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Introduction to Sociology | Hunter College
Jessie Daniels, PhD
Media & Technology
Which has created more change?
Internet or Industrial Revolution?
changing models of media
broadcast media
“one-to-many”
“one-to-many” “many-to-many”
network mass audience
newspaper mass readership
network/news mass consumption
Economic Model Dependent on Advertising
“many-to-many”
“one-to-many” “many-to-many”
rise	of	digital	technologies
what	difference	does	it	make?
analog to digital
one example
When	we	typed	words	&	paragraphs	on	paper…
…this	was	how	we	“dele;ng”	things….
…and	this	was	“cut	and	paste.”
analog
digital
economic, social, cultural, political changes
2001
Domains of Internet Implications
(Dimaggio et al. 2001)
•  Inequality
–  Emphasis on Marxist sociology
•  Community and Social Capital
–  Emphasis on Durkheimian and Weberian
sociology
•  Political Participation
•  Organizations
•  Cultural Participation/Diversity
<economic changes>
“disruption” of advertising business model
The theory of the “Long Tail” suggests
that the economy is increasingly
shifting away from a focus on a few
products that sell to mass markets
and toward a huge number of niche
markets.
The “prosumer” is a person who
consumes and produces media.This
marks a profound departure from the
broadcast (one-to-many) model in
which producers and consumers were
distinct and separate groups.
“DIY” = 15,000,000 hits
“sharing economy”
Uber (+ others) say they are:
“leveraging technology to empower
individuals to work flexibly and
companies to more efficiently share or
provide their good and services.”
no (or, very few) full-time employees
sharing economy gig workers
Instead of full-time employment with job
security, advancement and benefits…
…workers go from gig to gig, as part-
time, subcontractors without benefits
great for company owners
terrible for workers
Which social theorist would best explain this?
<social changes>
Are we a “distracted” digital nation?
two arguments about this
“technology makes us more isolated”
“technology makes us more connected”
Each use of social media creates data
This data gets collected by companies
The collected data is called “big data”
Read & analyzed using algorithms
these are sociological questions
who controls our data?
<cultural, political changes>
how racism is reproduced, distributed,
experienced
<1997>
qualitative
content
analysis, 369
publications
from six WS
organizations
Southern	Poverty	Law	Center	(SPLC)
Two main
arguments,
first:
WS is
gendered…
race	&	
masculinity
Second
argument:
WS is similar
to mainstream
rhetoric
around race.
how	is	the	Internet	changing	WS?
students’	search	paOerns
what	study	design	could	measure	that?
<2009>
Several
arguments, first:
racism is changing
because of digital
technologies
WS rhetoric
is easier to
access, global
and more
participatory
Raises questions
about how to
regulate hate
speech in a
global, digital
era – U.S. is
“haven for hate
speech”
U.S. Supreme
Court,Virginia v.
Black, 2003: “no
constitutional
protection for a
burning cross”
what is a burning cross in the digital era?
129,000
306,515
students’	search	paOerns
cloaked	websites:	inten;onally		
disguising	authorship	in	order	
to	conceal	a	poli;cal	agenda
consistently	appears	
on	first	page	of	results
evaluate	pairs	of	
websites
evaluate	pairs	of	
websites
Graphic	Design
“This	site	looks	like	someone,	you	
know,	just	an	individual	created	
it.		It	doesn’t	look	very	
professional.”		
(study	par;cipant,	age	17)
“I mean, I don’t think I would
disagree with it. I’m sure there
are some slaves that were
treated well. So, I can
understand their point of view.
There’s always two sides to
everything.”
(study participant, age 17)
the	Internet	is	changing	racism
Is this change…
…as profound as the industrial revolution?
Why or why not?
“The Internet of Things” (IoT)
who controls this data?
who interests does this serve?
What should you do before
next class?
1.  Be sure you’ve read Ch.8.
2.  Review danah boyd’s piece on networks and
privacy.
3.  Think about the connections you see between
lecture and readings.

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Soc101 - Media & Technology