Project Report On Road Roller

1. GOVERMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
RAGHOGARH, GUNA (MP)
Project Report
On
“ROAD ROLLER WITH BULLDOZER”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted To
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P.)
Submitted By
 AMIT KUMAR TIWARI 14061M02007
 SHIVAM KUMAR GUPTA 14061M02054
 RAMLAKHAN DHAKAD 14061M02044
 VEERENDRA DHAKAD 14061M02058
 BHUPENDRA DHAKAD 14061M02010
Under the Supervision of
MR. RAJESH PATHORIYA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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GOVERMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,
RAGHOGARH, GUNA(M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify entitled being submitted by AMIT KUMAR TIWARI , SHIVAM
KUMAR GUPTA, RAMLAKHAN DHAKAD, VEERENDRA DHAKAD AND BHUPENDRA
DHAKAD Student of final year in “MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT” has successfully completed the work entitled “ROAD
ROLLER WITH BULLDOZER”. This technical project is hereby approved for
submission towards partial fulfilment for the diploma in Mechanical
engineering From “RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA”,
Bhopal.
MR.RAJESH PATHORIYA MR. K.R. DEHARIYA
(Project guide) (Principal)

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GOVERMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,
RAGHOGARH GUNA (MP)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
APPROVAL SHEET
The major project entitled “ROAD ROLLER WITH BULLDOZER” being
submitted by AMIT KUMAR TIWARI, SHIVAM KUMAR GUPTA, RAMLAKHAN
DHAKAD, VEERENDRA DHAKAD AND BHUPENDRA DHAKAD has been examined by
us and is hereby approved for the award of diploma in “MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING”, for which it has been submitted. It is understood that by this
approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement
made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approve the major project
only for the purpose for which it has been submitted.
MR. RAJESH PATHORIYA
(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)
AMIT KUMAR TIWARI 14061M02007
SHIVAM KUMAR GUPTA 14061M02054
RAMLAKHAN DHAKAD 14061M02044
VEERENDRA DHAKAD 14061M02058
BHUPENDRA DHAKAD 14061M02010

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GOVERMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,
RAGHOGARH GUNA (MP)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SESSION 2016-2017
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We express our deepest gratitude to our principle MR. K.R.DHERIYA for
providing us with an environment to complete our project successfully.
We are deeply indebted to our Head of the Department MR. RAJENDRA
KUMAR DIXIT AND MRS. SWATI GOSWAMI who modelled us both
technically and morally for achieving greater success in life. He showed us different
ways to approach a research problem and the need to be persistent to accomplish
any goal .We thank him heartily.
We are very grateful to our Project Guide by MR. RAJESH PATHORIYA for
being instrumental in the completion of our project with his complete.
We also thank all the staff members of our college and technician for their help in
making this project a successful one.
Finally we take this opportunity to extend our deep appreciation to our family and
friends for all that they meant to us during the crucial of the completion of our
project.
AMIT KUMAR TIWARI 14061M02007
SHIVAM KUMAR GUPTA 14061M02054
RAMLAKHAN DHAKAD 14061M02044
VEERENDRA DHAKAD 14061M02058
BHUPENDRA DHAKAD 14061M02010

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CONTENTS
Topic No. Topic Name Page No.
 Contents 05
 List Of Figures 06
01 Introduction 08
02 Required Components 10
03 Types of Roller & Bulldozer 13
3.1 Types of Roller 13
3.2 Types of Bulldozer 16
04 Model Description 17
4.1 Roller 17
4.2 Bulldozer 17
4.3 Circuit Diagram 18
05 Variations and Features 19
06 Modification & Maintenance 20
07 Safety 21
7.1 Roller Safety 21
7.2 Roller Safety Overview 22
08 Pre-Trip Inspection 23
8.1 Overview 23
8.2 Operation Requirements 23
8.2.1 Good eyesight 23
8.2.2 Mobility 23
8.2.3 Hearing 23

