U.S. History Chapter 22

1. Chapter 22: Imperialism

2. What is Imperialism?

3. What is Imperialism?

4. What is Imperialism?

5. What is Imperialism?

6. What is Imperialism?

7. Chapter 22: Imperialism
Section 1: America Looks Abroad

8. Think-Pair-Share
• What are some examples of isolationism throughout history?
• What about imperialism?

9. Colonialism
• European countries started colonies for:
• Trade
• Adventure
• Power
• Profit
• Idealism
• National Patriotism
• Civilization of nonwhite populations

10. Imperialism
• The policy of establishing colonies and building empires for
markets for manufactured goods and new sources of raw
materials
• Brought on by the worldwide Industrial Revolution
• New weapons, steamships, and ocean cables also helped with the
subjugation of nonwhite populations

11. Isolationism
• Separation from political affairs of other
nations
• a U.S. policy from the times of George Washington
• The Monroe Doctrine emphasized America’s
desire to stay out of European politics
• Separation of Eastern and Western hemispheres

12. Question
• Monroe was president from 1817-1825. What sparked him to create
the Monroe Doctrine?

14. U.S. Imperialism
• The opportunity to extend the continent was exhausted
• In the 1890s the U.S. began to expand its influence in the islands of
the Caribbean and the South Pacific

15. France and Napoleon III
• While Emperor of France, Napoleon ignored the Monroe Doctrine
in 1861 while the U.S. was busy with the Civil War
• Tried to overthrow the Mexican Government
• In the Western Hemisphere, therefore, under the protection of the
Monroe Doctrine

16. Mexico Under Benito Juarez
• Leader of Mexico that was overthrown by the
French
• Juarez and his reform government stopped
payment of its foreign debts and gave
Europeans a reason to attack
• Spain, Great Britain, and France all sent troops
and once the debts were paid, Spain and
Britain left
• France occupied Mexico City

17. Mexico Under Maximilian
• Napoleon wanted to extend his empire into
the Western Hemisphere
• The Austrian Prince Maximilian was named
Emperor of Mexico in 1864
• After the Civil War ended, the U.S. sent
50,000 troops to the Rio Grande
• Defend the Monroe Doctrine with force
• Napoleon pulled his troops
• Maximilian was defeated by the Mexican
soldiers

18. William Seward
• Imperialist
• Wanted to annex Canada, Hawaii, and
Caribbean
• Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
(2¢ an acre)
• Alaska was home to 20,000 natives
• Nicknamed Seward’s Icebox by his critics

19. Reciprocity
• James G. Blaine
• The process of lowering all tariff rates for all
countries in the Western Hemisphere in order
to increase American trade
• Open new markets without taking on colonies
• Led to the creation of the Pan-American Union
• Goal- promote economic cooperation and trade
between the Americas
• Success was limited because of U.S. intervention into
Latin American affairs

20. Queen Liliuokalani
• Became Queen of Hawaii in 1891 and
sought to end the control that
American businessmen held over
Hawaii’s government and wealth
• With the help of U.S. Marines, the
businessmen overthrew the Queen in
1893 and called for the annexation of
the islands
• President McKinley officially removed
troops from Hawaii and annexed the
state in 1898

21. Question
• What was the benefit of Hawaii to the U.S.?

22. Sumner and Fish
• Senator Charles Sumner was head of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee
• Claimed that Britain owed the U.S. $2 million for allowing
confederate ships to use British ports during the Civil War
• Threatened to seize British Canada if Great Britain refused to pay
• Senator Hamilton Fish orchestrated the Treaty of Washington in
which Great Britain gave the U.S. $15.5 million to avoid conflict

23. Captain Alfred Mahan
• Wrote the book The Influence of Sea
Power upon History
• Mahan argued that to be a strong nation
you need a strong navy to protect its
interests
• Established the Naval Advisory Board in
1881
• Congress agreed and added more ships to
the U.S. Navy and we moved up from 12th
place to 3rd place behind Great Britain and
Germany

24. Exit Ticket
• Do you agree more with isolationist or imperialist ideals?
• Which do you think would have benefitted America the most
during the late nineteenth century?
• Which would be most beneficial in America today?

