International business

1. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESSPROJECT MMS-II (Semi- III) PRESENTED TO: Dr. AMOL GORE DATE- 10/08/2009

2. GROUP MEMBERS PRADNYA BHALERAO C-03 SWAPNIL CHAVAN P-04 AVINASH KARDE P-14 SAIDAS NAIK P-23 SATISH RAJPAL C-30 ANANDITA SINGH C-34 PRATIKSHA RANE C-42 JAYASHREE PRABHU C-43

3. INTRODUCTION ABOUT GLOBALIZATIONBUILDING GLOBAL COMPANIES GLOBAL MANAGERS

4. Globalization

6. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? The trend toward countries joining together economically, Education Society Politics and Viewing themselves not only through their national identity but also as part of the world as a whole.

8. NEED FOR GLOBALIZATION

9. Technology in developing countries.

10. It has benefited women and children’s rights. EXAMPLE: Uganda has the world's youngest population, according to a 2008 World Bank report. It also has the highest youth (ages 15-24) unemployment rate: 83 percent. Uganda Rural Development Programme / World Bank

11. It raises life expectancy.

12. It is reducing poverty worldwide.

13. It promotes world peace.

14. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION COMMUNICATION TRANSPORTATION TRADE LIBERALISATION

15. IMPORTANCE AND NEED Global Marketing / Advertising Outsourcing

18. PROS Pros Of Globalization With globalization, there is a global market for companies to trade their products & a wider range of options for people, to choose from among the products of different nations. Developing countries benefit a lot from globalization, as there is a sound flow of money and thus, a decrease in the currency difference. To meet the increasing demands that follow globalization, there is an increase in the production sector. This gives loads of options to the manufacturers as well. Competition keeps prices relatively low, and as a result, inflation is less likely to occur.

19. ……CONTD The focus is diverted and segregated among all the nations. No country remains the single power head; instead there are compartmentalized power sectors. The decisions at higher levels are meant for the people at large. Communication among the countries is on the rise, which allows for better understanding and broader vision. As communication increases amongst two countries, there is interchange of cultures as well. We get to know more about the other's cultural preferences. As we feed to each other's financial needs, the ecological imbalance is also met . Governments of countries show concern about each other.

20. CONS Globalization is causing Europeans to lose their jobs as work is being outsourced to the Asian countries. The cost of labor in the Asian countries is low as compared to other countries. The high rate of profit for the companies, in Asia, has resulted in a pressure on the employed Europeans, who are always under the threat of the business being outsourced. Companies are opening their counterparts in other countries. This results in transferring the quality of their product to other countries, thereby increasing the chances of depreciation in terms of quality.

21. ……CONTD There are experts who believe that globalization is the cause for the invasion of communicable diseases and social degeneration in countries. The threat that the corporate would rule the world is on high, as there is a lot of money invested by them. It is often argued that poor countries are exploited by the richer countries where the work force is taken advantage of and low wages are implemented.

22. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION

25. CHALLENGES Productivity: Productivity is improved by producing in countries where production is most efficient. However, this often means workers in one country lose jobs as their work moves to more efficient locations. Consumers: Consumers benefit from a wider array of competitively priced goods. However, they have less control over supplies coming from abroad than over goods produced domestically. Employment: Employment may increase as economic growth and specialization take hold. However, domestic employment fluctuates according to foreign conditions (such as economic crises elsewhere that reduce demand for employment domestically). The Environment: As global consumption increases due to globalization, more natural resources deplete. Differing environmental standards across countries create opportunities for businesses to exploit resources in countries with the least amount of environmental protection regulation.

26. Monetary and Fiscal Conditions: As money moves more freely, it is better able to seek out the best investment opportunities on a global scale. However, governments have less control over the inflow and outflow of funds. Furthermore, capital seems to be flowing more freely to countries with lower tax rates and less regulatory restrictions, putting additional pressures on national fiscal and monetary policies. Sovereignty: Globalization may undermine national sovereignty in two ways: First, contact with other countries creates more cultural borrowing and may dilute a country's cultural uniqueness. Second, countries are concerned that important decisions may be made abroad by foreign owners of domestically located firms.