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8.2.4 Overall Physical Condition 23
8.2.5 Mental Alertness 24
8.2.6 Experience 24
8.2.7 Awareness 24
09 Operation 25
9.1 Starting Equipment’s 25
9.2 Proper Roller Operations 25
10 Advantages 27
11 Abstract 28
12 History 29
13 Conclusion 30
14 Reference 31

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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No. Fig Name Page No.
Fig. 1 Bulldozer 09
Fig. 2 Road Roller 10
Fig. 3 Chassis & Clamps 11
Fig. 4 Wheels 12
Fig. 5 DC Gear Motor 12
Fig. 6 Battery 13
Fig. 7 DPDT Switch 13
Fig. 8
Road Roller With Bulldozer
(Model Image)
18
Fig. 9 Circuit Diagram 19

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BULLDOZER
The bulldozer is a very powerful crawler that is equipped with a blade. The term
bulldozer is often used to mean any type of heavy machinery, although the term actually
refers to a tractor that is fitted with a dozer blade. Often times, bulldozers are large and
extremely powerful tracked vehicles. The tracks give them amazing ground mobility and
hold through very rough terrain. Wide tracks on the other hand, help to distribute the
weight of the dozer over large areas, therefore preventing it from sinking into sandy or
muddy ground.
Bulldozers have great ground hold and a torque divider that’s designed to convert
the power of the engine into dragging ability, which allows it to use its own weight to
push heavy objects and even remove things from the ground. Take the Caterpillar D9 for
example; it can easily tow tanks that weight more than 70 tons.
Due to these attributes, bulldozers are used to clear obstacles, shrubbery and
remains of structures and buildings.
Fig. 01 - Bulldozer

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1.2 ROLLER
A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor or just roller) is a compactor
type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and foundations. Similar rollers are used also at landfills or in
agriculture.
In some parts of the world, road rollers are still known colloquially as steam
rollers, regardless of their method of propulsion. This typically only applies to the
largest examples (used for road-making).
1.2.1 THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A ROLLER
Fig. 02 Road Roller

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2. REQUIRED COMPONENTS
 Chassis
 Wheels
 D.C. Motor
 Battery
 Switch
 Pins & Screws
 Steering
 Roller
 Lift
 Safety (Seat Belt, Helmet)
2.1 CHASSIS
A chassis consists of an internal vehicle frame that supports an artificial object in
its construction and use, can also provide protection for some internal parts. An example
of a chassis is the under part of a motor vehicle, consisting of the frame (on which the
body is mounted). If the running gear such as wheels and transmission, and sometimes
even the driver's seat, are included, then the assembly is described as a rolling chassis.
Fig. 03 – Chassis & Clamps
2.2 WHEELS
A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The
wheel is one of the main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple
machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily
facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in
machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering
wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.

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Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly reduces
friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for
wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way
of gravity or by the application of another external force or torque.
Fig. 04 - Wheels
2.3 DC MOTOR
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct
current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the
forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic; to periodically change the direction
of current flow in part of the motor.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be
controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the
strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and
appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor
used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion
of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of
power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many
applications.
Fig. 05 – DC Gear Motor

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2.4 BATTERY
A battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy by a chemical reaction.
Usually the chemicals are kept inside the battery. It is used in a circuit to power
other components. A battery produces direct current (DC) electricity (electricity that
flows in one direction, and does not switch back and forth).
Using the electricity from an outlet in a building is cheaper and more efficient, but
a battery can provide electricity in areas that do not have electric power distribution. It
is also useful for things that move, such as electric vehicles and mobile phones.
Fig. 06 – Battery
2.5 DPDT SWITCH
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can "make" or
"break" an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor
to another. The mechanism of a switch removes or restores the conducting path in a
circuit when it is operated. It may be operated manually, for example, a light switch or a
keyboard button, may be operated by a moving object such as a door, or may be
operated by some sensing element for pressure, temperature or flow.
Fig. 07 – DPDT Switch
2.6 STEERING
Steering is the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allows any vehicle
(car, motorcycle, bicycle) to follow the desired course. An exception is the case of rail
transport by which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches (and also
known as 'points' in British English) provide the steering function. The primary purpose
of the steering system is to allow the driver to guide the vehicle.