25. Chapter 22: Imperialism
Section 2: the Spanish-American War

26. Think-Pair-Share
• What do you know about the Spanish-American War?

27. Spanish Cuba
• Cuba was occupied by Spain through
imperialism
• Valeriano Weyler was the Spanish
Governor and General of Cuba
• Ordered the creation of
“reconcentration camps” to hold
civilians while his soldiers hunted
down rebels
• Around 200,000 Cubans died in these
camps due to illness and starvation
• Many Americans were outraged

28. U.S. Involvement
• President Grover Cleveland followed the
policy of isolationism
• President William McKinley originally
committed to neutrality
• Also offered to buy Cuba from Spain to stop
the conflict
• Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore
Roosevelt, was growing impatient with the
president’s unwillingness to act
McKinley has
“no more
backbone than
a chocolate
éclair!”

29. Question
• Did President Cleveland’s choice to stay neutral conflict with the
Monroe Doctrine?

30. William Randolph Hearst
• Owner of the New York Journal newspaper that
used sensationalism to write stories detailing
Spanish atrocities against the Cubans to sell
papers, ultimately leading the country to war
Joseph Pulitzer
• Founder of the New York World newspaper
which also utilized yellow journalism to
exaggerate situations bringing the country closer
to war

31. The De Lome Letter
• Enrique Dupuy De Lome, the Spanish
ambassador to the U.S.
• Wrote a letter critiquing President
McKinley that was stolen and printed
in the New York Journal in February of
1898
• De Lome resigned, but Americans felt
insulted and outraged
“Weak and a
bidder for the
admiration of
the crowd…”

32. The Sinking of the USS Maine
• February 15, 1898
• A U.S. Battleship anchored in Havana
exploded
• 260 sailors were killed
• American newspapers blamed Spain and
demanded war
• The U.S. declared war on Spain on April
25th, 1898

33. Question
• What are the possible outcomes of the emerging
imperial power of the U.S. winning or losing a war
with Spain?

34. Teller Amendment
• An attachment to the declaration of war that promised to “leave
the government and control of the island to the people” after the
war
• Put a limit on American imperialism

35. “A Splendid Little War”
• Teddy Roosevelt usurped authority and
ordered Commodore George Dewey, the
commander of the United States fleet, to
sail to the Philippines in the Pacific to stop
the Spanish fleet from leaving to go to
Cuba if the U.S. declared war on Spain
• Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet and
America took control over the Philippines
and the capital city of Manila

36. The Philippines
• Emilio Aguinaldo, a native
Filipino had led a revolt in the
Philippines before America got
there seizing most of the
territory except for Manila
• Who should the islands go to,
the U.S. or the Filipino people?

37. The Rough Riders
• Led by Theodore Roosevelt
• Famous American regiment in the Spanish-American War made up
of:
• College athletes
• Cowboys
• Miners
• Law officers
• Charged on foot up San Juan Hill which led to the capture of
Santiago
• A glamourous victory for the U.S.

38. The Rough Riders

39. 10th Calvary Regiment
• All-black regiment
• Also known as Buffalo Soldiers
• Volunteered to fight in the
Spanish-American War to help
the Cubans free themselves
from Spanish oppression
• Fighting also helped promote
their equal rights movement
post-Civil War

40. Caribbean
Sea

42. Spanish-American War Outcome
• Officially ended August 12, 1898 after only 14 weeks of fighting
• Treaty signed December 10, 1898
• Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to U.S. control
• Cuba fell under partial U.S. control
• 5,000 Americans died during the ordeal mostly from illness and
food poisoning
• The end of American isolationism?

