Hazard and risk assessment

1. Occupational Health and Safety
(OSH)
KARWAN MAHMOOD Khudhir
MS. OHS (UPM)
OHS coordinatorat Preventive Health department
KOYA TECHNICAL INSTITUTE (KTI)
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2. Occupational Health and Safety
• Introduction and historical back
ground of occupational health
and Safety
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3. • Bernardino Ramazzini (1633 – 1714)
• Considered to be the father of occupational and industrial
medicine
• Diseases of Workers (De Morbis Artificum Diatriba)
First edition - 1700 Second edition – 1713
• published the first systematicstudy connecting the
environmental hazards of specific professions to disease
Example: lead exposure in potters and painters
• His book on occupational diseases outlined the health hazards
and other disease-causativeagents encountered by workers in
52 occupations.
History of Occupational Health and safety
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4. o What is Occupational health and safety all about?
• Health and safety is about preventing people from being
harmed at work, by taking the right precautions and by
providing a satisfactory working environment .
• Why is occupational health and safety such an important
topic?
1. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics(2007), a worker is
injured every five seconds and every ten seconds a worker is
temporarily or permanently disabled.
2. According to HSE (2008) every year about 2.2 million people are
estimated to suffer from ill health caused or made worse by work
condition.
INTRODUCTION
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5. 3. Each year over 1,000 of workers are death and 260,000 of them are
injury
4. Every one should be able to go to work, feeling confident that they
will end each working day without being harmed.
5. Currently, many organizations only seek to increase their productivity
without considering the health condition of their workers.
6. working in unsafe working environment will lead to adverse effect
(decrease productivity,quality of life) and increase (absenteeism,
medical cost).
Why is health and safety such an important topic?
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6. What is Hazard?
is anything that can cause harm. For example things
like electricity, chemicals, working from ladders and
so on are hazards.
.
Hazards, risk assessment and control
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7. • What is Risk?
• Risk is the chance, high, medium or low that
somebody will be harmed by the hazard.
For instance, properly maintained computer
equipment presents a low risk of electric shock, but if
you are using naked flames where there are highly
flammable liquids, like petrol, there will be a high risk
of injury from an explosion or flash fire.
Hazards, risk assessment and control
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8. The HSE (Health and safety Executive) has suggested
a simple five step approach to risk assessment which
involves:
• Step 1: identifying hazards:
Walk around your workplace and look at what could reasonably be
expected to cause a health and safety problem. Ignore the trivia and
concentrate on real hazards which could result in serious harm or
affect several people. Ask peoples ’ opinions – they may have
noticed things that are not immediately obvious.
Manufacturers ’ instructions or data sheets can also help you to spot
hazards and put risks into perspective. Also look at accident, and
ill-health records. 8

9. Type of hazards
(a) Mechanical hazards: (Repetitive movements, Poorly
designed equipment, Heavy lifting).
◆ moving machinery, for example a circular saw, where
people could be trapped in drive belts, cut in contact
with the rotating blades or struck by a piece of wood that
is ejected out of the saw;
◆ mobile equipment, for example a tractor, where
people could be crushed when run over, entangled in
moving parts of the engine or drive shaft or the driver
could be crushed if the vehicle turnedover .
◆ a sewing machine where fingers can be injured in the
stabbing and puncture movement of the needle.
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10. Mechanical hazards:
Circular saw Mobileequipment (rector)
Sewing machine 10

11. (b) Physical hazards: (Noise, Lightning, Radiation,
Vibration, Temperature, Electricity).
e.g:
◆ slipping on a wet floor or tripping on uneven
flooring or trailing cables; and
◆ burns from a fire or cooking equipment or
scalding from a hot cup of coffee
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Type of hazards