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3. TYPES OF ROLLERS & BULLDOZER
3.1 TYPES OF ROAD ROLLERS
3.1.1 PNEUMATIC (RUBBER) TIRE ROLLER
a. Relies on the weight of the roller and the total contact pressure of the tires
for effective compaction
b. Vary in weight from 10 to 35 tons and normally have from 7 to 11 tires
c. ODOT categorizes these rollers as Type I (heavy) or Type II (light)
Classification is determined by the material being compacted and the
weight capacity of the roller
d. Built-in water tanks to keep tires clean with the cocoa mats Cocoa mats are
a fabric of wood fibres used to distribute water evenly over the smooth
surfaces of the rollers
e. Runs between 2 and 7 miles per hour
3.1.2 COMBINATION ROLLER
a. Has pneumatic tires on the rear axle and a vibrating drum on the front
b. Ranges from 4 to 10 ton
c. Built-in water tanks to keep tires and drums clean
d. Classified as a single-drum vibratory roller
3.1.3 THREE WHEEL ROLLER
a. The three wheel roller is a static roller which depends on its weight for
effective compaction
b. Has 3 large driven drums and articulated steering
c. Often used for breakdown rolling (used as the first roller) because it has
Breakdown rolling is a process which breaks the material down on the first pass
with the roller to facilitate compaction; breakdown rolling requires a roller with
higher weight capacity and more versatility than a standard roller

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3.1.4 TANDEM STEEL WHEEL ROLLER
a. Can be towed, self-propelled or ridden on
b. Tandem (static) rollers are used for high compaction Static rollers have a
hydrostatic power system which provides hydraulic pressure to the roller
and adjacent surface being compacted
c. Can be used up against a wall
d. Single or dual vibration
e. Low noise level
f. Fitted with water tanks
g. Normally have one driving drum and one steering drum
h. Varies in weight from 3 to 14 tons
i. Compaction effect depends on the weight of the roller and contact area of
the drums
j. Can be used for breakdown, intermediate, or finish rolling
k. Travels between 2 and 5 miles per hour
3.1.5 VIBRATORY STEEL WHEEL ROLLER
a. Can be towed, self-propelled or ridden on
b. Vibratory rollers are used for sub-grade work or finished earthwork Sub-
grade is native soil prior to laying road bed
c. With the vibrating control on
i. Buildings or concrete structures must be kept at a minimum
distance of 15’ to prevent structural damage
ii. Should not be used on bridge overlays
iii. Should not be used on hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlays less than 1.5
inches
iv. Roller must be moving before being engaged
d. Lifts may not exceed 6” Lifts are the thickness of the material spread in one
layer
e. Has either a single vibrating drum or double vibrating drums
3.1.6 DOUBLE-DRUM VIBRATORY STEEL WHEEL ROLLER
a. Two powered and articulated drums which can be operated in the static
mode, with single-drum vibration, or with double-drum vibration
b. Built-in water tanks

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c. Get clean water from the work site; too much risk to carry water with
roller to site, also too much excess weight
d. Hydrostatic drive and spray bars are present
3.1.7 SINGLE-DRUM VIBRATORY STEEL WHEEL ROLLER
a. Extremely low centre of gravity for maximum grade ability and
manoeuvrability
b. Unrestricted visibility for the operator
c. Can be used as a vibratory roller
d. Travels between 2 and 3.5 miles per hour
e. A sheep foot may be used on this roller A sheep foot is an interchangeable
coarse drum/or shell put over the existing drum and used for compacting
different types of soils
3.1.8 SELF-PROPELLED OR RIDE-ON ARTICULATED ROLLERS
a. Can use smooth or sheep foot drum
b. Two-way earth levelling blade
c. Suited for earth levelling and compaction for roads and pipelines
3.1.9 PAD FOOT ROLLER
a. Also known as sheep foot
b. Can be self-propelled, towed or ridden on
c. Sometimes equipped with a knockdown blade
d. Static or vibratory
e. Generally for sub-grade or for medium and large scale compaction of semi-
cohesive and cohesive materials
3.1.10 PEDESTRIAN ROLLERS
a. Walk behind
b. Also known as trench rollers
c. Double drums, built-in water tanks, hydrostatic drive and spray bars
d. Oil bar vibrator system and non-corrosive water tanks