43. Exit Slip
• Analyze this piece of propaganda distributed by the U.S.
government during the Spanish-American War. If you were an
American citizen, how would this make you feel? What about if you
were a Cuban?

45. Chapter 22: Imperialism
Section 3: The United States Becomes a World Power

46. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmamZOAAJ0M

47. Annexation of Hawaii
• In July 1898, before the end of the war, Hawaii was officially
annexed
• Hawaii was the halfway point between California and the
Philippines, one of America’s newest acquisitions

48. The Philippines
• America is split between isolationism and imperialism
• Should they annex the Philippines or let them become independent?
• The public supported Henry Cabot Lodge and the idea of an
American Empire
• Social Darwinism- America is the strongest, so why shouldn’t we
keep the Philippines for our own benefit
• Survival of the fittest

49. Our Country by Rev. Josiah Strong
• Combined Social Darwinism with
Christianity
• Felt Anglo-Saxons were the most
evolved human species
• Saw imperialism in places such as the
Philippines as a racial and religious
based mission

51. The Philippines
• Precolonial Period (900-1565)
• A group of island nations with Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu, and other
influences
• The first European expedition was in 1521 when Ferdinand Magellan sailed
through
• Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898)
• Huge shift to Roman-Catholicism under Spanish rule, considered it a war
with the Muslims
• Spain maintained a social caste system that placed them at the top
• Formed trade relationships with Spanish controlled America, Japan, Spain,
etc.

52. The Philippines
• British Invasion (1762-1764)
• During the Seven Years War Britain declared war on Spain causing British
troops in India to invade Spanish controlled Philippines
• Filipino Revolution (began in 1872)
• American Takeover (1898)
• Ceded to America after the Spanish-American War, halting their efforts to
become independent
• Eventually this led to the Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

53. Problems with the Philippines
• 7,100 islands
• 7.5 million people
• 43 ethnic groups
• 87 different languages
• Village and city dwellers
• Revolutionaries that continued to fight for independence
• The U.S. had to send 60,000 troops (four times the number sent to
Cuba!) to put down the uprisings
• The American people were not supportive for a war against an
independence movement

54. Question
• The U.S. ran into a lot of problems after taking over the Philippines.
What were the benefits of staying? How did they get the American
people to back the government’s decision to make the Philippines
an American protectorate?

55. Presidents’ Views on the Philippines
• McKinley- “Not to exploit, but to develop, to
civilize, to educate, to train in the science of
self-government”
• Taft- First civilian governor of the Philippines
• Started a program to prepare Filipinos for self-
government
• Promised eventual independence (did not
happen until 1946)

56. The Platt Amendment
• Governed the relationship between Spain and the U.S. for 33 years
following the Spanish-American War
• Cuba could not make treaties that weakened their independence
• Cuba should allow the U.S. the right to buy or lease naval stations
(Guantanamo Bay)
• Cuba’s public debt should not exceed its ability to pay
• The U.S. can intervene to protect Cuban independence

57. What’s a Protectorate?
• When a nation or a region is controlled by a stronger state
• Cuba became an American Protectorate under the Platt
Amendment
• General Leonard Wood was the military ruler of Cuba for four years
• Hawaii was a protectorate at this time
• The protectorate of the Philippines was being prepared for
independence
• Today, Puerto Rico would be an example of a U.S. protectorate

58. Dr. Walter Reed
• American doctor in Cuba who proved the work of Cuban physician
Carlos Finlay by proving that yellow fever was transmitted by
mosquitos
• They allowed themselves to be bitten by mosquitoes to test their
cure, leading to some of their deaths
• Major William C. Gorgas carried on their campaign to eliminate
mosquitoes from Havana and by 1901 yellow fever was eradicated
in Havana

59. Puerto Rico
• The U.S. gained Puerto Rico
from Spain after the Spanish-
American War
• Congress gradually allowed
Puerto Rico to self-govern
• In 1917 Puerto Rico was given
territorial status and its people
became citizens of the U.S.
• Puerto Rico remains a territory
today, and has repeatedly voted
against statehood

