2. In your lab notebook, please answer as best you can:
Week 11
Review Quiz
Bonus: Use the letter Y in a Punnett square to show
the percentage of yellow pea pods in a cross between
a homozygous dominant plant and a homozygous
recessive plant.
All the pea pods of the offspring plants would be yellow.
1. What are stem cells?
• Cells which can become any type of specialized cell.
1. Different forms of a gene that code for the same trait are called…
• Alleles
1. How are genotype and phenotype different?
• Genotype = allele combination, phenotype = expressed traits
1. Use the letter B to show a homozygous recessive genotype.
• bb
1. Name two inherited traits that could be influenced
by environmental factors.
• Hair color (can be dyed or bleached)
• Tree height (growth could be stunted by drought)
3. Note-Taking
• Note-Taking Methods:
– Full Sentences
– Outlining
– Cornell Method
– Mind Mapping
– Flow-Based Diagramming
• Tip # 5:
– Resist distractions.
• talking, texting, doodling
• day-dreaming (spacing out)
– If you miss something, leave a blank
space and fill it in later.
• ask a friend to show you their notes
• check the class wiki slides
4.
5.
6. What is
Inheritance?
Reproduction:
DNA to offspring
Asexual:
Identical offspring
Sexual:
= amounts of DNA
From each parent
2 copies of each gene
(1 from each parent)
Genes influence inherited traits.
1 copy of each gene
randomly passed to
offspring
¼ of my DNA
is from
Grandparents
I have more genes
in common with
closer relatives
(parents)
7. Week 11 Lab
Gummy Bear Genetics
Observation
AA ____ Dd ___ GG ___ Jj ___ Mm ___
Bb ___ Ee ___ HH ___ kk ___ nn ___
Cc ___ ff ___ Ii ___ Ll ___ OO ___
Purple flowers dominant to white: Brown eyes dominant to blue:
PP _________ BB _________
Pp _________ Bb _________
pp _________ bb _________
Straight hair dominant to curly: Tail spikes dominant to plain tails:
Straight _______________ Spikes __________________
Curly _________________ Plain ___________________
8. Week 11 Lab
Gummy Bear Genetics
Mendelian
Inheritance
Answer Key:
*M1 = GG x GG
*M2 = GG x gg
*M3 = GG x Gg
M4 = Gg x Gg
M5 = Gg x gg
M6 = gg x gg
*What is needed
to determine the
specific genotype
of these parents?
Incomplete
Dominance
Answer Key:
ID1 = RR x RR
ID2 = RR x rr
ID3 = RR x Rr
ID4 = Rr x Rr
ID5 = Rr x rr
ID6 = rr x rr
A TEST CROSS
with a gg bear
9. Facts are Stupid Things!
• Organized things are
easier to understand.
– Patterns
– Interactions
– “Big picture”
– How individual things
work & fit together
• The interpretation of
facts brings meaning.
10. Classification of Life
Taxonomy: a system of grouping in such a way that allows for
easier study and understanding
• Shopping List!
• Playlist!! Store
Department
Aisle
Section
Shelf
Item
Music
Genre
Artist
Album
Song
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
11. First Classification System
• Developed the binomial
(two name) system
– Felis catus
(house cat)
– Pseudotsuga menziesii
(Christmas tree)
– Lumbricus terrestris
(earthworm)
– Orcinus orca
(killer whale)
• Carolus Linnaeus
– Swedish botanist
– "Father of Taxonomy"
• First to group living things according to
physical similarities
• 3 Kingdoms: Animal, Vegetable, Mineral
12. Classification: the Grouping of Life
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• Linnaeus created a kind of "filing system" to sort all living
things based on physical characteristics
KKinging
PPhiliphilip
CCameame
OOverver
FForor
GGoodood
SSpicespices
broadest level
most specific
(individual type)
13. Classification: Sorting Life
• Linnaeus grouped living things based on:
– physical characteristics
• body symmetry
• feathers vs. fur vs. scales
– behavior
• makes own food vs. eats others
• lay eggs vs. give birth to live young
– habitat
• lives on land, air, or in water
• We now also group things by:
– cell type
• Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
• unicellular vs. multicellular
– nutrition (makes food vs. eats)
– DNA (sequence and length)
14. Binomial Nomenclature
• two-name system of naming (always written in italics)
– Genus is 1st
name (capitolized); species is 2nd
name (lower case)
Animalia
Chordata
Aves
Aptenodytes
Mammalia
Corvus corax Falco
sparverius
forsteri sparverius
Falco
Aptenodytes forsteriCanis lupusHomo sapiens
15. Which Are More Closely Related?
Ursus maritimus
Ailuropoda
melanoleuca
Ursus arctos
16. Week 11 Activity
Shoe Classification
Procedure:
1.Remove your right shoe and
place it on the table.