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e. The drive, steering, brakes and vibration are usually fully hydrostatic
f. Compact and economical
g. Drums are completely clear at the sides
3.2 TYPES OF BULLDOZER
3.2.1 CRAWLER BULLDOZER:
This bulldozer looks like a tractor and is used for pushing sand and any
other heavy materials from one place to another. The crawler is a tracked vehicle
and hence does not have any tires. Usually, large crawlers have a ripper installed
at the machine’s rear end and can even crush any hard surface. Due to its abrasive
plate, it is most suitably used in irregular fields. The big plate in front of the
tractor is used to move heavy material and sand.
3.2.2 WHEEL BULLDOZER:
On the other hand, the wheel bulldozer is quite larger than the crawler.
This bulldozer is the one which is used mostly in various construction plans like
stadiums and water parks. The wheel bulldozer functions smooth and well
because of its large and heavy tires, and its high efficiency and performance are
simply beyond comparison. A fully articulated hydraulic steering that is quite
easy and flexible to operate enables this bulldozer to move on a small axis unlike
the crawler bulldozer.

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4. MODEL DESCRIPTION
4.1 ROAD ROLLER
A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor
type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and foundations. Similar rollers are used also at landfills or in
agriculture.
In some parts of the world, road rollers are still known colloquially as steam
rollers, regardless of their method of propulsion. This typically only applies to the
largest examples (used for road-making).
4.2 BULLDOZER
A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial
metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or
other such material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at
the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted
materials.
Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites, mines and quarries, military
bases, heavy industry factories, engineering projects and farms.
The term "bulldozer" correctly refers only to a tractor (usually tracked) fitted
with a dozer blade.
A very small bulldozer is sometimes called a calf dozer
Fig. 08 – Road Roller With Bulldozer (Model Image)

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4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig. 09 – Circuit Diagram

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5. VARIATIONS AND FEATURES
On some machines, the drums may be filled with water on site to achieve the
desired weight. When empty, the lighter machine is easier and cheaper to transport
between work sites. On pneumatic tyre rollers the body may be ballasted with water or
sand, or for extra compaction wet sand is used. Modern tyre rollers may be filled with
steel ballast, which gives a more even balance for better compaction.
Additional compaction may be achieved by vibrating the roller drums, allowing a
small, light machine to perform as well as a much heavier one. Vibration is typically
produced by a free-spinning hydrostatic motor inside the drum to whose shaft an
eccentric weight has been attached. Some rollers have a second weight that can be
rotated relative to the main weight, to adjust the vibration amplitude and thus the
compacting force.
Water lubrication may be provided to the drum surface from on-board "sprinkler
tanks" to prevent hot asphalt sticking to the drum.
Hydraulic transmissions permit greater design flexibility. While early examples
used direct mechanical drives, hydraulics reduce the number of moving parts exposed to
contamination and allows the drum to be driven, providing extra traction on inclines.
Human-propelled rollers may only have a single roller drum.
Self-propelled rollers may have two drums, mounted one in front of the other
(format known as "duplex"), or three rolls, or just one, with the back rollers replaced
with treaded pneumatic tyres for increased traction.