12. Physical hazards
Noise hazard
Burns froma fire or cookingequipment
slipping on a wet floor
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13. (c) Chemicalhazards: (Solvents, Acids / caustics,
Metals, Dusts, Pesticides).
◆ spillage of corrosive acid which can severely
damage skin and eyes through contact;
◆ toxic chemicals which can damage through being
swallowed(ingestion) or breathed in (inhalation) or
solvents that can also be absorbed through the skin
(absorption) and
◆ very fine dusts that can be breathed in, for
example asbestos
Type of hazards
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14. Chemical hazards
Sulphuric Acid (battery acid)
chemist shop
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15. Chemicals either in gas, vapour or liquid forms, have different effects on
people. Some chemicals work very quickly and may cause asphyxiation.
For example, carbon dioxide asphyxiates (chokes) people because they
are starved of oxygen whereas cyanide poisons people very fast, if
swallowed. Solvent vapours when breathed in overcome people so that
they initially appear drunk and may die if exposure is prolonged and
severe.
Other substances, such as fi ne asbestos dust have more of a mechanical
effect on the body. It can damage the lungs by causing scar tissue to
form inside them (fibrosis of the lung known as Asbestosis) and/or cause
cancer. Both usually, but not always occur after many years of exposure
to asbestos dust.
Chemical hazards
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16. (d) Environmentalhazards:
◆ in the global environment water can be polluted by chemicals and/ or by toxic waste.
Something as simple as pouring old engine oil down the drain will have this effect;
◆ air can be polluted from burningrubbish or emissions from chimneys;
◆ the environment can be polluted by waste and rubbish left lying about to rot or
contaminate;
◆ inside buildings there may be poor ventilation so that people become drowsy and
unable to operate machines safely. In extreme conditions they may be overcome by lack
of oxygen or build up, for example of carbon dioxide
◆ excessively hot working conditionscan cause heat exhaustion and hyperthermia;
◆ cold conditionsmay cause hypothermia and in extreme cold there is a danger of frost
bite
Type of hazards
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17. Water pollution (industrial waste)
Air pollution (emissions from chimneys)
Environmental hazards
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18. (e) Biological hazards:
◆ this includes bacteria and micro organisms of the
type encountered when working with animals or
infected people; handling waste materials
(particularly in hospitals) or working in contaminated
Environments.
Type of hazards
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19. Biological hazards
working with animalsHandling waste materials
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20. (f) Organisational hazards include (psychosocial
hazard):
Such as working working with
Low control (e.g: opportunity to develop hisl her
special abilities)
Social support (e.g : supervisor and co-workers
support)
Job demand (e.g: require to work very fast, very hard).
Job satisfaction (satisfied with the kind of work that
he/she do, or satisfied with his/her income )
Type of hazards
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21. Step 2: Deciding who might be harmed
and how this could happen
This includes employees, cleaners, visitors,
contractors, maintenance workers, employees away
travelling or at another workplace.
Members of the public and other people who may
share a workplaceshould also be considered.
Young workers, trainees, new and expectant mothers
may be particularly at risk.
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22. Step 3: Evaluating the risks and deciding whether the
existing controls are sufficient
Draw up an action list of work that has to be done
giving priority to high risks and/or risks which could
affect most people. Consider:
◆ Can the hazard be removed altogether ?
◆ If not, how can the risks be controlled so that
harm is unlikely?
◆ How severe is the harm likely to be?
◆ How likely is it to happen?
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23. These are the questions you will need to ask yourself.
Then you will be able to decide how much you will
need to do to reduce the risk.
Even when you have taken all the precautions some
risk usually remains.
At that point you will have to decide whether the
remaining risk is high, medium or low. This is
sometimes called the residual risk.
Step 3: Evaluating the risks and deciding whether the
existing controls are sufficient
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24. If you really feel that you cannot completely eliminate
a hazard, the next step is to control the risks so that
any harm to the people involved with it is less likely.
The following list has been put together to help you to
achieve this. The points have been made in order of
preference
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering control
4. Administrative control
5. Personal protective equipment
Step 4: Hierarchy of risk control measures
Hierarchy controldiagram 24

25. 1. Elimination
• Remove the hazard from the workplace .
*Hazard can be a substance, materials or process
2. Substitution
 Replace the toxic material with a less toxic or
alternative substitute. E.g.
How do you make a risk assessment?
Instead Of: Consider:
pesticides (causes various
effects on body)
"natural" pesticides such as
pyrethrins
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26. 3. Engineering control
– Isolation, barrier
 Interrupt the pathway between hazard and worker
 Either enclosure to isolate source or isolate worker
from contaminated environment.
– Ventilation
 Dilution ventilation
 Local exhaust ventilation
How do you make a risk assessment?
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27. How do you make a risk assessment?
Local exhaust ventilation
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28. How do you make a risk assessment?
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Dilutionventilation

