4. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
SPACE SHUTTLE
• NASA wanted to … Elmer
Develop a reusable Space Shuttle system
Make space travel less costly
Make space travel less technically ambitious
• Launched like a rocket and made to enter the atmosphere
like an airplane
• Four orbital test flights conducted in 1981, Florida
• Operational flights began in 5th January 1982
6. SPACE SHUTTLE
Manned orbital rocket and spacecraft system
Elmer
Operated by NASA since 1981
135 missions since founding
Consists mainly of: Orbiter, Main Engines,
External Fuel Tank and Solid Rocket Booster
8. MAJOR SHUTTLE
MISSIONS
Cute Stuff
• Feb 18, 1977 – 1st Shuttle flight (by Enterprise)
• April 12, 1981 – First orbital test flight (by Columbia)
• January 28, 1986 – Disaster after 73 seconds (Challenger)
• April24, 1990 – Launch of the Hubble Space Telescope (by
Discovery)
• July 8, 2011 – Final Space Shuttle Flight (by Atlantis)
10. USES OF SPACE SHUTTLES
• Used to launch satellites into space
• Used as a test bed to repair communication satellites
already in orbit
• Assemble the ISS
Elmer
12. SPACE SHUTTLE PARTS AND
FUNCTIONS
• Orbiter (main aircraft) - reusable Cute Stuff
• External Tank – not reusable
-Supply the liquid oxygen and hydrogen fuel to the main engines
• Solid Rocket Boosters X2 - reusable
-Jettisoned two minutes after launch
-Deploys parachutes and lands in the ocean to be recovered
• Shuttle
launched vertically like a conventional
rocket
• Orbiter lands horizontally
16. ORBITER Cute Stuff
• Resembles airplane
• Three Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) mounted on the Orbiter's aft fuselage in a triangular
pattern
• Swivel 10.5 degrees up and down and 8.5 degrees from side to side
• Thermal Protection System
• Consists of various materials applied externally to the outer structural skin
• Protects orbiter from extreme temperatures (on re-entry into atmosphere)
• Black tiles called fibrous refractory composite insulation are used
• The outer structural skin constructed primarily of aluminium and graphite epoxy
18. ROCKET BOOSTERS
• Provide about 83% of liftoff thrust
• Support the weight of the space
shuttle and the external tank on
the launch pad
• About 590,000 kg at launch, 45 m
in length, 4 m in diameter
Elmer
• Drops off after launch
• Recovered in the ocean and reused
again
20. Elmer
EXTERNAL TANK(ET)
• Provides 2.025 million litres of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen
propellant to the SSMEs (engines on Orbiter)
• Discarded 8.5 minutes after launch
• Burns up on re-entry (not reusable)
• Constructed mostly of aluminium-lithium alloy about 1/8 inch
thick.
22. THE FUTURE OF Cute Stuff
SPACE SHUTTLES
• July 8, 2011 – final Space shuttle launch
• International Space Station now depends solely on Russia
• US will rely on Russians for Space missions
• Loss of jobs and specialised expertise in space
• NASA Focus on deep space exploration; innovators and
entrepreneurs to carry out the rest
• 2 new developments –
1) Deep space crew vehicle
2) Evolvable heavy-lift rocket
24. Cute Stuff
PARACHUTES
• Key role during landing – slow down Orbiter after landing
• Shuttle glides the rest of the way to a landing, thrusters are
burned out upon re-entry
• Brakes too weak, may overheat
• Parachutes introduced to save money --- added to shorten the
stopping distance so it could land at KSC (current runway and
main control centre), which was much shorter than Edwards
(former runway)
• Money saved because at with the shuttle at KSC, it would not
need to be flown back from Edwards to KSC
29. Parachute
A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an
object through an atmosphere by creating drag.
The word "parachute" comes from the French para,
meaning "to prepare for" or "to protect against"
30.
31. Timeline
The usage of parachutes dates back to the
Renaissance period (14th century) all the way till now
(21st century). That is around 700 years!
32.
33. Early history (Renaissance)
Oldest parachute design appeared in Italy in 1470 by
an anonymous author.
Soon after, Leonardo Da Vinci sketched a more
sophisticated parachute in 1485.
Venetian inventor Veranzio further developed the
parachute that Da Vinci sketched.
37. History (18th century)
The modern parachute was invented in the late 18th
century by Louis-Sebastien Lenormand in France, who
made the first recorded public jump in 1783.
Lenormand also sketched his device beforehand
38.
39. The (almost) Modern
Parachute (18th century)
This is an illustration showing Lenormand
demonstrating his 1st public jump
with his invented parachute.
40.
41. The (almost) Modern
Parachute (18th century)
In 1785, Aaron Seitler demonstrated a parachute as a
means of safely disembarking from a hot air balloon.
Further development focused on making the parachute
more compact
Andre Garnerin made the first jump in 1797 using such a
parachute.
Garnerin also invented the vented parachute, which
improved the stability of the fall.
[
42.
43. The (real) Modern Parachute
(20th century)
In 1911 a successful test was done with a dummy at the
Eiffel tower in Paris. (1st modern test in which a frameless
parachute was tested)
The puppet's weight was 75 kg, the parachute's weight
was 21 kg.
The cables between puppet and the parachute were 9 M
long.
The following year Franz Reichelt fell to his death from the
tower demonstrating his wearable parachute.
44.
45. The (real) Modern Parachute
(20th century) [military]
The first military use for the parachute was for use by artillery
detectors on tethered observation balloons in World War 1
The main part of the parachute was in a bag suspended from the
balloon with the pilot wearing only a simple waist harness which
was attached to the main parachute.
When the balloon crew jumped the main part of the parachute
was pulled from the bag by the crew's waist harness, first the
shroud lines, followed by the main canopy.
50. Science in Parachutes ::
Drag
The parachute creates a drag that slows down someone or
something from falling down.
Drag is the push on something from the air or water.
As air is much thinner than water it doesn’t have as much drag.
The larger is the surface area, the more is the drag.
The parachute is very light in weight and has a very big surface
area.
Catches lots of air as it falls thereby creating drag.
51.
52. Science in Parachutes ::
Newton’s 3rd Law
For every action there is an equal opposite reaction
Law of gravity states the force that comes from the center
of the earth attracts everything to the earth.
Parachute is one of those objects that follow this law of
gravity.
These were initially designed with an intention to save
people in emergency situations when they needed to exit
off a plane that is not functioning properly.
53. Action:
Gravity pulling down
Reaction:
Air resistance of parachute
Action
Reaction This makes the parachute
float
54. Action:
Gravity pulling down
Reaction:
Air resistance of parachute
Action
Reaction This makes the parachute
float