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6. MODIFICATIONS & MAINTENANCE
6.1 MODIFICATIONS
Over time, bulldozers have been modified to evolve into new machines that are
capable of things the original bulldozers weren’t. A good example is that loader tractors
were created by removing the blade and substituting a large volume bucket and
hydraulic arms which will raise and lower the bucket, therefore making it useful for
scooping up the earth and loading it into trucks. Other modifications to the original
bulldozer include making it smaller to where it can operate in small working areas
where movement is very limited, such as mining caves and tunnels. Very small
bulldozers are known as calf dozers.
6.2 MAINTENANCE
1. Proper maintenance extends the life and use of the equipment
a. Proper care and cleaning
i. Do not use diesel or kerosene to clean rollers
b. Lubrication
i. Grease fittings
ii. Lubrication chart for roller is found either in the operator’s
manual or on the roller itself
c. Daily inspections and reports
d. Preventive maintenance
• Follow manufacturer’s specifications for maintenance
2. If the equipment is down for maintenance or needs to be repaired, make
sure it is completely shut down and no residual power or hydraulic
pressure is active which could cause serious injury
3. Consult the operator’s manual in the event the roller needs to be
jumpstarted

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7. SAFETY
7.1 ROLLER SAFETY
1. Roller accidents primarily result from rollovers
2. A rollover can happen in many ways.
a. While loading onto a trailer
i. Drums lose traction and the roller slides off ramps/trailer
ii. The roller runs off the side of trailer
b. Operating too close to edge of project
i. Roller goes off of pavement
ii. Surface under roller gives way
iii. Steep ditches along project
c. Working on shoulder
d. Rolling on a steep slope
e. Roller runaway
f. Going down a hill
g. Turning to fast
h. Vibrator on and roller stopped
3. The operator is crushed by the roller for many reasons
a. The operator was not wearing a seatbelt on a ROPS equipped roller.
b. The operator was not wearing the seatbelt correctly
c. There was a passenger on the roller
d. The ROPS has been removed or lowered
4. Other accidents involving rollers include operators who were ran over by
the roller, roller being hit, operator improperly mounting and dismounting,
and the loss of a roller while towing.
A. Operators/others are ran over because
i. The operators do not see people near the roller
ii. The operator falls off of the roller
iii. The roller is hit
iv. The roller hits an object
v. The roller turns sharply
vi. The roller stops too fast
vii. The roller keeps moving after the operator fall off

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7.2 ROLLER SAFETY OVERVIEW
 Roller Safety Overview
 Every operator’s first concern
 must be safety
 Operator responsibilities
 Proper operation of the roller
 Personal safety
 Safety of the crew
 Safety of the traveling public
1. Every operator’s first concern must be safety
2. Factors directly related to safety
a. Personal injury
b. Equipment cost
c. Repair cost
d. Project cost
e. Labour cost
f. Project delays
3. Operator responsibilities
a. Proper operation of the roller
b. Personal safety
c. Safety of the crew
d. Safety of the traveling public

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8. PRE-TRIP INSPECTION
8.1 OVERVIEW
The pre-trip inspection is vital to the life and the operation of the roller
Pre-trip inspections are conducted daily or at the beginning of a shift change
Pre-trip inspections reduce down time, equipment cost, equipment hazards, and
personal injury
8.2 OPERATOR REQUIREMENTS
 Good eyesight
 Mobility
 Hearing
 Physical condition
 Mental alertness
 Experience
 Awareness
8.2.1 GOOD EYESIGHT
• Depth perception, distance and peripheral vision are all required for
proper operator performance
8.2.2 MOBILITY
a. Ability to safely climb on and off the roller
b. Ability to move around on the operator’s platform
8.2.3 HEARING
• Ability to detect and identify unusual noises
8.2.4 OVERALL PHYSICAL CONDITION
a. Medical conditions to consider:
i. Any physical limitation which could affect the operator’s ability to
efficiently and safely (i.e., back problems) work
ii. Medication side effects

