TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL CIV 8330 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPT. BUK

1. BY
KAMALADDEN MOHAMMED RUMAH
SPS/15/MCE/00018
(kmrumah@yahoo.co.uk)

2.  Introduction
 Historical overview (Literature review)
 Hierarchy of road network
 Analysis of road network
 Operation of road network
 Future road network
 Conclusion
 References

3.  The road network is a set of nodes
representing spatial locations and displays
topological and geometric variations. (Wyatt,
1997)
 Road networks are observed in terms of its
components of accessibility, connectivity,
traffic density, level of service, compactness,
and density of particular roads (Mannering,
Walter, and Scott, 2004)

4. Fig. 1: Typical road network

5.  In general term, Road Network consists of
nodes at intersection and links connecting
the intersection which are categorized into
primary and/or secondary roads known as
arterial and/or minor roads respectively

6.  There are many examples of early man-made
roads that are found in various parts of the
world.
 Historically, people have travelled and goods
have been moved from one place to another:
 by road; walking and riding, using humans
and various beasts to carry goods or to pull
sleds, carts, carriages and wagons, and (since
the late 19th century) using cycles and motor
vehicles such as cars, buses and lorries;

7.  by water, i.e. using (since early times) ships
and boats on seas, rivers and canals;
 by rail, i.e. initially using animals (in the early
19th century) and then steam-, oil- or
electric-powered locomotives to pull
passenger carriages and goods wagons; and
 by air, i.e. using airships and airplanes (in the
20th century).

8.  Early manufactured roads were;
 the stone-paved streets in the Middle East
(4000 BC),
 the corduroy-log paths near Glastonbury,
England (3300 BC), and
 brick paving in India (3000 BC).

9.  the first 'professional' road network-makers
was Roman road system, which consist of 29
major roads radiating from Rome to the
outermost fringes of the Empire (totaled
78000 km).
 The roads were commonly constructed at
least 4.25 m wide to enable two chariots to
pass with ease.

10.  Overall, the first 40 years of the 20th century
were years of evolutionary development
rather than revolutionary change for roads.
 Initially, the emphasis was on 'laying the dust'
using, mainly, tar and bitumen surfacing, and
then on reconstructing existing roads.

11.  A safe and efficient road network combines
the various types of roads in a hierarchical
form thus facilitating the stepped adjustment
of driving techniques from arterial routes to
the domestic environment.

12.  The road network can be categorized into
three types i.e. Arterial roads, collector roads
and local streets
 Arterial Roads – Arterial roads primarily serve
long-distance travel and are typically
designed as either access controlled or
partially access controlled facilities with
limited locations at which vehicles can enter
or exit the roadway (typically via on- or off-
ramps)

13.  Features;
• Through traffic movements
• Longer distance traffic movements
• Line haul public transport task
• Regional cycle movements (off road)

14. Figure 2: Principal Arterial
Source: Ohio Statewide Imagery Program

15.  Sub Arterial Roads – Sub Arterials provide
service for trips of moderate length, serve
geographic areas that are smaller than their
higher Arterial counterparts and offer
connectivity to the higher Arterial system

16.  Collector roads –As their name implies,
Collectors “collect” traffic from Local Roads
and connect traffic to Arterial roadways.
Collector routes are typically shorter than
Arterial routes but longer than Local Roads.
Collectors often provide traffic circulation
within residential neighborhoods as well as
commercial, industrial or civic districts

17.  Features of collectors road;
• carry traffic having a trip end within the
specific area
• Direct access to properties
• Access to public transport
• Pedestrian movements
• Local cycle movements

18. Figure 3: typical Collector roads
Source: www.roadstothefuture.com

19.  Local roads – Local Roads are often classified
by default. In other words, once all Arterials
and Collector roadways have been identified,
all remaining roadways are classified as Local
Roads

20.  Features of local;
• Direct access to properties
• Pedestrian movements
• Local cycle movements

21. Figure 4: typical local roads
Source: Google earth

22.  Road Network Operations concerns all
activities directly related to the concept of
providing services for all users of the network

23.  Increasingly, opportunities exist to provide
these services to customers through
technological innovations arising from
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). To
achieve these outcomes it is vital that we
engage with all of our road network partners.
 In achieving sustainable Road Network
Operations it is imperative that the
performance of the road network is
considered as part of an integrated transport
system

24.  The analysis of the road network involves the
recognition of the patterns and qualities of
the roads
 Many techniques had earlier been used in
analyzing road network patterns namely,
connectivity, shortest path spanning tree, and
minimum cost spanning tree from graph
theory to facilitate structural analysis and
road selection in the road networks.

25.  Modern techniques introduced for the
explanation of the effects of accessibility on
property values range from geographically
weighted regression technique, multinomial
logit models to geo-spatial analysis adopting
the Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

26.  One of the techniques to ensure detailed
analysis of the road network pattern is the
graph theory.

27.  A graph-based approach in studying patterns
of road networks involves the introduction of
hierarchical structure of different graphs to
reproduce different levels of details of the
network. The basic graph contains nodes and
lines, the nodes represent line intersections,
edges correspond to lines, and topological
structure of the graph results in patterns of
the road network (Heinzle, Anders, and
Sester, 2005)

28.  Better information has the power to unlock
more value from our road networks. Already,
drivers can get information about their
journeys using the internet, Smartphone
applications and a dedicated customer
information line, allowing them to plan
ahead. Traffic information can be delivered
into the vehicle, keeping drivers aware of
changes to the network’s status while they
travel.

29.  By 2040, experts expect a world of connected
vehicles and road users in road networks, where
‘semi-autonomous’ and ‘autonomous’ control of
vehicles will be part of life. Vehicles will
communicate not only with the road
infrastructure, but increasingly with each other
within a network of advanced roads. Innovative
ways to make vehicles cooperate with one
another, such as the ‘platooning’ approach for
heavy vehicles on strategic roads, have the
potential to make our road networks work better
for everyone.

30.  This means that we are potentially on the
verge of a great change in the way that we
use our roads, and in the way that roads
affect our economy and quality of life.
 Therefore, advanced technologies is needed
to deliver huge benefits for individual users
and for the road network as a whole in the
future.

31.  “Managing our road networks,
better to drive economic
growth, boost innovation and
give road users more for their
money”-Alan Cook, November
2011

32.  A historical overview of the development of the
road
C.A. O'Flaherty
 Lay, M.G., Ways of the World. Sydney: Primavera
Press, 1993.
 Pannell, J.P.M., An Illustrated History of Civil
Engineering. London: Thames and Hudson, 1964.
 A Four Level Road Hierarchy For Network,
Planning And Management.
Eppell, J.M. Bunker And B.A. Mcclurg; 20th ARRB
Conference, Melbourne.

33.  Highway Functional Classification: Concepts,
Criteria And Procedures; 2013 Edition
US Department Of Transportation, Federal
Highway Administration
 Main Roads Western Australia; Road Network
Operations Strategy, 2006-2010
Smarter Roads, Better Journeys
 Action for Roads, A network for the 21st century,
July 2013
Department for transportation, UK
 http://dlca.logcluster.org/display/DLCA?src=bre
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