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CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY PAKISTAN (CAA)
INTERNSHIP REPORT
Name: Khet Kumar
Duration: 12-06-2017 to 14-07-2017
Department: Electronic Engineering Depot(EED)
University: IIEE, Karachi

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all I will thanks to Allah Almighty for giving us the opportunity to seek for knowledge. Iam
very thankful to the administration of the CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY for giving me the
opportunity to vist the ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPOT(EED) and learn great deal about
the working of different advanced electronics equipped.
Iam also thankful of head of each section, for the motivating behavior enabled me to learn more,
the respect the showed to me has made committed that I would try to reflect it respect to my
jounior.
I would like to acknowledge the following people for allowing me to visit their respective section.
RADAR CENTERAL WORKSHOP(RCWS)
INCHARGE: MR. MAJID ALI KHAN
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS(NAV-AID)
INCHARGE: MR. MUBSHAIR HUSSAIN
HIGH FREQUENCY(HF)
INCHARGE: MR. SOHAIL
VERY HIGH FREQUENCY(VHF)
INCHARGE: MR.SHAKEEL AHMED
TELECOM SECTION
INCHARGE: MR.SHAMIM KHAN
GENERAL ELECTRONICS
INCHARGE: MR.NUSRAT HASSNAIN JAFFARI
WINDING SECTION
INCHARGE: ENGR. RAIYA SOHAIL
MR.YOUSF BHATTI & MISS RAIYA SOHAIL the internship coordinator helped gave his full
cooperation in the accomplishment of my internship. Iam highly indebted to him/her.
The people I most wish to thank are all engineer working in the section EED, without them all my
learning would be impossible.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
Title Page
Acknowledgement 1
Table Of Contents 2
1. CAA PAKISTAN 4
1.1 Overview of Civil Aviation Authority 4
1.2 Purpose 4
2. OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPOT(EED) 5
3. RADAR CENTRAL WORKSHOP 6
3.1 Radar 6
3.2 Types of Radar 6
3.2.1 Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) 7
3.2.2 Secondary Surveillance Radar 8
3.3 Brands of Radar 9
3.4 Test Equipment 10
4. NAV-AIDS SECTION 11
4.1.Navigational Aids 11
4.2.Instrument Landing System 11
4.3.localizer 12
4.4.GLIDE SLOPE 13
5 .VHF/UHF SECTION 14
5.1 Very High Frequency 14
5.2 USED EQUIPMENT DURING WORKSHOP 14
5.2.1 walkie talkie 14
6. General Electronics 15
6.1 Overview 15
6.2 DVLS(Digital voice logging system) 15
6.3 PA System 16
7. TELECOME SECTION 17
7.1 Telecommunication 17

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7.2 Equipment tested during workshop 17
7.2.1Fax machine 17
7.2.2Magentic phone 18
7.2.3 PTCL phone 18
7.3 Fire alarm system 18
8. High Frequency (hf) section 19
8.1 high frequency 19
8.2 HF band chart 19
9. Winding Section 20
9.1 overview 20
9.2 used of equipment 20
9.2.1 ups 20
9,2,1 online ups 20
9.2.1.2 line ups 21
9.3 AVR 21
10. CONULSION 22

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CHAPTER 1
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF PAKISTAN
1.1 overview:
Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is a public sector autonomous body working under the
Federal Government of Pakistan through Aviation Division Cabinet Secretariat. CAA was
established on 7th December, 1982 through Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority ordinance 1982 to
handle all matters related to civil aviation in Pakistan. In order to keep up rapid advancement in
the field of aviation, it was felt that an autonomous body was required to bring the country’s
aviation infrastructure and facilities as par with international standard.
1.2 Purpose:
The CAA not only serves as a regulatory body on behalf of the government of Pakistan, its
functions include provision of services such as facilitation, air space management, air traffic
control, firefighting services, planning, maintenance development of all civil aviation
infrastructures in the country. CAA ensures conformity to the standard laid down by the
international civil aviation organization (ICAO), regard to flight safety and air traffic control and
navigation system. It secure the life which travel in air and CAA also self decision

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CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONICS OF ENGINEERING DEPOT (EED)
The Electronic Engineering Department (EED) is headed by MRS Junaid. The main task of EED
include maintained and repair of electronic equipment installed used on different location and
airports of Pakistan. Also the maintenance work is also carried out in remote areas by the team
sent from EED and sometimes these teams to the jobs of installing the different equipment at
different location all over Pakistan.
The electronics equipment of every type from telephone sent to complex radar is belong sent to
EED from all over Pakistan for maintenance. Each section equipped with specific too necessary
for the repair and maintenance of the electronic equipment of the particular type.