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8.2.5 MENTAL ALERTNESS
a. Potential obstacles:
i. Personal problems
ii. Attention deficit
iii. Stress
iv. Lack of sleep
8.2.6 EXPERIENCE
• Operator experience must be considered, but inexperience can be
overcome by formal or on-the-job training and reading the operator’s
manual
8.2.7 AWARENESS
a. Operators need to be aware of hazards associated with:
i. Equipment
ii. Themselves
iii. Their crew
iv. The public

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9. OPERATION
9.1 STARTING EQUIPMENT
1. Ensure the steering wheel lock or transport lock (if equipped) is unhooked
before unloading and starting equipment
2. Make sure parking brake is set before starting
3. If any unusual noises are heard, shut down equipment immediately
4. Allow the engine to warm-up for 5-10 minutes before use
9.2 PROPER ROLLER OPERATION
1. Efficiency and productivity get the job done
a. Preparation for the job
i. Use proper safety equipment
ii. Read and use the operator’s manual and review
specifications
b. Focus on the task at hand
2. The operator must be in the driver’s seat or operator’s platform, if
equipped with a ROPS, at all times when operating a roller
3. Set vibratory controls as required by the operator’s manual
a. Due to the many variables involved in compaction, like gradation,
moisture content and lift height, only general operating guidelines
can be presented
4. Compaction
a. Definition of compaction
• The process by which the volume of air in an asphalt mixture
is reduced by using external forces to reorient the aggregate
particles into a more closely spaced arrangement
b. Benefits of sub grade compaction
i. Reduces risk of water saturation of sub grade
ii. Increases sub grade density to increase load bearing capacity
c. Benefits of chip seal compaction

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4. Compaction
a. Definition of compaction
• The process by which the volume of air in an asphalt mixture
is reduced by using external forces to reorient the aggregate
particles into a more closely spaced arrangement
b. Benefits of sub grade compaction
i. Reduces risk of water saturation of sub grade
ii. Increases sub grade density to increase load bearing capacity
a. Benefits of chip seal compaction

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10. ADVANTAGES OF BULLDOZER
 Dozers are big-sized weighty vehicles making them a perfect option for
cleaning construction sites and for the purpose of demolition. The high-quality
tracks offer bulldozers a distinct benefit permitting them to be astonishingly
invariable for their excessive weight.
 The tracks of the dozers have the quality of strong grip that assist them to
undertake the rough terrain.
 These tracks also help the bulldozers to distribute their heavy weight
thwarting them from submerging in dirty or mud-covered land.
 Bulldozers are famous for their quality of grasping the ground tightly that gives
them exceptional potency to shove and pull the obstructions coming in their
path.
 Some of the replicas of tanks attached in the dozers have the ability to pull up
almost 70 tons of weight and are especially utilised for construction and
military purposes.
 In a bulldozer, the customers can find chiefly three types of blades that are
straight, universal and S-U combined blades. These blades are normally
employed for grading, carrying extra materials and for shoving large-shaped
mound of rocks for instance quarry.
 When the bulldozers are used in battle fields, the blades are attached on the
battle tanks for clearing various anti-tank obstructions.
 If the construction business owners want to buy dozer with stump buster, they
get the additional benefit of brush scrape blade that helps in clearing in the
land effectively

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11. ABSTRACT
Rollers are used for various construction and maintenance projects within
the Ohio Department of Transportation. Highway Technicians may be called
upon to operate a roller, or with increased knowledge of rolling operations,
provide construction inspection on projects being completed throughout Ohio.
This course is designed to provide a basic introduction to roller operations and
maintenance. The topics covered are roller pre-trip inspections, safety, transport
procedures and general operating rules. Participants will become familiar with
the roller through hands-on operation of the equipment.

