuals with ABI vulnerable to exploitation of various kinds. \n
Problems with decision making can leave individuals with ABI vulnerable to exploitation of various kinds. \n
Problems with decision making can leave individuals with ABI vulnerable to exploitation of various kinds. \n
Problems with decision making can leave individuals with ABI vulnerable to exploitation of various kinds. \n
Problems with decision making can leave individuals with ABI vulnerable to exploitation of various kinds. \n
Problems with decision making can leave individuals with ABI vulnerable to exploitation of various kinds. \n
Problems with decision making can leave individuals with ABI vulnerable to exploitation of various kinds. \n
I could also have put here ‘Anxiety’ and ‘Losing One’s Temper’; the rates are fairly similar. \n
I could also have put here ‘Anxiety’ and ‘Losing One’s Temper’; the rates are fairly similar. \n
I could also have put here ‘Anxiety’ and ‘Losing One’s Temper’; the rates are fairly similar. \n
I could also have put here ‘Anxiety’ and ‘Losing One’s Temper’; the rates are fairly similar. \n
I could also have put here ‘Anxiety’ and ‘Losing One’s Temper’; the rates are fairly similar. \n
I could also have put here ‘Anxiety’ and ‘Losing One’s Temper’; the rates are fairly similar. \n
I could also have put here ‘Anxiety’ and ‘Losing One’s Temper’; the rates are fairly similar. \n
I could also have put here ‘Anxiety’ and ‘Losing One’s Temper’; the rates are fairly similar. \n
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The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
The list of secondary effects from brain injury goes on, and on, and on. It’s also important to remember that because of the various causes of brain injury, the effects are pretty variable. \n
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People who work in aphasia know very well that information is not just inert. It’s not just something that we do to justify our existence. Informing clients, caregivers, and health professionals is the most important thing we do. Like aphasia, many of the problem stemming from brain injury are caused by improper perceptions. \n
After an ABI, many people report feeling a loss of control over their lives. Coupled with increased emotional arousal, this can make people with ABI feel frustrated and angry with their caregivers and health care providers. Teaching individuals with ABI to be good self-advocates can help to cope with these feelings. \n
After an ABI, many people report feeling a loss of control over their lives. Coupled with increased emotional arousal, this can make people with ABI feel frustrated and angry with their caregivers and health care providers. Teaching individuals with ABI to be good self-advocates can help to cope with these feelings. \n
After an ABI, many people report feeling a loss of control over their lives. Coupled with increased emotional arousal, this can make people with ABI feel frustrated and angry with their caregivers and health care providers. Teaching individuals with ABI to be good self-advocates can help to cope with these feelings. \n
After an ABI, many people report feeling a loss of control over their lives. Coupled with increased emotional arousal, this can make people with ABI feel frustrated and angry with their caregivers and health care providers. Teaching individuals with ABI to be good self-advocates can help to cope with these feelings. \n
After an ABI, many people report feeling a loss of control over their lives. Coupled with increased emotional arousal, this can make people with ABI feel frustrated and angry with their caregivers and health care providers. Teaching individuals with ABI to be good self-advocates can help to cope with these feelings. \n
After an ABI, many people report feeling a loss of control over their lives. Coupled with increased emotional arousal, this can make people with ABI feel frustrated and angry with their caregivers and health care providers. Teaching individuals with ABI to be good self-advocates can help to cope with these feelings. \n
After an ABI, many people report feeling a loss of control over their lives. Coupled with increased emotional arousal, this can make people with ABI feel frustrated and angry with their caregivers and health care providers. Teaching individuals with ABI to be good self-advocates can help to cope with these feelings. \n
After an ABI, many people report feeling a loss of control over their lives. Coupled with increased emotional arousal, this can make people with ABI feel frustrated and angry with their caregivers and health care providers. Teaching individuals with ABI to be good self-advocates can help to cope with these feelings. \n
Some brain basics really helps individuals with ABI sort through their feelings, understand their capabilities, and transfer the “blame” from the personally to their injury. \n
Some brain basics really helps individuals with ABI sort through their feelings, understand their capabilities, and transfer the “blame” from the personally to their injury. \n
Some brain basics really helps individuals with ABI sort through their feelings, understand their capabilities, and transfer the “blame” from the personally to their injury. \n
Some brain basics really helps individuals with ABI sort through their feelings, understand their capabilities, and transfer the “blame” from the personally to their injury. \n