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CHAPTER 3
RADAR CENTERAL WORKSHOP
3.1 RADAR:
Radio Detection And Ranging was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the
period before and during World War II. Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio
waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to
detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations,
and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the
radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same
antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine
properties of the object(s). Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect off the
object and return to the receiver, giving information about the object's location and speed.
Figure: Civil-Aviation Radar
One of the fields in which radar technique has made very large contributions is that of air navigation
In war-time, aircraft must fly in all kinds of weather, by day and by night, and the development of
radio aids to replace those visual aids available in clear weather was of paramount importance. Life
of Radar maximum is 9 year
3.2 Types Of Radar
➢ Primary Radar

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➢ Secondary Radar
3.2.1 Primary Radar
A Primary radar is also called Primary Surveillance Radar is a conventional radar sensor that
illuminates a large portion of space with an electromagnetic wave and receives back the reflected
waves from targets within that space. The term thus refers to a radar system used to detect and
localize potentially non-cooperative targets. It is specific to the field of air traffic control where it is
opposed to the secondary radar which receives additional information from the
target's transponder.
This type of radar uses low vertical resolution antenna but good horizontal resolution. It quickly scans 360
degrees around the site on a single elevation angle.The advantages of the primary radar are no on-board
equipment in the aircraft is necessary for detecting the target and can be used to monitor the movement of
vehicles on the ground. The disadvantages are that the target and altitude can not be identified directly. In
addition, it requires powerful emissions which limits its scope.
Range: 100NM
There are two type in primary radar wave
➢ Continuous wave
➢ Pulse wave
Pulse wave consume more power and only used for long range 200NM

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3.2.2 Secondary Radar
Secondary surveillance radar is a radar system used in air traffic control (ATC), that not only detects and
measures the position of aircraft i.e. bearing, but also requests additional information from the aircraft
itself such as its identity and altitude. Unlike primary radar systems that measure the bearing of targets
using the detected reflections of radio signals. SSR is based on the military identification friend or
foe (IFF) technology originally developed during World War II, therefore the two systems are still
compatible
Only Secondary radar are allocate in some cities of Pakistan such as Lakpass, Pasni, and
Rojhan. Also both primary and secondary radar are allocated at Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad.
Here we show red line indicate for allocation of Secondary Radar
Range: 200NM

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3.3 Brands Of Radar
➢ Indra Radar
At Karachi airport use of indra radar.it is also non linear and it power repeation frequency is
350.400wt. It is very low transmitter output power and very high resolution.indra is a very high
resolution radar designed for detecting small radar cross section targets using the continuous
wave signals highly improving radar coverage, accuracy, target resolution reliability and
maintainability as compared to the common magnetron surface movement radars
➢ Elids Radar
EUROCONTROL for ATC systems. ERDIS system is designed for H24 continuous operation.
It is latest radar which is allocate at new Islamabad airport. It is more accurate than indra radar
because they have double pulse. The system is open, extendable, configurable, safe. The
system meets standards and recommendations
Voltage consume approx.: 25kv more power it mean high pulse high detector
3.4 Test Equipment
The test equipment which was used during workhop, here I list bellow
• AFIT
• Tracker
• Micro system trouble shooter
• Frequency counter
• Power meter
• Syntheiszer
• VHF switch
• Relay actuator
• System power supplier
• Combinational system S-645
• Curved tracker
• EPROM programmer uniside
• Test bench of RICS-TXm-4200
• ABI linear master compact
• ABI chip master compact
• Component analyzer
• Relative humidity & temp.tester
• ROBIN microwave leakage tester
• BK precision cap. Meter
• BK precision inductance meter
• Fluke scope meter
• Fluke multimeter

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• Tool kit xcellite
Here I show some figure which I captured during workshop
This is process system of IC tester and I also checked the radar board and checked every ic
and then each ic specification show on the screen that task gave by Sir majeed.
Here was board which we tested their ic

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CHAPTER 4
NAV-AIDS SECTION
4.1 Navigational Aid:
A navigational aid is also know as navigation or navid in any sort of marker which aids the traveler
in navigation the term is most common used to refer to nautical or aviation travel. Common type
of such aid include lighthouses, buoys, fog signal, and day beacon.
4.2 Instrument Landing System:
Instrument Landing System (ILS) is defined as a precision runway approach aid based on two
radio beams which together provide pilots with both vertical and horizontal guidance during an
approach to land.it two radio beams to provide pilots with vertical and horizontal guidance during
the landing approach. The localizer (LOC) provides azimuth guidance, while the glideslope (GS)
defines the correct vertical descent profile. Marker beacons and high intensity runways lights may
also be provided as aids to the use of an ILS, although the former are more likely nowadays to
have been replaced by a DME integral to the ILS or one otherwise located on the aerodrome, for
example with a VOR.
Here we can see process of instrument landing system in above figure.

