4. Liver
• Largest gland (1.5 kg). Located just below
diaphragm. Larger on right side
• 2 major lobes (right and left) and 2 smaller
lobes (caudate and quadrate)
5. Liver
• Largest gland (1.5 kg). Located just below
diaphragm. Larger on right side
• 2 major lobes (right and left) and 2 smaller
lobes (caudate and quadrate)
• Functions: produces bile, stores glucose as
glycogen and releases it when blood sugar is
too low, detoxifies poisons, excretes waste
products in bile, filters the blood (contains
phagocyticKupffer cells)
6. Liver Disease
• Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver. Caused by
virus. Spread by contaminated food, sexual
contact, shared needles
7. Liver Disease
• Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver. Caused by
virus. Spread by contaminated food, sexual
contact, shared needles
• Cirrhosis: Chronic inflammation causing the
liver to become hard and fibrous. Caused by
alcoholism and hepatitis
10. Gallbladder
• Pear-shaped sac attached to the underside of
the liver
• Stores and concentrates bile
• Delivers bile to the duodenum via the
common bile duct
11. Gallbladder
• Pear-shaped sac attached to the underside of
the liver
• Stores and concentrates bile
• Delivers bile to the duodenum via the
common bile duct
• Gallstones: If bile becomes too concentrated it
can crystalize. Gallstones are very sharp,
causing severe pain. Can block bile duct
leading to jaundice
14. Bile
• Yellowish-green fluid. Produce about 1 liter
per day
• Slightly alkaline (pH = 8) so it helps neutralize
acidic chyme
15. Bile
• Yellowish-green fluid. Produce about 1 liter
per day
• Slightly alkaline (pH = 8) so it helps neutralize
acidic chyme
• Contains water, bile salts (emulsifying agents
that break large fat globules into tiny
droplets), and bile pigments (waste products.
Primarily bilirubin from the breakdown of red
blood cells)
18. Pancreas (pg 10)
Endocrine and exocrine portions
• Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin
and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar
19. Pancreas (pg 10)
Endocrine and exocrine portions
• Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin
and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar
• Exocrine: Makes bicarbonate (neutralizes
acidic chyme) and digestive enzymes and
empties them into the duodenum via the
pancreatic duct
20. Pancreas (pg 10)
Endocrine and exocrine portions
• Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin
and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar
• Exocrine: Makes bicarbonate (neutralizes
acidic chyme) and digestive enzymes and
empties them into the duodenum via the
pancreatic duct
– Pancreatic amylase: Breaks starch into
disaccharides
21. Pancreas (pg 10)
Endocrine and exocrine portions
• Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin
and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar
• Exocrine: Makes bicarbonate (neutralizes
acidic chyme) and digestive enzymes and
empties them into the duodenum via the
pancreatic duct
– Pancreatic amylase: Breaks starch into
disaccharides
– Trypsin: Breaks proteins into peptides
22. Pancreas (pg 10)
Endocrine and exocrine portions
• Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin
and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar
• Exocrine: Makes bicarbonate (neutralizes
acidic chyme) and digestive enzymes and
empties them into the duodenum via the
pancreatic duct
– Pancreatic amylase: Breaks starch into
disaccharides
– Trypsin: Breaks proteins into peptides
– Peptidase: Breaks peptides into amino acids
23. Pancreas (pg 10)
Endocrine and exocrine portions
• Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin
and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar
• Exocrine: Makes bicarbonate (neutralizes acidic
chyme) and digestive enzymes and empties them
into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct
– Pancreatic amylase: Breaks starch into disaccharides
– Trypsin: Breaks proteins into peptides
– Peptidase: Breaks peptides into amino acids
– Pancreatic lipase: Breaks fats (triglycerides) into
monoglycerides
24. Output (pg 11)
• On diagram: Label pancreas
• Write a song about the accessory organs. At
least 12 lines long. To the tune of a well-
known song