2.In your lab notebook, make a flow
chart like the one pictured here, only
leave the boxes blank.
3.Divide the shoes into two groups
based on common characteristics.
4.Make a descriptive TITLE for each
sub-group; write them down.
5.Continue dividing the shoes into
groups until you have only ONE shoe
per sub-group.
6.Using binomial nomenclature rules,
share the name of YOUR shoe with
the class.
•Now pass any 3 of your group’s
shoes to the table on your left.
Shoes
Title Title
Title TitleTitleTitle
17. Shoe ClassificationProcedure
7.Classify the 3 new shoes using your
written system of descriptions.
Analysis
1.What were some of the common
characteristics you used to classify
your shoes?
2.Did you have trouble classifying any
of them? Explain
3.Was it difficult to use your chart for
the 3 new shoes? Did you run into any
problems?
4.Is there more than one way you
could have classified the shoes?
Shoes
Title Title
Title TitleTitleTitle
19. • All living organisms are made up of cells.
– All cells have DNA, cytoplasm, & a cell membrane
– There are two major cell types:
PROKARYOTIC Cells
– Bacteria and archaea
– Tiny
– No nucleus or organelles
EUKARYOTIC Cells
– Plants, animals, fungi and protists
– Have an enclosed nucleus
– Have membrane-bound organelles
Cell Types - How are they Different?
20. Five Kingdoms of Living Things
Why do you think they have been grouped this way?
21. • No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Often have a rigid cell wall and capsule around the
plasma membrane for extra protection.
• Also sometimes have a flagella or cilia for movement
Prokaryotic Organisms
22. Bacteria
(Formerly Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria)
• Single-cell organisms
• "True Bacteria"
– some make us sick
– some help us live
– some make cheese
• Different shapes
– Bacilli (rod-shape)
• E. coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus
– Cocci (round chains/clusters)
• Streptococcus, Staphylococcus
– Spirilla (stringy spirals)
• Campylobacter, Treponema
23. Archaea
(Kingdom Monera or Archaebacteria)
• Tiny, single-cell prokaryotes
• Many live in extreme conditions:
– very hot/cold, deep/dark
– acidic or sulfuric
• DNA & metabolism
different than bacteria
24. • Nucleus
(contains DNA that
coils into
chromosomes)
• Organelles =
“little tools”
• All organisms
besides bacteria
& archaea are
eukaryotic
– plants, animals,
fungi, and
protists
Eukaryotic Organisms
25. Protists
(Kingdom Protista)
Amoeba Paramecium Giardia
Water Mold Slime Mold
Euglena Dinoflagellates DiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae
Fungus-
Like
P
l
a
n
t
-
L
i
k
e
• Eukaryotic
– cells have a nucleus
• Most are single-celled
• All eukaryotic organisms that
aren't plants, animal, or fungi
Animal-Like
(protozoans)
29. Animals
(Kingdom Animalia)
• All eukaryotic, multi-cellular, heterotrophic, and motile
• Common Phyla:
– Porifera
• sponges, corals
– Cnidaria & Ctenophora
• jellyfish and comb jellies
– Platyhelmenthes
• flat worms, tapeworms
– Nematoda
• small unsegmented worms
– Mollusca
• clams, oysters, etc.
– Annelida
• segmented worms
– Echinodermata
• starfish and anemones
– Arthropoda
• crustaceans, insects, spiders
– Chordata
• those with spinal chords: birds,
mammals, amphibians, bony fish, etc.
30. Grouped as
MONERA in some
countries
Six
Kingdoms
• Animals
• Plants
• Fungi
• Protists
• Bacteria
• Archaea
6
ARCHAEA
BACTERIA
Editor's Notes
RBC’s lack mitochondria and nuclei – they use glycolysis to produce ATP and only live about 3 months before being replaced.
Microorganisms that can live without oxygen, such as the lactobacilli that turn milk products into yogurt and cheese, use fermentation to generate ATP.
Practice (two volunteers on dry-erase boards)
- everyone else take notes on paper
- compare and note one thing you'll try or do different next time
Classify the 3 new shoes using your written system of titles.
Switch again (if time allows).
Classify the 3 new shoes using your written system of titles.
Switch again (if time allows).
Ask students to generate a shopping list, then talk about how you'd go about finding those items. Are all grocery stores grouped the same? Does every item fit into a category?
Then ask each student to name their favorite song. How would you search for each song using Spotify. Why is it helpful to group things?
Now think about how classification systems work - which grouping has the most individual items/songs/living things? Which has the fewest?