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4.3 Localizer
• Localizer is allocate at the end of runway
• It provide straight line to airline
• It frequency range is 108hz to 112hz
• It start from 25NM
• It transimting power 25watt and it can be transmit two signal at a time
• Its side band is 300NM
• It is used for communication purpose
• Use stabilizer for to compute the voltage purpose
• Path DDM- center line diameter of depth line of one signal is 20%
Localizer is a system of horizontal guidance in the instrument landing system, which is used to
guide aircraft along the axis of the runway. localizer (like a glideslope) works as
a cooperation between the transmitting airport runway and the receiving cockpitinstruments

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4.4 Glide Slope
• It is use for up and down takeoff
• It is same as localizer but minor different
• It frequency range 328-336mhz
• On threshold point use of glide slope
• Its width is 1,4 adjust by airline
The glide slope (or glide path) is an imaginary line that travels from the approach end of the
runway upwards to the aircraft that is about to land When an aircraft is above the glide slope,
the touchdown speed will be higher and there is a chance that it may land too far down the
runway, forcing a go-around. This is because a higher altitude is exchanged for more speed as
the aircraft descends at a higher rate of descent. When an aircraft is below the glide slope, there
is a chance that he may land short of the runway and is more prone to stalls. This is because
the rate of descent has to be reduce and an inexperienced pilot may instinctively pull up,
causing a loss of speed.
In the second figure we clearly understand that different between localizer and
glideslope that how does it work.

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CHAPTER 5
VHF/UHF SECTION VERY HIGH FREQUENCY
5.1 Very High Frequency:
Very high frequency is radio frequency range from 30MHZ t0 300 MHZ. frequency immediately
bellow VHF are denoted high frequency and next higher frequency are known as ultra high
frequency
Very high frequency is more power consumable and it is used for short distance mean when
airline take off or land off then use of very high frequency. Meanwhile distance between airline
to ground is 50 to 60NM then use of very high frequency.
5.2.1 USED EQUIPMENT DURING WORKSHOP:
5.2.1 walkie talkie
walkie talkie is is a hand-held, portable two-way radio transceiver. Its development during
the Second World War A walkie-talkie is a half-duplex communication device; multiple walkie-
talkies use a single radio channel, and only one radio on the channel can transmit at a time,
although any number can listen The transceiver is normally in receive mode; when the user
wants to talk he presses a "push-to-talk" (PTT) button that turns off the receiver and turns on the
transmitter.
Here is figure of walkie talkie, in vhf section there are two type of walkie talkie one walkie talkie is
set on the AM frequency channel and second walkie talkie is set on the FM channel. The AM
frequency is used for the ground to air which was portable and the FM frequency is use for the
ground to ground and it was fixed and the FM walkie talkie is used on airport for ground
communication and also its range is 2km and our airport is range is 4km then for high range
requirement we use “repeater” the purpose of repeater to amplify the signal. And repeater is use
in both AM and FM walkie talkie module.

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CHAPTER 6
GENERAL ELECTONICS
6.1 Overview
General electronics is basically all about general electronic system which is used in CAA. These
include various equipment which make communication possible from ground to air and vice
versa .come of the major equipment are as follow.
6.2 DCLS (Digital Voice Logging System):
• It is used to store the communication between pilot and the controller
• ASC marathon, German based company
• It is Linux based machine
• It consist of two HDD and two DVD-ram drives
• Multimedia recording for traditional telephony and radio, VOIP, trunk radio
• Analog inputs: 4-192 channel
• Digital inputs: 4-120 channel
• Voip 4-32 channels(active), 4-120(passive)
• There are generally two units installed one is active and the other is on hot standby
In
the
above figure we can understand clearly process of VD

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6.3 PA SYSTEM
Pa system is also known as public address system. It is an electronic sound amplification and
distribution system with a microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a person to
speak to a large public for example for announcements of movements at large and noisy air and
rail terminals or at a sports stadium or amplify other audio content, such as recorded music or the
live sound of a band. he term is also used for systems which may additionally have a mixing
console, and amplifiers and loudspeakers suitable for music as well as speech, used to reinforce
a sound source, such as recorded music or a person giving a speech or distributing the sound
throughout a venue, building or area. Simple PA systems are often used in small venues such as
school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. PA systems with many speakers are widely used
to make announcements in public, institutional and commercial buildings and locations, such
as schools, stadiums and large passenger vessels and aircraft. Intercom systems, installed in
many buildings, have both speakers throughout a building, and microphones in many rooms
allowing the occupants to respond to announcements.