60. Exit Slip
• Do you believe the U.S. was justified in taking the Philippines? Why
or why not?

61. Chapter 22: Imperialism
Section 4: Politics of Imperialism

62. Question
• What do you know about the U.S. China relationship?
• Historically or Today

63. Partitioning of China
• In 1900, there was a fear that China would be divided by stronger
European countries like they had done in Africa
• Russia, Germany, France, Great Britain
• While China had a long cultural heritage, its power had declined
during the 1800s as Western influence spread
• European nations developed spheres of influence
• Sphere of Influence- An area in China controlled by a Western power for
its own economic benefit

64. China and the United States
• Only 2% of China’s trade was with the
U.S.
• Acquisition of the Philippines helped to
increase the U.S.-China trade
relationship
• The U.S. did not want to interfere with
their allies’ trade in China, so Secretary
of State John Hay suggested the Open
Door Policy

65. Open Door Policy
• Secretary Hay sent notes to leaseholders
in China asking to keep ports open to
vessels from all nations on equal terms,
with equal tariffs, and equal railroad
rates, within the spheres of influence
• Undisputed by other European nations
and then “guaranteed” by Hay
• Who’s missing from this equation?
• Moved U.S. further away from
isolationism

68. Open Door Policy
• Not all countries officially agreed to Hay’s note, but their responses
were polite and did not disagree, so Hay considered that a
guarantee
• The Chinese government was not involved in this decision
• Hay’s actions were seen as a move toward imperialism in America,
but they had disastrous effects in China

69. The Boxers
• Known in China as the Righteous and Harmonious Band
• A Chinese secret society whose goal was to oust foreign control
• Began an uprising in 1899 due to a rumor that westerners were
planning on dismantling a Chinese monument within their sphere
of influence

70. Boxer Rebellion
• Boxers killed more than 200 foreign
intruders and surrounded 900 diplomats
and their families in Beijing
• Laid siege to Beijing for 7 weeks
• European powers and the U.S. sent an
international army of thousands into
China to rescue the westerners and put
down the Boxer’s Rebellion
• Eventually, the rebellion was put down

71. Results of the Boxer Rebellion
• Secretary Hay issued another note to China saying that the U.S.
interest in China was to “preserve Chinese territorial and
administrative entity”
• The Open Door Policy was then accepted and China had to pay $333
million in reparations to the world powers including the U.S.
• We got $25 million, but gave back $17 million as a gesture of good will

72. Election of 1900
• Democratic candidate- William Jennings
Bryan
• Imperialist
• Anti-imperialist Congress
• Weakened his campaign by continuing to
push the free silver issue

73. Election of 1900
• Republican candidate- William McKinley
• Ran with Theodore Roosevelt, Governor of
New York
• “the full dinner pail”
• Ran as an isolationist but changed his views
after the election
• Claimed America needed more markets to sell
their products to

74. McKinley’s Assassination
• McKinley did not live long enough for his new policies to take hold
• Anarchist- One who opposes all forms of government
• They believe that if you kill the leader of the country the
government will end
• Leon Czolgosz shot and killed McKinley in 1901 which made
Theodore Roosevelt president

75. Theodore Roosevelt
• In order of succession, when the president
dies in office the vice president becomes
president
• At just 42 years old, Roosevelt is the
youngest man to ever become president
• John F. Kennedy, 43 years old- youngest man
ever to be elected president
• The Republican Party had hoped to bury
Roosevelt in obscurity

76. Chapter 22: Imperialism
Section 5: Theodore Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs

77. Jigsaw Activity

78. “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
• Roosevelt’s motto for U.S. foreign policy during his time as
president
• Most evident in his acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone

80. The Panama Canal
• Manmade ditch that connects the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
• Saved 14,000 miles from the journey
around Cape Horn
• Important strategically for both
military and trade purposes in the
U.S.
• Teddy Roosevelt ensured that it was
completed

