1. 3D is used in many different industries such as the education,
engineering and architecture industries. But it is primarily used
within the vast industry of video games. In gaming it is used to
create 3D models of things that would be seen or even played
with in the game. That means things from characters all the
way down to a random object in the background that you may
not even interact with at all. 3D "dumb" solids are created in a
way similar to manipulations of real world objects (not often
used today). Basic three-dimensional geometric forms (prisms,
cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes added or
subtracted from them, as if assembling or cutting real-world
objects. Two-dimensional projected views can easily be
generated from the models. These models are used in the
gaming industry because when placed in a 3D game, the
player will be able to go around the object and see the entire
object, compared to a 2D version of something where the
player will only be able to see the front or back.
The education sector is an industry which can link with many other industries by teaching
people how to model in 3D and give them the skills which could be transferred to the
industry in which the person learning goes into. This is commonly used in the video games
industry or the architect industry due to these 2 industries using 3D the most and relying on
people to model things in 3D for them. Many universities and colleges offer a course(s)
which is primarily based on 3D modelling.
Scientists, hospital staff and patients benefit from
the use of systems that present information in
understandable formats by using a unique
combination of 3D technology, science, and
software engineering. 3D CT imaging in human
medicine is mainstream and used in numerous
applications such as vascular studies, cardiac
imaging, virtual endoscopy, and presurgical
planning. 3D imaging in veterinary medicine is far
less common. This is likely because of the fact that
newer CT machines are necessary to generate
diagnostic images and the applications for 3D CT are different.
As well as the medicine industry using 3D models the science sector uses them as highly
detailed models of chemical compounds. In recent decades the earth science community
has started to construct 3D geological models as a standard practice. This has helped the
development of science due to professionals now being able to look around compounds and
learn much more about them, compared to the limited amount of things they could see when
using 2D or just simple images of the compound. They now have the freedom to look
completely around it and explore, much more than they could do before the introduction of
3D models in science and medicine.

2. The engineering community uses 3D
as designs of new devices, vehicles
and structures as well as a host of
other uses. 3D modelling has come a
long way in the last few years,
bringing new uses for 3D vehicle
modelling and speeding up
developments. The entry of more
professional experts and new and
improved 3D modelling software
programs has made 3D vehicle and engineering modelling more
accessible and affordable for entrepreneurs and businesses
from small to large, further fuelling and enabling the
development of new vehicles, parts, manufacturing processes, safety measures and
business ideas. In fact without fast and effective 3D engineering modelling we would not
being enjoying many of the great vehicles and features that we now use every day. This not
only applies to family cars but racing vehicles, recreational vehicles, commercial and private
aircraft, marine craft and the safety of military vehicles. 3D modelling can be and is used to
create things from a simple mock up of the vehicles design all the way to engineering vital
pieces such as the gearbox and engine to go inside the vehicle. Every single part of
engineering on anything can now be modelled in 3D and then transferred straight to the
vehicle.
Professional 3D modelling for product design has come
on huge leaps and bounds in recent years. New
technology and more professional experts have made
3D product design modelling more affordable and
accessible to most companies out there, of all sizes,
therefore opening up this industry vastly. In fact without
the current usage of 3D modelling we not be enjoying
many of the great products we now use on a daily basis.
This is anything from household items to tech gadgets
and new cars but many economies of the world would not be enjoying the high quality of life
that we currently enjoy. This is addition to the lack of jobs that there would be without 3D
modelling. Around you right now, almost everything you see was probably developed from
3D product design modelling at some point. In
short, without 3D modelling we would not have
the amount of jobs and the variety of industries
we see today. Overall, 3D modelling is used in
mostly all parts of the product design industry
and can be used to design anything from the
newest piece of technology, like a new apple
product, to something as vintage as an antique
teapot made to sell for the Queen’s anniversary.
The architecture industry uses 3D modelling to demonstrate proposed buildings and
landscapes through Architectural Models. Digital architecture uses computer modelling,
programming, simulation and imaging to create both virtual forms and physical structures.
3D modelling is vital in most architectural designs due to the fact that without them