27. IMPACT India’s growth rate in the 1970’s was very low at 3% and GDP growth in countries like Brazil, Indonesia, Korea, and Mexico was more than twice that of India. Though India’s average annual growth rate almost doubled in the eighties to 5.9%, it was still lower than the growth rate in China, Korea and Indonesia. The pick up in GDP growth has helped improve India’s global position. India’s position in the global economy has improved from the 8th position in 1991 to 4th place in 2001; when GDP is calculated on a purchasing power parity basis.

28. During 1991-92 the first year of Rao’s reforms program, The Indian economy grew by 0.9%only. However the GDP growth accelerated to 5.3 % in 1992-93, and 6.2% 1993- 94. A growth rate of above 8% was an achievement by the Indian economy during the year 2003-04. India is ranked 18th among the world’s leading exporters of services with a share of 1.3% in world exports India’s GDP growth rate can be seen from the following graph since independence

29. INDIA’s GDP Growth Rate

30. Building Global companies PESTLE Analysis

34. Operational restriction

35. Remittance/ Repatriation restrictions

36. Government policies

38. Economic development

39. Standard of living( per capita income)

40. Sectorial share in GDP

41. Foreign Exchange reserves

43. Technological factors Differentiation strategy Competitive advantage

45. Host country laws

46. International laws UN resolutions, Patents & Trademark protection & piracy laws, GATT, codes of conduct

48. Licensing

49. Franchising

50. Contract manufacturing/ International subcontracting

51. Strategic Alliance

52. Joint ventures

53. Wholly owned subsidiary

55. Elimination of 3 M’s MURI ( Overburdening) MUDA (Waste) MURA (unevenness)

56. Higher Levels of Inventory Hides Problems JIT Bad Design Poor Quality Lengthy Setups Machine Breakdown Unreliable Supplier Inefficient Layout

57. Lower Levels Of Inventory To Expose Problems Bad Design Poor Quality Lengthy Setups Machine Breakdown Unreliable Supplier Inefficient Layout

58. “5 Why” investigation process WHY? WHY? WHY? WHY? WHY?

59. 5 S’s SEIRI Clear out rarely used items by red tagging SHITSUKE Use regular management audit to stay discipline SEITON Organize & label a place for everything SEISO Clean it SEIKETSU Create rules to sustain the first 3 S’s

60. 4 principle categories Problem solving “Kaizen” People & Partners Respect, Challenge & Grow Process ( eliminate waste) Philosophy (Long term thinking)

62. Toyota’s Global HR functions 3 stage process of selection - Written application process - Attending Job fair - 3 one hr. interviews

63. Motivational strategies Internal motivation theories External motivation theories ( splashy reward system)

64. Myth Vs Reality of TPS

65. Crisis handling 1977 1948

69. McDonalds Corporation Emblem of Globalization World’s Largest Chain of Fast Food Restaurants Serves Nearly 47 million Customers Daily 119 Countries & Territories 31,000 Restaurants & 1.5 m Employees Hamburgers, Cheeseburgers, Chicken Products, French Fries, Breakfast items, Soft drinks, Milkshakes & Desserts

70. Types of Restaurant Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or McDrive Solid Gold McDonald's McCafé McExpress McStop

71. First Mcdonalds Restaurant On May 15th 1940, San Bernardino, California. Menu of 25 Items (mostly Barbeque) 20 Employees Popular and highly profitable teen hangout

72. 1948: Innovative ‘Speedee Service System’ Only Hamburgers, Milkshakes & French fries Introduced ‘Speedee’ as their mascot

73. 1953: Franchised restaurant in Arizona & Michigan 1954: Mr Ray Kroc proposed to Franchise Mcdonalds outside Arizona & Michigan 1955: ‘Mcdonalds Systems Inc’ Legal Structure of planned franchises 1958: 100 millionth Hamburger 1959: 100th Mcdonalds Restaurant & Billboard Advertising 1960: Renamed as Mcdonalds Corporation 1963: 500th Mcdonalds Restaurant, Introduced ‘Ronald’ as their new Mascot 1967: First restaurant outside US

