2. Topics we’re going to discuss here?
Introduction.
History.
Types of NIC.
Basic functions & working of NIC.
Functional parts of NIC.
Installing and configuration of NIC.
Superiority, Inferiority & Implementation of NIC
OSI Model.
Manufacturers and Cost of NIC.
Corollary
Reference
3. What is Network Interface Card?
How does your computer or mobile device connect to the network in your home or your
company’s internal network?
How are your devices able to transmit, receive, and process information from the
Internet?
The magic lies in a small card called a Network Interface Card (NIC) built-in to your
device.
Before introducing the NIC definition, it’s necessary to know there are quite a few
names for the network interface card based on habits in different regions.
Such as network interface controller, Ethernet card, LAN card, network adapter or
network adapter card (NAC).
You might also hear them referred to as a network card, network adapter, or LAN
adapter…they’re all refering to the circuit board that enables devices like computers
4. INTRODUCTION:
A network interface card (NIC) connects a system to a network. It is a card with a
connector port.
Also known as Ethernet card or Network adapter.
Network interface cards provide a dedicated, full time connection to a network.
It allows your computer to “talk” to the network and the network to communicate with
your computer.
As the name suggests it is an Interface between your computer and any other network
your PC/System is connected to.
5. Connects to:
Motherboard via
one of the
following:
1)PCI connector
2)ISA connector
3) PCI-E
4) FireWire
5)USB
6) Thunderbolt
6. Network via one
of the following
:
1)Ethernet
2)Wi-Fi
3)Token-Ring
4) ATM
7. Left An older Network card expansion card.
Right The Gigabit Ethernet Card as a integrated circuit on the Z77 motherboard.
The indicator is pointing to the Gigabit Ethernet chip, while just below it is a
crystal.
8. HISTORY:
In 1973 Robert Metcalfe needed something that was
fast, could connect hundreds of computers, and span a
whole building.
In 1975 Xerox filed a patent listing Metcalf, David
Boggs, Chuck Thacker and Butler Lampson as
inventors.
Metcalf left Xerox in 79 to start the company 3com.
In mid 1980s, Tim Rock, Richard Bennett, Pat Thaler,
and others develop StarLAN, the basis for 5BASET
ethernet .
In 1981, 3COM built the first 10 Mbits/sec Ethernet
adapter
9. TYPES OF NIC:
The network interface cards can be classified into different types on the basis of
different features like host interface, transmission speed and application fields.
10. Network Connection Based
Classifications:
Based on the way a network card accessing the network, there are wired NIC and
wireless NIC.
As the name shows, a wired NIC usually has to connect a node onto a network with a
cable like Ethernet cable and fiber optic cable.
A wireless NIC card often comes with a small antenna, which uses radio waves to
communicate with the access point to get involved in a wireless network.
11. Bus Interfaces Based Classifications:
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) network card: is a bus was developed in 1981, which
was a standard bus architecture for IBM compatibles.
Due to the low card speed of 9Mbps, the ISA bus interface now is no longer a recognized
type, and it’s hard to find it in today’s stores.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) network card: PCI Bus was developed in 1990 to
replace the previous ISA standard.
It has a fixed width of 32 bit (133MB/s transmission data) and 64 bit (266MB/s
transmission data). This type of NIC card was first used in servers and later on gradually
applied to PCs.
Today, most PCs do not have expansion cards, but rather devices integrated into the
motherboard. As a result, PCI network card has been replaced by other bus interfaces, like
PCI-X or USB interface.
12. PCI-X (Peripheral Component Interconnect extended) network card: PCI-X is an enhanced PCI
bus technology.
It operates at 64 bit and is capable of up to 1064 MB/s.
In many cases, PCI-X is backward compatible with PCI NIC cards.
PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) network card: PCIe is the latest standard
and now is popular on computer and server motherboards.
PCIe NIC card is available in five versions now, and each version supports five types of lanes at
different speeds.
13. USB (Universal Serial Bus) network interface card: USB bus is an external bus standard.
It has three versions with different data rates and can work together with a variety of
devices.
In addition, the wireless network card is also a type of NIC card.
Which is designed for Wi-Fi connection.
14. Port Type Based Classifications:
According to different cables connected, four types of NIC ports can be found in the
market.
RJ-45 port is used to connect with twisted pair cable (like Cat5 and Cat6).
AUI port used for thick coaxial cable (like AUI transceiver cable).
BNC port for thin coaxial cable (like BNC cable), and optical port for transceiver (like
10G/25G transceiver).
15. Transmission Speed Based
Classifications:
Based on different speeds, there are 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 10/100Mbps adaptive card,
1000Mbps, 10GbE, 25G or even higher speed network cards on the market.
10Mbps, 100Mbps and 10/100Mbps adaptive NIC cards are suitable for small LAN, home
uses or day-to-day offices.