81. The Panama Canal
• The U.S. offered Colombia, who controlled Panama, $10 million but
they refused the offer
• Less than two weeks after declaring independence, Panama and
the U.S. signed a treaty granting America the rights to the entire
Panama Canal Zone
• The U.S. responded by signing a different agreement with the
Panamanian government in 1903
• This meant that the U.S. was recognizing Panama’s independence from
Colombia

83. The Panama Canal
George Goethals
• Colonel in the corps of
engineering
• Directed the engineering
behind the building of the canal
Dr. William Gorgas
• Cleaned up Panama just as he
did Havana reducing the cases
of yellow fever, typhus, and
dysentery
• In this case, imperialism led to
better living conditions for
natives

84. Venezuela
• South American country being threatened by
European powers
• Cipriano Castro- leader of Venezuela, dictator
• He was indebted to Great Britain and Germany
but refused to pay or submit to arbitration
• Europe believed that the Monroe Doctrine
didn’t protect Latin American nations that are
misbehaving
• Therefore, they blockaded Venezuelan ports

85. The Drago Doctrine
• This blockade angered Americans as they
did see it as a violation of the Monroe
Doctrine
• Called on Roosevelt to bring an end to the
blockade
• Luis Drago, Foreign Minister to Argentina,
urged that forcibly collecting foreign debts
from bankrupt countries be made a
violation of international law
• If the U.S. approved of this, they would have to
defend financial dishonesty
• If the U.S. allowed the European nations to
continue, further aggression could follow

86. The Roosevelt Corollary
• Unable to take a side, President Roosevelt
added a corollary to the doctrine
• Also acted as an addition to the Monroe
Doctrine
• If an American nation was guilty of
“chronic wrongdoing” the U.S. may have to
intervene themselves
• First applied to the Dominican Republic
• The U.S. was obviously becoming more
involved in Latin American affairs which
some saw as unwanted interference and
imperialism

87. Dollar Diplomacy
• Roosevelt’s successor, William
Howard Taft, continued his policies
but shifted the emphasis and
called it “dollar diplomacy”
• Use of a nation’s economic power to
exert influence
• Increased inter-American trade
• Claimed to substitute dollars for
bullets
• Philander C. Knox declared it to be
“benevolent supervision”
Every
diplomat a
salesman!

88. U.S. in East Asia
• Roosevelt believed the Philippines were the “Achilles heel” of
American defense in East Asia because they were vulnerable to
attack from China and Japan
• They were also having trouble enforcing the Open Door Policy due
to a lack of military power
• Japan, who had been gaining strength since Commodore Matthew
Perry opened them to the West in 1853, had their eyes set on
Manchuria
• So did Russia

90. Russo-Japanese War
• American public opinion was
widely pro-Japanese
• Russia’s tsars were seen as tyrannical
• While Japan was victorious both
on land and sea, after one year of
fighting both sides desired peace
• Japan was almost out of resources
• Russia was facing civil war back home
• Roosevelt was asked to arbitrate
peace talks

91. Portsmouth Peace Talks
• Diplomats met the president in Portsmouth, New
Hampshire
• Japan gave up claims to money indemnity
• Indemnity- payment for damages
• Russia gave up the southern half of the Sakhalin
Islands
• Neither side was very happy with the results
• In Tokyo, Japan, there were anti-peace protests because
of the concessions made
• Roosevelt was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for his
help in ending hostilities

92. The “Yellow Peril”
• Americans and Europeans were
becoming concerned with the growing
military power of Japan
• Yellow race vs. white race
• Played up by sensation seeking
newspapers
• Eventually led to the segregation of
public schools in California

93. The Gentlemen’s Agreement
• To try and resolve this issue, Roosevelt
made an agreement with Japan
• Called for the desegregation of
California schools
• Recognized Japan as the dominant
power in Korea and Manchuria
• Sent the U.S. naval fleet to Tokyo to
show off power