74. 1970-1980

75. 1981-1990

76. 1991-1995

77. 1996-2008

78. Business Model Earns Revenue as an Investor in Properties Only 15% of the restaurants are operated by the company itself UK Business model is different One out of eight workers in the U.S. has been Employed with Mcdonalds

79. Break-up of Outlets (2008)

84. Controversies Often a Target of Criticism for its Menu The McLibel Trial, also known as McDonald's Restaurants v Morris & Steel In 2001, Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation included criticism of the business practices of McDonald's In 2002, misrepresention of French fries as vegetarian Morgan Spurlock's 2004 documentary film Super Size Me Soya supplied by agricultural giant Cargill

85. PEPSICO

86. Product Range

87. Financial Highlights

88. Global Centers

89. History PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient snacks, foods and beverages. Revenues of more than $39 billion . Over 185,000 employees. PepsiCo entered India in 1989.

90. PEPSI

91. Brand Ambassador

92. X - Global Ambassador

93. Market share of Soft drinks

95. PEPSI vs COKE …Never ending war

96. PEPSI PESTICIDE CASE – (Ethical?)

97. News Release PepsiCo Reaches Merger Agreements with Pepsi Bottling Group and PepsiAmericas.(4th Aug 2009) - Fully-Integrated System - Strategically Transform North American Beverage Business

98. GLOBAL MANAGERS

99. Manager’s global vision is shaped by several factors Global mindset "Think Local Act Global". Adaptation to local conditions

100. External forces which drive global mindset Leadership View of the world Administrative Heritage Organizational Structure Industry forces

101. Global Manager’s thought process Multicultural approach to reflect global operations Shift of focus on "soft tools" - Vision, process and people to achieve objectives Collaboration with a network of vendors, partners & customers Recruitment from global talent pool - to get best set of people Global transfer of human resources - global learning/training process Creating a learning Organization Focus on big picture - respond rapidly to global business environment changes.

102. Roles of a Global Manager Select & Implement Foreign Market Entry Select Countries, Mode of Entry etc Perform Local Marketing Abroad Promote Products and Services Conduct Market Research Manage Advertising Campaign Manage Global Operations

103. Skills of Global Manager

104. Culture & Managerial Skills Successful mangers tend to be good at acceptable behaviors and avoid unacceptable behaviors Lessens from past managerial experience in other countries has little value in other cultures. Success & Failures in the past will be repeated elsewhere, before learning the local implications

105. Managerial Styles Cultures tend to generate different managerial styles. Management styles is heavily influenced by home country culture. Japan High Context culture influences mangers to read body language while in US, a low context culture tends to ignore body language Managers are usually inadequately trained to handle different cultures. Time, Money pressure compromise training.

106. Cultural Dilemmas Managers face cultural dilemmas due to differences in cultures Universalism Vs Particularism : Doing the right thing or doing things right? Individualism Vs Collectivism in decision making Neutral Vs Emotional Specific Vs General : Is it just business or the whole person, individual or the entire firm Attitudes towards Time Attitudes towards Environment

107. “Jack" Welch, Jr.

108. Born November 19, 1935 is the former Chairmen and CEO of General Electrics between 1981 and 2001. Graduating in 1957 with a Bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering. Welch went on to receive his M.S and Ph.D at the University of Llinois at Urbana -Champaign in 1960.

109. Welch joined General Electric in 1960. He worked as a junior engineer in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, at a salary of $10,500 annually. Welch was named a vice president of GE in 1972. He moved up the ranks to become senior vice president in 1977 and vice chairman in 1979. Welch became GE's youngest chairman and CEO in 1981

113. Welch strategies Welch worked to eradicate inefficiency by trimming inventories and dismantling the bureaucracy that had almost led him to leave GE in the past. Each year, Welch would fire the bottom 10% of his managers. He would reward those in the top 20% with bonuses and stock options. He is also known for destroying the nine-layer management hierarchy and bringing a sense of informality to the company.

