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Similaire à A Practical Measure of Balance, Gait, and Muscular Power in Older Adults: The Short Physical Performance Battery
Similaire à A Practical Measure of Balance, Gait, and Muscular Power in Older Adults: The Short Physical Performance Battery (20)
A Practical Measure of Balance, Gait, and Muscular Power in Older Adults: The Short Physical Performance Battery
- 1. Rodney Peterson, MS; Kyle Menkosky, BS; Robert Scales, PhD – Division of Cardiology – Mayo Clinic Arizona
Abstract
A Practical Measure of Balance, Gait and Muscular Power in
Older Adults: The Short Physical Performance Battery
©2016 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
Optimal balance, gait and muscular power are desirable
components of physical function in older adults. The Short Physical
Performance Battery (SPPB) is a validated office-based assessment
of lower extremity functional status that may enhance measures
of self-report. This test battery examines an individual’s ability to
stand balanced with the feet positioned together side-by-side, in the
semi-tandem or tandem stance. Gait is measured with the time to
walk a distance of 8 feet and muscular power is assessed with the
time to rise from a chair and return to a seated position over
5 repetitions. Subjects are graded for each category of function
on an ordinal 0-4 scale with a maximum possible score of 12.
In a study of >5,000 adults (>70 years) SPPB performance was
a significant predictor of disability, nursing home admission and
mortality. The SPPB is a safe and practical assessment physical
function that is appropriate for older and frail adults attending
cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation.
Learning Objectives
• Understand the rationale for the assessment of physical
function in older adults.
• Describe the testing instructions and grading system for
the SPPB.
• Identify a process to measure physical function in cardiac
and pulmonary rehabilitation.
Background
With the increased aging population, cardiac and pulmonary
rehabilitation is starting to recognize the importance of improved
physical function (the ability to perform physical tasks necessary
for activities of daily life) in older adults.1-3
There are a variety
of performance evaluations that can be used to assess physical
function in different populations.4-7
The quantification of balance,
gait and muscular power are important components of physical
function in older and frail patients. The SPPB is validated office-
based assessment that can be easily administered to measure these
characteristics in a clinical setting.
Conclusions
Frailty is prevalent among older adults with
cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, but often
goes unrecognized. This places these individuals at
a higher risk of falling, disability, poor clinical
outcomes, hospitalization and mortality with an
associated lower health related quality of life.21
Early
detection of low physical function may identify an
opportunity to incorporate interventions to improve
clinical outcomes in these individuals. The SPPB is a
safe and practical evaluation of physical function that is
appropriate for older adults. Testing may identify frailty
and that may result in strategic exercise to improve
clinical outcomes in patients attending cardiac and
pulmonary rehabilitation.
References
1. Mkacher W, Kekki M, et al. 2015, Effect of 6 months of balance training during pulmonary
rehabilitation in patients with COPD. J of Card Rehab and Prev, pp. 35:207-213.
2. Haddad M, John M, et al. 2016, Role of the timed up and go test in patients with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. J of Cardio Rehab and Prev, pp. 36:49-55.
3. Audelin M, Savage P, Ades P. 2008, Exercise-Based cardiac rehab for very old patients (>75
Years). J of Card Rehab and Prev, pp. 28:163-173.
4. Rikli R, Jones J. 1999, Development and validation of a functional fitness test for
community-residing older adults. J of Age and Phys Act, pp. 7:129-161.
5. Sharifi F, Fakhrzadeh H, et al. 2015, Predicting risk of the fall among aged adult residents of
a nursing home. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, pp. Sept-Oct: 61 (2): 124-130.
6. Balasubramanian CK, Clark DJ, et al. 2015, Validity of the gait variability index in older
adults: effect of aging and mobility impairments. Gait Posture, pp. May: 41 (4): 941-946.
7. Cook G, Burton L, et al. Movement: Functional Movement Systems: Screening, Assessment,
and corrective strategies. Aptos, CA : On Target Publications, 2010.
8. Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, et al. 1994, A short perfomance battery assessing
lower extremity function: Association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality
and nursing home admission. J Gerontol Med Sci, pp. 49, 2:M85-M94.
9. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Simonsick EM, et al. 1995, Lower Extremety Function in persons
over the age of 70 yearsas a predictor of subsequent disability. New England Journal of
Medicine, pp. 332:556-61.
10. Volpato S, Cavallini Mc, Sioulis F, et al. 2011, Predictive value of the short physical
performace battery following hospitilization in older patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,
pp. 66:89-96.
11. R, Gary. 2012, Evaluation of frailty in older adults with cardiovascular disease: incorporating
physical performace measures. J of Cardiovascular Nursing, pp. 27:121-131.
12. Shamliyan T, Talley KM, Ramakrishanan R, Kane RL. 2013, Association of frailty with
survival: a systematic literature review. Age Res Rev, pp. 12:719-36.