The problem is, scientists can't agree, especially as new information is being added all the time.
pronounced "Carl Lewis Lineeus"
Latin (or some Greek) scientific names prevent misnomers like jellyfish and seahorse (not remotely related to a fish or a horse), and prevent confusion across languages.
Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581. From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was also King of England and Ireland.
Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581. From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was also King of England and Ireland.
Can we figure out the blanks?
The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
Turdus migratorius (common robin)
Classify the 3 new shoes using your written system of titles.
Switch again (if time allows).
Classify the 3 new shoes using your written system of titles.
Switch again (if time allows).
Originally, Linnaeus established three kingdoms in his scheme, namely for Plants, Animals and an additional group for minerals, which has long since been abandoned. Since then, various life forms have been moved into three new kingdoms: Monera, for prokaryotes (i.e., bacteria); Protista, for protozoans and most algae; and Fungi. This five kingdom scheme is still far from the phylogenetic ideal and has largely been supplanted in modern taxonomic work by a division into three domains: Bacteria and Archaea, which contain the prokaryotes, and Eukaryota, comprising the remaining forms. These arrangements should not be seen as definitive. They are based on the genomes of the organisms; as knowledge on this increases, classifications will change.
What benefits could there be to having distinct organelles separated by membranes? Chemical reactions which interfere with each other can occur at the same time.
Formerly a part of the kingdom monera
Name means “true bacteria”
These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese
Bacilli
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Dicoccus
Spirilla
There are thousands of species of bacteria, but all of them are basically one of three different shapes. Some are rod- or stick-shaped and called bacilli. Examples of rod-shaped bacteria include E.coli, Salmonella, and Bacillus anthracis which is the bacterium that causes anthrax in cattle. Rod-shaped bacteria include bent or curved rods; so Vibrio is a curved bacillus that causes cholera. Others are shaped like little balls and called cocci. Examples of bacteria with round cells include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Neisseria (causes gonorrhea). Others still are twisted, helical or spiral in shape and called spirilla. These twisted cells can be flexible (Treponema which causes syphilis) or rigid corkscrew shape like Campylobacter (bacterium that causes food-borne illness). Some species of bacteria vary in shape; this is called pleomorphism. Variations and/or lack of rigid cell walls cause microbes like Mycoplasma, Corynebacterium, and Rhizobium to appear swollen, curved, or club-shaped.
Formerly part of the kingdom monera
Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteria
Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)
can live in places where most organisms cannot survive
archae- means ancient: formed about three billion years ago Methanogens and Halobacterium salinarium
rchaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very strange shapes, such as the flat and square-shaped cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi.[2] Despite this visual similarity to bacteria, archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably the enzymes involved in transcription and translation. Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique, such as their reliance on ether lipids in their cell membranes. Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes: these range from organic compounds, such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas. Salt-tolerant archaea (the Haloarchaea) use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon; however, unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both. Archaea reproduce asexually by binary fission, fragmentation, or budding; unlike bacteria and eukaryotes, no known species forms spores.
Seaweeds are not grouped with the true plants because they lack a specialized vascular system (an internal conducting system for fluids and nutrients), roots, stems, leaves, and enclosed reproductive structures like flowers and cones.
Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)
Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia
Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)
Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae
Fungus-Like Protists
Examples: Water molds, slime molds (dog vomit slime mold)
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organisms
Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens
Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil
All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms
Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide
Common Phyla:
Bryophyta (mosses)
Pteridophyta (ferns)
Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)
Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants
Before 1970, taxonomists classified all forms of life into two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae. Bacteria, fungi, and photosynthetic protists were considered plants, and the protozoa were classified as animals. In 1969, Robort H. Whittaker proposed a five-kingdom classification scheme that is widely used today, and which we follow in this text.
Whittaker identified two kingdoms of primarily unicellular microorganisms based on whether they showed prokaryotic or eukaryotic cellular organization. The kingdom Monera consists of generally single prokaryotic cells, whereas the kingdom Protista consists of generally single eukaryotic cells. All of the organisms in the remaining three kingdoms (Plantae, Fungi and Animalia) are eukaryotic, and most of them are multicellular. They may be classified further on the basis of their way of acquiring nutrients. Members of the kingdom Plantae photosynthesize, and members of the kingdom Fungi secrete enzymes outside their bodies and then absorb the externally digested nutrients. In contrast, members of the kingdom Animalia ingest their food and then digest it, either within an internal cavity or within individual cells.
Recently, a sixth kingdom has been proposed. Many microbiologists argue that the cell structure of the Archaea is so different from that of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that they should occupy their own kingdom. Following the fashion, this text adopts the updated six-kingdom classification system (Fig. 1.1).
6 Kingdom Classification System
Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria
(formerly in kingdom monera)
Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles (formerly in kingdom monera)
Kingdom Protista (same)