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12. HISTORY
The first types of bulldozers were adapted from farm tractors that were used to
plough fields. In order to dig canals, raise earth dams, and partake in earthmoving jobs,
the tractors were equipped with a thick metal plate in the front. Later on, this thick
metal plate earned the name blade.
The blade of the bulldozer peels layers of soil and pushes it forward as the tractor
advances. The blade is the heart and soul of the bulldozer, as it was the first accessory to
make full use for excavation type jobs. As the years went by, when engineers needed
equipment to complete larger jobs, companies such as CAT, Komatsu, John Deere, Case,
and JCB started to manufacture large tracked earthmoving equipment. They were very
loud, very large, and very powerful and therefore earned the nickname “bulldozer”. Over
the years, the bulldozers got bigger, more powerful, and even more sophisticated. The
important improvements include better engines, more reliable drive trains, better
tracks, and even hydraulic arms that will enable more precise manipulation of the blade
and automated controls. As an added option, bulldozers can come equipped with a rear
ripping claw to break up pavement or loosen rocky soil. The best known manufacturer
of bulldozer is CAT, which has earned a vast reputation for making tough and durable,
yet reliable machines. Even though the bulldozer started off a modified farm tractor, it
rapidly became one of the most useful pieces of equipment with excavating and
construction.
The first road rollers were horse-drawn, and were probably just borrowed farm
implements since the effectiveness of a roller depends to a large extent on its weight,
self-powered vehicles replaced horse-drawn rollers from the mid-19th century. The first
such vehicles were steam rollers. Single-cylinder steam rollers were generally used for
base compaction and run with high engine revs in a low gear to promote bounce and
vibration from the crankshaft through to the rolls in much the same way as a vibrating
roller. The double cylinder or compound steam rollers became popular from around
1910 onwards and were used mainly for the rolling of hot-laid surfaces due to their
smoother running engines; however both cylinder types are capable of rolling the
finished surface. Steam rollers were often dedicated to a task by their gearing as the
slower engines were for base compaction whereas the higher geared models were often
referred to as 'chip chasers' which followed behind the hot tar and chipping laying
machines. Some road companies in the United States used steamrollers through the
1950s, and in the UK, some remained in commercial service until the early 1970s.
As internal combustion engine technology improved during the 20th century, kerosene-,
gasoline- (petrol), and diesel-powered rollers gradually replaced their steam-powered
counterparts. The first internal-combustion powered road rollers were very similar to
the steam rollers they replaced. They used similar mechanisms to transmit power from
the engine to the wheels, typically large, exposed spur gears. Some users did not like
them in their infancy, as the engines of the era were typically difficult to start,
particularly the kerosene-powered ones.
Virtually all road rollers in commercial use now use diesel power.

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13. CONCLUSION
Just as a project would never start with a bulldozer beginning work with no
direction, a project will never become reality unless proper initiation and planning is in
place. Ideas are birthed and formulated. Plans are built around them and bulldozers are
employed to carry out the plan, based on an idea, of moving mountains.
If your organization is contemplating your next project, remember that ideas
don’t move mountains. Planning tells bulldozers which mountains to move.
As a result of the conducted work the following conclusions can be made. The
increase in the sealing capacity of road rollers of any type is connected not with the
increase in their weight but with different factors. Thus, the increase of the diameter of
drums leads to the increase in the line of contact and consequently to the increase of the
time of action of the sealing load. Along with positive qualities of the vibration road
rollers the negative ones were discovered 19 Thus, the reducing of the traction
coefficient of the vibration drums with compacted surface can be considered a very
serious drawback because it influenced negatively the handling and stability on
slopes. There is also the impossibility of applying vibration in building bridges the
selection of the vibration road rollers should be made according to their sealing
capacity, that should correspond to the thickness of the layer, the type of asphalt
concrete mixture and that should ensure the required quality of sealing. Further
development of technology is aimed at raising the effectiveness of the operating devices
of road machines on the base of using scientific advances, technology and advanced
experience. The above analysis shows the possibility of creation of universal road
rollers for the compaction of road concrete mixes, the situations appear that allow to
apply vibration under mild conditions considerably reducing the complexity and the
cost of these machines.

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14. REFERENCE
 www.bdt.by
 www.tatahitachi.co.in
 www.cn-changlin.com
 www.engineeringcivil.com