13. Karindanta S, Heinonen A, Sievanen H, et al. 2007, A multi component exercise regimen to
prevent funcitonal decline and bone fragility in home-dwelling elderly women: randomized,
controlled trial. Osteoporos Int., pp. 18(4): 453-62.
14. Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, et al. 2004, Balance imporves with resistance or agility
training. Increase is not correlated with objective changes in fall risk and physical abilities.
Gerontology, pp. 50(6): 373-82.
15. Liu-Abrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, et al. 2004, Resistance and agility training reduce fall risk
in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass: a 6 month rendomized, controlled trial. J Am
Geriatr, pp. 52(5): 657-65.
16. Bottaro M, Machado S, Nogueira W, ScalesR, et al. 2007, Effect of high versus low-velocity
resistance training on muscular fitness and functional performance in older men. Eur J Appl
Physiol, pp. 99:257-264.
17. Earles DR, Judge JO, Gunnarsson OT. 1997, Power as a predictor of functional ability in
community dwelling older persons. Med Sci Sports Exerc, p. 27(5 suppl):S11.
18. Foldvari M, Clark M. Laviolette LC, et al. 2000, Association of muscle power with
functional status in community-dwelling elderly women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, pp.
55A:M192-199.
19. ACSM. 2011, Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining
cardiorespiratory musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults:
Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sport Ex, pp. 1334-1359.
20. Akalan C, Scales R, Cornella KA, et al. 2012, Assessing muscular power with a portable
device in a clinical setting. Med Sci in Sport Ex, Abstract 2455, pp. 44, 5: S446-447.
21. NIH. 2012, Evaluation of frailty in older adults with cardiovascular diseases. J of Cardiovasc
Nurs, pp. March:27(2): 120-131.
22. Studenski S, Perera S, Wallace D, et al. 2003, Physical performace measures in a clinical
setting. J Am Geriatr Soc, pp. 51:314-322.
Methods
(A) Muscular Power: Repeated Chair Stands
Instructions: Do you think it is safe for you to
try and stand up from a chair five times without
using your arms? Please stand up straight as
quickly as you can five times, without stopping
in between. After standing up each time, sit
down and then stand up again. Keep your
arms folded across your chest. Please watch
while I demonstrate. I’ll be timing you with a
stopwatch. Are you ready? Begin.
Grading: Begin stopwatch when patient
begins to stand up. Count aloud each time
patient arises. Stop timing when patient has
straightened up completely for the fifth time.
Also stop if the patient uses arms, has not
completed rises after 1-minute, or if there is
concern about the patient’s safety. Record
the number of seconds and the presence of
imbalance. Then complete ordinal scoring.
Time: _____seconds (if 5 stands are completed)
Number of stands completed: 1 2 3 4 5
Chair Stand Ordinal Score: _____
0 = Unable
1 = >16.7 seconds
2 = 16.6-13.7 seconds
3 = 13.6-11.2 seconds
4 = <11.1 seconds
Purpose
To identify a safe and practical physical performance evaluation that
can be conducted by cardiac and pulmonary professionals to help
determine the functional status of older and frail patients.
Discussion
In a study of >5,000 adults (>70 years) SPPB performance was
a significant predictor of disability, nursing home admission and
mortality.8-9
Patients with the lowest SPPB scores at hospital
discharge had a 5-fold greater risk of rehospitalization or mortality
compared to the highest quartile. Those with an early decline in
SPPB scores one month after discharge had greater limitations
in activities of daily living and significantly greater probability of
rehospitalization and death during the first year of follow-up.10
Frailty is a heightened vulnerability to stressors in the presence
of low physiological reserve.11
When exposed to stressors, persons
who are frail have a much higher probability for disproportionate
decompensation, negative events, functional decline, disability
and mortality.12
Identifying frailty and developing key strategies to
prevent and counteract the causes may decrease risk in the cardiac
and pulmonary rehabilitation population.
Agility and Gait: Agility and balance training may reduce the risk
of falling as well as fear of falling in older adults.13-15
In COPD
patients attending pulmonary rehabilitation, balance training that
was incorporated into the standard program significantly improved
scores on balance.1
More studies are needed to confirm
these findings.
Muscular Power: Muscular power is determined by the force or
torque of a muscular contraction multiplied by its velocity. Studies
have shown that power-producing capabilities are more strongly
associated with functional performance than muscle strength
in older adults. Muscle power declines at a greater rate than
muscular strength as we age.16-18
Improving muscular power in
older individuals can be achieved by safely incorporating weight
resistance exercise performed at a high velocity.
