1. Dr Jazeela Mohamed Siddique
Senior resident
Department Of Community Medicine

2. Disaster and Hazard definition
Disaster
Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or
deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area
Hazard
Any phenomenon that has potential to cause disruption or damage to people and
their environment

3. Types of disasters
Natural disasters
Geophysical
Hydrological
Meteorological
Climatological
Biological
Human induced
disasters
Technological
Industrial
Warfare

4. Natural disasters
Geophysical
Earthquake
Volcano
Tsunami
Hydrological
Flood
Landslide
Wave action
Meteorological
Cyclone
Sand storm
Blizzard
Heat wave
High wind

5. Climatological
Drought
Forest wildfire
Glacial lake
outburst
Biological
Epidemics
Insect infestations

6. Human induced disasters
Technological
Transport failure
Public place failure
Fire
Industrial
Chemical spills
Radioactive spills
Warfare
War
Terrorism
Internal conflicts
Civil unrest

7. Disaster management
• The systematic process of using administrative decisions, organisations,
operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping
capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impacts of natural
hazards and related environmental and technological disasters. [UNISDR]

8. Phases of disaster management
Disaster preparedness
Disaster impact
Disaster response
Disaster recovery
Disaster mitigation

9. Disaster preparedness
• Activities prior to disaster
• Preparedness plans
• Emergency exercises/ training
• Warning systems

10. Disaster response
Activities during a disaster
• Search, rescue and first aid
• Evacuation measures
• Field care
• Triage
• Tagging
• Take care of dead

11. Medical and Public health response
• Food safety and water safety
• Animal control – dead bodies contaminate water, zoonotic diseases
• Vector control – mosquito and rodents
• Communicable disease control
• Waste management – temporary latrines, chemical toileting, sewage disposal
• Immunization – mass immunisation not recommended
• Management of hazardous agent exposure
• Mental health – psychological triage in terrorism
• Information – Behavioural contagion handling, Risk communication

12. Triage
• Rapid classification of the injured on the basis of severity of injuries
and chances of survival
• High priority to those having better prognosis by simple intensive care
• Lowest priority to moribund patients requiring great deal of attention,
with questionable prognosis
• Four colour coded system
• Red – high priority
• Yellow – medium priority
• Green – ambulatory patients
• Black – Dead or moribund

13. Relief phase
• Relief operations depend on
• Type of disaster
• Type and quantity of supplies
available locally
Medical supply Health needs
Shelter (Relief camps)
Food safety Clothing & utensil
Environment management
• Water supply
• Basic sanitation
• Personal hygiene
• Vector control

14. Epidemiologic surveillance and disease
control
Disaster increase the transmission of
communicable diseases
Prevention and control of
communicable diseases
Overcrowding &
poor sanitation
Population
displacement
Damage to water
supply, sewerage
&power systems
Disruption of
routine control
programs
Favour vector
breeding
Displacement of
animals -
zoonoses
Food, water,
shelter – source
of infection
Implement public health measures
Disease reporting system to identify
outbreaks & prompt control measures
Investigate all reports of disease
outbreaks

15. Vaccination
• WHO does not recommend typhoid and
cholera vaccines use in routine care during
disasters
• Vaccination – necessary for health workers
• Best protection – maintenance of high
level immunity by routine immunisation
before the disaster
• Food relief programmes
• Assess the food supplies post-disaster
• Estimate nutritional needs of affected
population
• Calculate daily food ration and need for
large population groups
• Monitor nutritional status of affected
popuation
Nutrition

16. Rehabilitation
• Restoration of the pre-disaster conditions
• Services restructured and reorganized
(casuality management  primary health care)
• Priority- health care  environmental measures
1. Water supply
2. Food safety
3. Basic sanitation and personal hygiene
4. Vector control
Repatriation – After emergency
is over, displaced people return
to their place of origin

17. • Ensure water quality – chlorination – residual chlorine level 0.2-0.5 mg/L
• Identify and analyse potential contaminants
• New water source - Protection measures
o Restrict access to people and animals
o Excreta disposal at a safe distance from water source
o Prohibit bathing, washing and animal husbandry upstream
o Upgrade wells to protect from contamination
o Estimate maximum yield of wells and ration water if necessary
Water supply

18. • Kitchen sanitation
• Personal hygiene in food preparation
• Sanitary disposal of excreta
• Emergency latrines ; washing, bathing ad
cleaning facilities for displaced
Food safety
Basic sanitation and
personal hygiene
Vector control
• Intensification of vector control programmes
during crisis
• Malaria, dengue, leptospirosis and plague

19. Disaster mitigation
• Measures designed for lessening the likely effects of emergencies
• Flood mitigation works, appropriate land use planning, improved
building codes
• Improving structural qualities of houses, schools and other buildings
• Ensure safety of health facilities, public health services, water
supply and sewerage systems
• Reduce the cost of rehabilitation and reconstruction
• Complements disaster preparedness and disaster response activities

20. Disaster preparedness
• Long term development activities with goals to strengthen capacity and capability of
a country to manage all type of emergencies
• Orderly transition from relief  recovery  sustained development
• Objective : systems, procedures and resources in place to provide prompt assistance

21. Disaster preparedness
Ongoing multisectoral activity
• Evaluate the risk of a region to disaster
• Adopt standards and regulations
• Organize communication, information and warning systems
• Ensure coordination and respose mechanisms
• Develop public education programmes
• Coordinate information sessions with news media
• Organize disaster simulation exercises that test response mechanisms

22. THANK YOU
https://www.slideshare.net/JazeelaMohamedSiddiq