29. 4. Administrativecontrol
These are all about identifying and implementing the
procedures you need to work safely e.g.
a. reducing the time workers are exposed to hazards (eg by job
rotation).
b. increasing safety signage
c. prohibiting use of mobile phones in hazardous areas.
d. Supervision /support
e. Education and training
How do you make a risk assessment?
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30. How do you make a risk assessment?
5. Personal protective equipment
– Less desirable…..? Last in the hierarchy!
– eg eye, hand, head and other forms of body protection.
– Respirators - Attention must be given to selection,
fitting, maintenance.
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31. Personal protective equipment
• What is personal protective equipment?
Personal protective equipment, or PPE, is designed to protect
employees from serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting
from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical,
mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
e.g of PPE: face shields, safety glasses, hard hats, and safety
shoes, PPE includes a variety of devices and garments such as
goggles, coveralls, gloves, vests, earplugs, and respirators
The use of personal protective equipment is the least preferred
method of protection from hazardous exposures.
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32. When appropriate protective clothing or equipment
needs to be provided the following precautions
should be taken:
 Ensure that equipment/clothing is suitable and
appropriate for the hazard that is being protected
against.
 Ensure that it prevents or properly controls the risk.
 Ensure the equipment/clothing is of good quality
made to a recognised standard.
 Ensure the equipment/clothing suits the wearer in
size, weight and fit.
 Consider the compatibility of different PPE for
example goggles and the fi t of a face mask 32

33. Head Protection
Types of Head PPE
• Class A Hard Hats
– Protect you from falling objects
– Protect you from electrical
shocks up to 2,200 volts
• Class B Hard Hats
– Protect you from falling objects
– Protect you from electrical
shocks up to 20,000 volts
• Class C Hard Hats
– Protect you from falling objects
• Bump Caps
– Bump caps are made from
lightweight plastic and are
designed to protect you from
bumping your head on
protruding objects
Personal protective equipment
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34. Hand Protection
Types of Hand PPE
• Gloves
– Padded cloth gloves
• protect your hands from sharp edges,
slivers, dirt, and vibration
– Heat resistant gloves
• protect your hands from heat and flames
– Latex disposable gloves
• used to protect your hands from germs
and bacteria
– Lead-lined gloves
• used to protect your hands from
radiation sources
Personal protective equipment
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35. Hand Protection
Types of Hand PPE
• Forearm Cuffs
– used to protect your forearm
• Thumb Guards and Finger Cots
– protect only your thumb or
fingers
• Mittens
– protect your hands while
working around very cold or hot
materials
• Hand Pads
– Hand pads protect your
hands while working around
very hot materials
Personal protective equipment
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36. Foot Protection
Types of Foot PPE
• Safety Shoes and Boots
– Steel toe footwear
• protects your toes from falling objects and
from being crushed
– Metatarsal footwear
• special guards that run from your ankle to
your toes and protect your entire foot
– Reinforced sole footwear
• metal reinforcement that protects your foot
from punctures
– Latex/Rubber footwear
• resists chemicals and provides extra
traction on slippery surfaces
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37. Foot Protection
Type of Foot PPE
• Safety Shoes and Boots
– PVC footwear
• protects your feet againstmoisture and
improves traction
– Butyl footwear
• protects againstmostketones,
aldehydes, alcohols, acids, salts, and
alkalies
– Vinyl footwear
• resists solvents, acids, alkalies, salts,
water, grease, and blood
– Nitrile footwear
• resists animal fats, oils, and chemicals
Personal protective equipment
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38. Foot Protection
Types of Foot PPE
• Safety Shoes and Boots
– Electrostatic dissipating footwear
• conducts static electricity to floors that
are grounded
– Electrical hazard footwear
• insulated with tough rubber to prevent
shocks and burns from electricity
– Disposable footwear
• includes shower slippers, clear
polyethylene and non-woven booties
used in dust free work areas
Personal protective equipment
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