114. Delegating far greater authority to empowered employees. Welch adopted Motorola's Six Sigma quality program in late 1995. Welch launched the effort in late 1995 with 200 projects and intensive training programs

115. INDIAN MANAGERS

116. The steel tycoon, Lakshmi Mittal

117. Achievement: World's largest steel maker, he is among the world's richest person and richest person in the UK with personal wealth of US$19.3 billion

118. The steel tycoon, Lakshmi Mittal Founder of Mittal Steel Chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal. Member of the Foreign Investment Council in Kazakhstan, International Investment Council in South Africa. Member of the World Economic Forum’s International Business Council.

119. Introduction Born: June 15, 1950. Commerce graduate from St. Xaviers in Kolkata. He split from his father and two younger brothers in 1994 and took the international arm. Lakshmi Mittal is married with two children Aditya Mittal and Vanisha Mittal.

120. Success Story Began his career working in the family's steelmaking business in India. In 1976, Mittal founded Mittal Steel Company 1989: Acquisition of Iron & Steel Company of Trinidad & Tobago. In 1994, he set out to establish its international division – buying of a run-down plant in Indonesia. Purchased of International Steel Group for $4.5 billion .

121. Success Story contd…. 2003: He acquired the Kensington mansion, said to be the world's most expensive home, from Formula One racing's Bernie Ecclestone for £70 million ($128 million). 2005: Investment of $9 billion in Jharkhand, India announced. 2006: Merger between Mittal Steel and Arcelor. 2006: Investment for 12 million tonnes capacity steel plant announced in Orissa, India.

122. Success Story contd…. Today, Mittal Steel is global steel producer in the world with operations on 14 countries, spanning 4 continents. Mittal holds steel assets in South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, and Kazakhstan, Romania, Bosnia Herzegovina, Ukraine and other nations.

123. Mittal merger Arcelor One of the most controversial business deals ever- the acquisition of Arcelor Steel by Mittal Steel led to the creation of Arcelor-Mittal, the largest steel maker in the world.

125. The company was the world’s largest steel producer by volume and also the largest in turnover and is now a part of ArcelorMittal.

126. Steel, Flat Steel products, Coated Steel, Tubes and Pipes.L.N. Mittal

128. Choice of Arcelor name was anounced on 12 December 2001.

129. It was a major player in all its main markets: automotive, construction, metal processing, etc.

130. Guy Dolle was the CEO of Arcelor and its headquarter was in Luxembourg city.Guy Dolle

132. The deal was split between Mittal Shares (75 percent) and cash (25 percent) .

134. Mittal had to considerably sweeten the initial offer-by raising its valuation of Arcelor to $32.9 billion.

135. The Mittal family holds 43 percent of the combined group.

138. 'European Businessman of the Year 2004' by Fortune magazine.

139. 'Willy Korf Steel Vision Award' in the year 1998.

140. 'Business Person of 2006' by the Sunday Times.

141. 'International Newsmaker of the Year 2006' by Time Magazine.

142. 'Person of the Year 2006' by the Financial Times.

144. Strengths of Indian Managers Analytical skills. Resilience. Adaptability to unknown terrain. Good interpersonal skills. Trustworthy. Can work in complex and diverse scenarios. Willingness to learn. Job knowledge.

145. Areas of Improvement Open-mindedness, ability to build juniors. Vision, values, strategic thinking, decision making skills, risk taking. Learning orientation, self renewal efforts, cross cultural sensitivity.

146. Which industries are looking for Indian Managers? Information Technology Consulting Investment Banking

147. What do they command in the global market? 30% of IIM A students (2007 batch) accepted offers from abroad. Packages were as high as $225,000 to $300,000 per annum. Average entry-level salary stood at $115,300

148. RATAN TATA

149. At home in the world Anchored in India and committed to its traditional values of leadership with trust, the Tata group is spreading its footprint globally through excellence and innovation.