1000Mbps NIC provides a higher bandwidth in the Gigabit network.
As for the 10Gb/25Gb NIC or even higher speed NIC cards, they are welcomed by the
large enterprises or data centers.
16. Application Fields Based
Classifications:
Computer NIC card: Today, most new computers have the NIC built into the
motherboard, so a separate LAN card is not needed.
It commonly comes with 10/100Mbps, and 1Gbps speed, and allows one PC to
communicate with other PCs or networks.
Server Network card: The main function of a server network card is to manage and
handle network traffic.
Compared with the ordinary PC network adapter, server adapters usually requires faster
data transmission speed like 10G, 25G, 40G, and even 100G.
Plus, server adapters have low CPU occupancy rate, since it has a special network
controller that can take many tasks from CPU.
To meet users’ different speed demands of server adapters, FS has released 10G PCIe
adapters and 25G/40G NIC cards.
17. BASIC FUNCTIONS OF NIC:
Data transfer
Buffering
Encapsulation
MAC ADDRESS storage
Signal encoding and decoding
18. WORKING OF NIC:
5
1. Gather the data that is to be sent from the appication.
2. NIC gathers that data from the motherboard and tranfers it to small buffer on the
card.
3. NIC adds its own address plus the destination address where the data is to be send.
4. NIC calculates the checksum for the data in the buffer.
5. This information is then arranged into a frame.
6. Then it transmits that frame to the network.
7. The receiving NIC calculates the checksum for the received frame.
8. It checks it with the original checksum value attached with the frame.
9. If no errors then the acknowledgement is sent.
19. FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF NIC:
Module of transmitting-receiving:
It consists of various circuits of signals with data.
Module of encoding-decoding:
Allows the insertion of the synchronization bit sequence in the data just before the
transmission, in order to maintain synchronization in receiving and transmitting, and
extract the data when it receive.
Medium Access module(MAC).
Generates and stores the sender and receiver addresses.
20. Buffer for FRAME:
A cache in which the FRAME is entered before transmitting or kept jus received FRAME.
Interconnection towards the bus (computer) Presents circuits which will send data to the
computer in the bus
Thereforee, they are designed for ISA, EISA, MC and other types of buses.
This means that the card for one type of computer can not be used in another.
21. MAC Address:
1. NIC has unique identifier,called Media Access Control(MAC) address.
2. It is a 48-bit number , when written as six two-digit hexadecimal
numbers separated by colons.
3. First part identifies the manufacturer.
4. Second part is unique to each NIC.
00-04-AC-F3-1C-D4
22. INSTALLING NIC:
Installing NIC This section won’t be very long because, fortunately, installing NICs are
very, very easy. Since most computers have built-in NICs,
you may not ever have to install a NIC unless your built-in NIC breaks or you want to
add an additional, updated NIC for your network.
Most motherboards have two types of expansion slots.
Peripheral Component Interface (PCI) Slots.
The PCI slot was created in 1994.
Most motherboards have them on there anyway in 32-bit and 64-bit bus width.
23. “Throughput” varies by bus version: 133 MB/s (32-bit at 33MHz to 533 MB/s and 64-bit at
66 MHz).
PCI express (PCIe) slots.
On newer motherboards these days, you are going to find PCI express (PCIe) slots.
It’s not really a bus in a traditional sense.
It has unidirectional serial lanes, X1, x2, x4, x8, x16, x21 full-duplex lanes (“x” is pronounced as
“by,” for example, “by 4” or “by 16”).
24. CONFIGURATION:
How to verify the presence of nic in your system.
To check the availability of NIC on your system we can type the Following command in
the DOS window.
Ipconfig/all
26. SUPERIORITY:
The advantages of the Network Interface Card are as follows:
The communication speed using the Internet is high usually in Gigabytes.
Highly reliable connection.
Many peripheral devices can be connected using many ports of NIC cards.
Bulk data can be shared among many users.
27. INFERIORITY:
The disadvantages of Network Interface Card are as follows:
Inconvenient in case of wired cable NIC, as it is not portable like a wireless router.
The configuration should be proper for better communication.
Data is unsecured.
28. IMPLEMENTATION:
The applications of Network Interface Card are as follows:
The computer uses NIC for data exchange over a network like documents, images, files,
etc.
Applicable for wireless communication devices like Firewalls, Bridges, Repeater.
Applicable for wired communication devices hubs, switches, router, smartphones, etc.
29. Nic works on which layer of OSI
Model?
There are n numbers of users who use computer network and are located over the
world.
So to ensure, national and worldwide data communication, systems must be developed
which are compatible to communicate with each other ISO has developed a standard.
ISO stands for International organization of Standardization.
This is called a model for Open System Interconnection (OSI) and is commonly known as
OSI model.