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CHAPTER 7
TELECOME SECTION
7.1 Telecommunication:
Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images and
sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems
Telecommunication occurs when exchange of information between communication participants
includes the use of technology. It is transmitted either electrically over physical media, such
as cables, or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are often divided
into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. The term is often used
in its plural form, telecommunications, because it involves many different technologies
7.2 Equipment tested during workshop:
7.2.1 Fax machine
Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax.it is the telephonic
transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone
number connected to a printer or other output device The original document is scanned with
a fax machine (or a telecopier), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed

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graphic image, converting it into a bitmap, and then transmitting it through the telephone system
in the form of audio-frequency tones
7.2.2 Magentic Phone
Magnetic phone which is use for army purpose in remote area where wireless phone or landline
impossible for communication in one end to other end. In magnetic phone there is consists on
battery and one wire which directly connected to the other phone.
7.2.3 PTCL PHONE
Ptcl phone is also a line to line communication , mean its type of phone depend on wire or
cable then line to line communication also depend on the cable or wire.
7.3 Fire Alarm System
It has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people through visual and audio
appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms
may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be
activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations.
Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can also be
speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which warns
people inside the building not to use the elevators
Above diagram show how fire alarm work and their process.

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CHAPTER 8
HF SECTION (HIGH FREQUENCY)
8.1 High Frequency:
➢ The range of high frequency is 3-30MHZ
➢ High frequency is use for long range
➢ Power less high frequency
➢ The covering distance is less than do not use in 50MHZ
➢ 2-10MHZ sutaible for reflection
➢ HF use for both ground to ground and ground to air
➢ HF is use toward sky wave too hit the ionosphere and reflect back to the earth. In
morning we use high frequency because the ionosphere absorb more frequency in day,
and in night we use low frequency because the ionosphere layer decrease in night.
Above we see how signal reflect and hit the ionosphere
8.2 HF BAND CHART
Channels Band A Band B Band C Band D HF INTL.
1 3997.0 2514.0 2815.0 2923.0 2923.0
2 5132.0 3825.0 2727.5 2601.0 3467.0
3 7738.0 6840.0 3960.0 ------------ 5601.0
4 8090.0 3297.5 8567.0 ------------ 5685.0
5 10565.0 5252.5 3960.0 ------------ 10018.0
6 11580.0 8172.5 8567.0 ------------ 13288.0
7 ---------- 6903.0 3181.0 ------------ -----------
8 ----------- ---------- 5022.0 ------------ ------------
9 ----------- ---------- 7415.0 ------------ ------------
10 ----------- ----------- ----------- ------------ -------------

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CHAPTER 9
Winding section (power section)
9.1 overview
First of all iam grateful to Engr: RAIYA SOHAIL who has encouraged us about our filed that how
we satisfied and their cool nature. Also she briefed very well and gave us time in their section.
9.2.1 Equipment tested in workshop:
9.2.1 UPS
UPS stand for universal power supply there are two types of ups which I saw in this section
9.2.1.1 Online UPS:
Online ups used in office or industry level that provides emergency power to a load when the
input power source or mains power fails for 10 t0 15 minute or more than use of online ups. Online
ups has pure voltage and it first convert into ac to dc then again for pure it convert dc to ac
In
above figure state that how online ups work and how to convert as I above maintained
that.
9.2.1.2 line interactive ups:
Basically line interactive ups use for commercial purpose. It is work as directly conduct
voltage from electricity or if there is no electricity than it conduct from battery and give
voltage to our home. Line interactive ups generate the sin wave for pure voltage.

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9.2 AVR
AVR stand for automatic voltage regulator. It is also a stabilizer, the purpose of use to maintain
the voltage, if voltage is high or low then it automatically set desire voltage. This is an active
system. While the basic principle is the same, the system itself is more complex. An automatic
voltage regulator (or AVR for short) consists of several components such as diodes, capacitors,
resistors and potentiometers or even microcontrollers, all placed on a circuit board. n the first
place the AVR monitors the output voltage and controls the input voltage for the exciter of the
generator. By increasing or decreasing the generator control voltage, the output voltage of the
generator increases or decreases accordingly. The AVR calculates how much voltage has to be
sent to the exciter numerous times a second, therefore stabilizing the output voltage to a
predetermined setpoint. When two or more generators are powering the same system (parallel
operation) the AVR receives information from more generators to match all output.
Above diagram state that how Automatic voltage regulator work

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CONCULSION
It was good learning opportunity for us in the CAA Electronic Engineering Depot in the all section,
Radar, navigational aids, general electronics, very high frequency, high frequency, winding
section, and telecommunication section. And It was a great experience working with Civil Aviation
Pakistan there was a complete professional environment of working. In these all section we were
not given only practical section but the theoretical information given did illuminate our minds. We
learnt a great deal about the all instrument which use in the Electronic Engineering Depot.
I personally thanks to Engr: Raiya Sohail and Engr: Majeed khan to their gentle and friendly
behavior and encouraged us to ask question about the technical details of their section
equipment.
It was great pleasure to work with such a big organization of Pakistan and learn about the
technology of Aviation used by Pakistan.