3. 3D computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for movies,
etc. Recent availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds has allowed
companies to create huge feature length films which have made millions of pounds. All made
from 3D models and CGI animation. An example of a film that uses just 3D models and CGI
is Disney’s Toy Story films.
There are many different steps to creating a
3D model. Wire frame, texture mapping and
displaying the 3D. A wire frame model is a
visual presentation of a 3D or physical object
used in 3D modeling. It is created by having
3 or more points which are joined on the 3
axis (x, y, and z) in a 3D space. The object is projected onto the
computer screen by drawing lines at the location of each edge.
The term wireframe comes from designers using metal wire to
represent the 3 dimensional shape of solid objects.3D wireframe
allows to construct and manipulate solid surfaces.
Triangles always inhabit a single plane. The flat nature of
triangles makes it simple to determine their surface normal, a
three-dimensional vector perpendicular to the triangle's surface.
Surface normals are useful for determining light
transport in ray tracing. Some rendering systems use
vertex normal’s instead of face normal’s to create a
better-looking lighting system at the cost of more
processing. In many systems only one of the normals is
considered valid – the other side of the polygon is
referred to as a back face, and can be made visible or
invisible depending on the programmer’s desires.
A texture map is
applied (mapped) to
the surface of a shape
or polygon. This process is akin to applying patterned paper
to a plain white box. Every vertex in a polygon is assigned a
texture coordinate either via explicit assignment or by
procedural definition. Image sampling locations are then put
across the face of a polygon to produce a visual result that
seems to have more richness than could otherwise be
achieved with a limited number of polygons. Multitexturing is
the use of more than one texture at a time on a polygon. For
instance, a light map texture may be used to light a surface
as an alternative to recalculating that lighting every time the
surface is rendered. This is then followed by displaying the
3D image by usually rendering the 3D model so that it can be displayed in its full glory with
all the shading, texture mapping etc. This will then show you all the things you have done to
it in its entirety that you may not have seen before.
There are so many different pieces of software for 3D modelling out there, so much that
many people may get confused as to which to purchase or use for the 3d model they want to
create. Although that there are so many different pieces of software for this out there, many
of them are very similar in what they do, how they present your model and also the price of
the software itself. Here are some examples of different pieces of software for 3D modelling.

4. 3d Tin
An online 3D modeling program with an intuitive interface. All models saved in the cloud, and
can be exported to standard file formats such as STL, DAE and OBJ. This is a free piece of
software.
3ds Max
Autodesk 3ds Max Design is a 3D modeling, animation, rendering, and compositing software
product for architects, designers, civil engineers, and visualization specialists. This could
cost up to $3500 but is defiantly professional quality, whereas some others are not up to £Ds
Max’s standards.
AC3D
3D software for games, virtual reality and flight simulation, scientific, medical and general
data visualization, rapid prototypes of 3D designs, high resolution 3D renderings, Google
Earth, Second Life and more. AC3D is around $99 in price to buy but isn’t as high quality as
the more expensive pieces of software.
AutoCAD
Autodesk AutoCAD is an industry leader in 3D CAD design, drafting, modeling, architectural
drawing, and engineering software and a best-in-class customizable and extendable CAD
application. AutoCAD is very expensive due to it high quality and professional looks within its
presentation. It can be as high as $1500 to purchase.
Cheetah3D
Cheetah3D is a 3D modeling, rendering and animation software for Mac OS X. It offers
native support for importing and exporting STL files (ASCII and Binary). This is
recommended for lesser experienced 3D modelers as its price is only around $50 but isn’t
the high quality some may expect.
Inventor 3D
Autodesk Inventor 3D is a mechanical design and 3D CAD software product that has tools
for product simulation, tooling creation, and design communication.
Maya
Autodesk® Maya® 3D animation software delivers an end-to-end creative workflow with
comprehensive tools for animation, modeling, simulation, visual effects, rendering, match
moving, and compositing on a highly extensible production platform. This is another top end
piece of software as it is over $3000 in price and is usually use by industry professionals due
to its highest quality of all the 3D software.
Rhino
Rhinoceros (Rhino) is a NURBS-based 3-D modeling tool used for industrial design,
architecture, marine design, jewelry design, automotive design, CAD/CAM, rapid
prototyping, reverse engineering as well as the multimedia and graphic design industries.
Solidworks
Dassault Systèmes’ SolidWorks a leading 3D CAD product design engineering software with
more than 1,400,000 users at over 136,800 locations around the world
Zbrush

5. ZBrush is a digital sculpting and painting program that has revolutionized the 3D industry
with its powerful features and intuitive workflows
You may see that some of the 3D software are clearly only for beginners and people who
are not experienced in modeling, whereas some of them are used for industry professionals
as they are in the thousands in cost and are very high quality when creating and presenting
your 3D models.
Restrictions with using 3D
There are quite a few restrictions when using 3D modelling. One of the biggest restrictions in
3d modelling is the polygon count. Some people find a problem with the amount of polygons
when modelling something big such as a character or an object for a game or film/movie.
This is because when building a model a modeller may find that they have created too many
polygons and this can cause a massive amount of lag on the computer due the amount that
the computer has to do but also when the person wants to render out the model, so that they
can use it in other places than just the software that they used, they will find that it could take
a very long time to render due to its huge amount of polygons that it needs to render.
Another restriction with using 3d is the problem with using 3d is that the file size can become
extremely large due to the amount of objects the file may have. Some people may not have
a computer with the capacity to hold the amount of models they want to build so therefore
some may have to use an external hard drive to save the work on, which can lead to other
problems such as loosing the hard drive and it failing. Therefore, concluding that they may
loose their work.