30. OSI MODEL:
The ISO-OSI model is a seven layer architecture.
It defines seven layers or levels in a complete communication system.
They are:
31. Attributes of OSI Model:
Big picture of communication over network is understandable through this OSI model.
We see how hardware and software work together.
We can understand new technologies as they are developed.
Troubleshooting is easier by separate networks.
Can be used to compare basic functional relationships on different networks.
32. Proposition of OSI Model:
The principles that were applied to arrive at the seven layers can be
briefly summarized as follows:
A layer should be created where a different abstraction is needed.
Each layer should perform a well-defined function.
The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye toward defining internationally
standardized protocols.
The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the information flow across the
interfaces.
The number of layers should be large enough that distinct functions need not be
thrown together in the same layer out of necessity and small enough that architecture
does not become unwieldly.
33. OSI Model Layer 1: The Physical Layer
Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the OSI Model.
It activates, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.
It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured raw data over
network.
Voltages and data rates needed for transmission is defined in the physical layer.
It converts the digital/analog bits into electrical signal or optical signals.
Data encoding is also done in this layer.
34. OSI Model Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Data link layer synchronizes the information which is to be transmitted over the physical
layer.
The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error free from one node
to another, over the physical layer.
Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is managed by this layer.
This layer sends and expects acknowledgements for frames received and sent
respectively.
Resending of non-acknowledgement received frames is also handled by this layer.
This layer establishes a logical layer between two nodes and also manages the Frame
traffic control over the network.
It signals the transmitting node to stop, when the frame buffers are full.
35. OSI Model Layer 3: The Network Layer
Network Layer routes the signal through different channels from one node to other.
It acts as a network controller.
It manages the Subnet traffic.
It decides by which route data should take.
It divides the outgoing messages into packets and assembles the incoming packets into
messages for higher levels.
36. OSI Model Layer 4: Transport Layer
Transport Layer decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or single path.
Functions such as Multiplexing, Segmenting or Splitting on the data are done by this
layer
It receives messages from the Session layer above it, convert the message into smaller
units and passes it on to the Network layer.
Transport layer can be very complex, depending upon the network requirements.
Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they are handled
more efficiently by the network layer.
37. OSI Model Layer 5: The Session Layer
Session Layer manages and synchronize the conversation between two different
applications.
Transfer of data from source to destination session layer streams of data are marked
and are resynchronized properly.
so that the ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is avoided.
38. OSI Model Layer 6: The Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will
understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data.
While receiving the data, presentation layer transforms the data to be ready for the
application layer.
Languages(syntax) can be different of the two communicating systems.
Under this condition presentation layer plays a role of translator.
It perfroms Data compression, Data encryption, Data conversion etc.
39. OSI Model Layer 7: Application Layer
Application Layer is the topmost layer.
Transferring of files disturbing the results to the user is also done in this layer.
Mail services, directory services, network resource etc are services provided by
application layer.
This layer mainly holds application programs to act upon the received and to be sent
data.
40. Prestige of OSI model:
OSI model distinguishes well between the services, interfaces and protocols.
Protocols of OSI model are very well hidden.
Protocols can be replaced by new protocols as technology changes.
Supports connection oriented services as well as connectionless service.
41. Pettiness of OSI model:
Model was devised before the invention of protocols.
Fitting of protocols is tedious task.
It is just used as a reference model.
42. Case:
For example:
when your computer requested this web page, the device may have used an Ethernet
connection to relay the information through a router, and the request ultimately
landed on an HTTP server where the page resides.
In this example:
the OSI model was used from the lower layers to the upper layers, from layer one
through layer seven.
43. Sake of OSI Model:
By separating network communications into smaller logical pieces, the OSI model
simplifies how network protocols are designed.
The OSI model was designed to ensure different types of equipment (such as network
adapters, hubs, and routers) would all be compatible even if built by different
manufacturers.
A product from one network equipment vendor that implements OSI Layer 2
functionality.
for example, will be much more likely to interoperate with another vendor’s OSI Layer 3
product because both vendors are following the same model.
The OSI model also makes network designs more extensible because new protocols and
other network services are generally easier to add to a layered architecture than to a
monolithic one
47. Cost of NIC:
Wireless network adapters vary greatly in price, often ranging from as low as $10 to
more than $100.
Depending on the version of the 802.11 protocol supported and the adapter’s design
type.
USB wireless adapters are generally the least expensive, with some models of 802.11g
adapters selling at major retailers for $9.99.
48. COROLLARY:
NIC provides interface between computer and networking medium.
It prepares,sends and controls data flow across the network.
Each NIC has a unique hardware network address.
Have profound effect on the overall network performance.
49. Reference:
From Textbook:
By V.Rajaraman
From Websites:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
https://www.wikipedia.org/
https://www.slideshare.net/
https://in.pinterest.com/
https://www.google.com/