150. Introduction Born on December 28, 1937. Graduated with a degree in Architecture and Structural Engineering from Cornell University. Also completed advanced management programme at Harvard Business School. Appointed the Director-in-Charge of The National Radio & Electronics Company Limited (Nelco) in 1971. Became the Chairman of Tata Industries in 1981. Took over as Tata Group Chairman in 1991.

153. TQMS TSMG Tata Industries TAL Automation NELCO Tata Tele Services Titan Tata Share Registry Tata Fin AMEX Tata Home Finance Tata Technologies Tata Refractories TAYO Rolls Tata Coffee Telcon Tata Services Tata SSL TRF Trent TACO Tata Chemicals Tata Power Tata international Tata Steel Tata Tea Tata Motors Tata Consultancy Services Rallis Indian Hotels Tata Finance Tata InfoTech Voltas Tata Interactive Systems Tata Auto plastics Tata Johnson Controls Tata Interactive Systems TCE Consulting Engrs. Tata Investment Corpn TECS TFS

155. Very dignified. Ethical. Dependable. Believes in keeping promises. Loyal and believes in relationships. Questioning the unquestionable. Risk taker not a speculator. Exemplary leadership qualities and a tremendous motivator. Personality

156. Managerialroles Figure head. Entrepreneur. Resource allocator role. Disturbance handler.

157. Ratan Tata - Going Global 1998: Tata Motors came up with Tata Indica, the first truly Indian car. 2000: Tata Tea acquired the Tetley group of the UK for pounds 271 million ($435 million) - the biggest acquisition in the history of Indian Companies. 2003: Stepped down from executive position. Bought the truck unit of South Korea‘s Daewoo Motors. A stake in one of Indonesia's biggest coal mines, and steel mills in Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam

158. Ratan Tata - Going Global 2004: Takeover of Tony hotels including New York's Pierre, the Ritz-Carlton in Boston, and San Francisco's Camden Place. Purchase of Tyco International's undersea telecom cables. 2007: Tata Sons successfully acquired Corus Group for an estimated £6.7 billion. “A defining moment for Tata Steel” – Tata said

159. The man and his dream machine Year 2008: “A promise is a promise” A mini 4-seater priced, as promised five years ago, at Rs 1,00,000 (dealer price)

160. March 2008: Tata Motors under Ratan Tata bought over Jaguar & Land Rover from Ford Motor Company. The icons of British Luxury, Jaguar and Land Rover were acquired for £1.15 billion ($2.3 billion).

161. Future prospects Priority markets: Tata group is focusing on a clutch of priority countries, which are expected to be of strategic importance in the years ahead. The regions are North America, UK, China, the Netherlands, Germany, South Africa, members of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Brazil, Vietnam, Thailand and Sri Lanka.

162. Vision One hundred years from now, I expect the Tatas to be much bigger than it is now. More importantly, I hope the Group comes to be regarded as being the best in India.. best in the manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver, and best in our value systems and ethics. Having said that, I hope that a hundred years from now we will spread our wings far beyond India.”

163. CONCLUSION

164. Globalisation Definition: An economic phenomenon. A social phenomenon. A cultural phenomenon. The movement towards the expansion of economic and social ties between countries through the spread of corporate institutions and the capitalist philosophy that leads to the shrinking of the world in economic terms.

165. Globalisation Globalisation could involve all these things!

166. Issues Accountability of Global businesses. Increased gap between rich and poor fuels potential terrorist reaction. Ethical responsibility of business. Efforts to remove trade barriers. There are plenty of people who believe that globalisation is a negative development, protests at the G8 summits, pollution, poverty and concern over GM crops are just some of the issues.

167. Corporate Social Responsibility The integrity with which a company governs itself, fulfils its mission, lives by its values, engages with its stakeholders, measures its impact and reports on its activities. Includes Non polluting environment. Demand from civil society, consumers, governments, and others for corporations to conduct sustainable business. Being ethical while running their daily operations.

168. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEBLIOGRAPHY International Business – By V.K. Bhalla & S.Shiva Ramu. www.tata.com www.mittalsteel.com www.arcelormittal.com www.ge.com