Training: Training older adults to improve their balance, gait and
muscular power is the most beneficial approach to decreasing the
effects of frailty.19
Agility, balance, coordination and gait can be
improved by incorporating various combinations of tai chi, qigong
and yoga movements.19
Muscular power can be enhanced by
involving higher velocity movements into any form of resistance
training including weight training, band resistance, exercise balls,
body weight or water resistance.16-18
Power training should only be
included after the individual has been instructed and can perform
the required motion with safe and correct form.19
Customization: Exercise training prescriptions should vary
depending on the individual’s current performance level.19
Individuals with a lower tolerance for exercise (i.e. low SPPB score)
may be prescribed a conservative, but progressive balance, gait and
muscular conditioning exercise routine. Individuals with a higher
tolerance for exercise (i.e. high SPPB score) may be able to start at
a higher level of training.
Technology: Portable 3-way axial accelerometers are now available
to assist with the assessment of muscular power in a clinical
setting.20
The information generated from this type of technology
may provide useful information that could help monitor progress
and assist in the customization of an exercise routine for cardiac
and pulmonary rehabilitation patients.
(B) Balance
Begin with a semi-tandem stand (heel of one foot placed by the big toe of the other foot). Individuals unable to
hold this position should try the side-by-side position. Those able to stand in the semi-tandem position should
be tested in the full tandem position. Complete ordinal scoring once you have completed time measures.
(1) Semi-Tandem Stand
Instructions: Now I want you to try to stand with the side of the heel of one foot touching the big toe of the
other foot for about 10 seconds. You may put either foot in front, whichever is more comfortable for you.
Please watch while I demonstrate.
Grading: Stand next to the patient to help him/her into semi-tandem position. Allow patient to hold onto your
arms for balance. Begin timing when patient has the feet in position and stands without holding on for support.
Circle one:
2. Held for 10 seconds
1. Held for less than 10 seconds; number of seconds held _____
0. Not attempted
(2) Side-by-Side Stand
Instructions: I want you to try to stand with your feet together, side by side, for about 10 seconds. Please
watch while I demonstrate. You may use your arms, bend your knees, or move your body to maintain your
balance, but try not to move your feet. Try to hold this position until I tell you to stop.
Grading: Stand next to the patient to help him/her into the side-by-side position. Allow them to hold onto
your arms for balance. Begin timing when patient has feet together and stands without holding on for support.
Circle one:
2. Held of 10 sseconds
1. Held for less than 10 seconds; number of seconds held_____
0. Not attempted
(3) Tandem Stand
Instructions: Now I want you to try to stand with the heel of one foot in front of and touching the toes of the
other foot for 10 seconds. You may put either foot in front, whichever is more comfortable for you. Please
watch while I demonstrate.
Grading: Stand next to the patient to help him or her into the side-by-side position. Allow participant to
hold onto your arms for balance. Begin timing when patient has feet together and stands without holding on
for support. Circle one:
2. Held of 10 seconds
1. Held for less than 10 seconds; number of seconds held_____
0. Not attempted
Balance Ordinal Score: _____
0 = Side-by-side 0-9 seconds or unable
1 = Side-by-side 10, <10 seconds semi-tandem
2 = Semi-tandem 10 seconds, tandem 0-2 seconds
3 = Semi-tandem 10 seconds, tandem 3-9 seconds
4 = Tandem 10 seconds
(C) Gait: 8 Foot Walk (2.44 Meters)
Instructions: This is our walking course. If you
use a cane or other walking aid when walking
outside your home, please use it for this test.
I want you to walk at your usual pace to the
other end of this course (a distance of 8 feet).
Walk all the way past the other end of the
tape before you stop. I will walk with you.
Are you ready?
Grading: Press the start button to start the
stopwatch as the participant begins walking.
Measure the time take to walk 8 feet. Then
complete ordinal scoring.
Time: _____ seconds
Gait Ordinal Score: _____
0 = Could not do
1 = >5.7 seconds (<0.43 m/sec)
2 = 4.1-6.5 seconds (0.44-0.60 m/sec)
3 = 3.2-4.0 seconds (0.61-0.77 m/sec)
4 = <3.1 sseconds (>0.78 m/sec)
• The SPPB is a validated office-based assessment of lower extremity functional status that may enhance measures of
self-report.
• This test battery examines an individual’s ability to stand balanced with the feet positioned together side-by-side, in the
semi-tandem or tandem stance.
• Gait is measured with the time to walk a distance of 8 feet and muscular power is assessed with the time to rise from a
chair and return to a seated position over 5 repetitions.
• Subjects are graded for each category of function on an ordinal 0-4 scale with a maximum possible score of 12.8
Summary Ordinal Score: _____
Summary score can range between 0-12 (0 indicates poor function and 12 indicates excellent function). 10 or lower indicates mobility impairment. In subjects older than 65 years of age, the risk of disability and mortality increases 7-9% for every
1-point reduction in the total score.