lecture

2. Oscillating
Universe
Theory
01
What does oscillate means?
To move back and forth at a regular
speed

3. Oscillating
Universe Theory

4. INVOLVED SCIENTIST
ALBERT
EINSTEIN
GEORGE GAMOW
RICHARD TOLMAN
ALEXANDER
FRIEDMANN

5. BIG
BANG

6. BIG
CRUNCH

7. Oscillating Universe Theory

8. THE BIG BANG THE OSCILLATING
UNIVERSE THEORY
The Big Bang states that the
universe will continue to
inflate forever.
The Oscillating Universe
Theory states that the
universe will keep on
expanding until growth stops
and it will start to get smaller
until there is nothing . Then a
new big bang will happen.
THE DIFFERENCE

9. • Developed by Paul
Steinhardt:
-This theory holds that our
Universe would be the last one of
many originated in the past, after
successive explosions (Big Bang)
and contractions (Big Crunch).
-It is a never ending cycle known
as Oscillating Universe.

10. The Big Crunch
• Big bang occurs when the
universe expands and
eventually reverses, then
collapses causing the
formation of a singularity
• Singularity result to a Big
bang and the birth of a
new universe.

11. Criticisms of
Oscillating
Universe Theory

12. • In the 1980s, Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose
proved that the universe could not rebound after a
contraction, as suggested by oscillating universe theory.
• Some of these criticisms are related to the weak
explanation of why this rebound would occur and the
incompatibility with the second law of thermodynamics
according to which, the entropy would rise in each
oscillation so that it could not be returned to the initial
conditions.

13. Overcoming the
Oscillating
universe

14. • To reinforce this idea, scientists rely on the evidence of
cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), which
indicates that the universe is most likely to reach a Big
Freeze or Heat Death.
• Such evidence has been collected with the same device
that helped to calculate the age of the universe: the
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). There
is therefore a very convincing probability in the scientific
setting.

16. Multiverse
Theory
02

17. Multiverse
Theory
• The multiverse (or meta-universe) is the
hypothetical set of infinite or finite possible
universes.

18. MULTIVER
SE
• Including the Universe we
consistently experience)
that together comprise
everything that exists: the
entirety of space, time,
matter, and energy. The
various universes within
the multiverse are also
called "parallel universes"
or "alternate universes".

19. WORD ORIGIN
• In these contexts, parallel universes are
also called "alternate universes",
"quantum universes", "interpenetrating
dimensions", "parallel dimensions",
"parallel worlds", "alternate realities",
"alternate timelines", and "dimensional
planes", among other names.

20. • The American
philosopher and
psychologist
William James
coined the term
MULTIVERSE in
1895, but in a
different context.

21. STEPHEN HAWKING
THE SUPPORTERS
Some Philosophers and scientist believe in this theory of the
multiverse which include:
BRIAN GREENE MAX TEGMARK

22. NEIL TUROK
THOSE WHO
DISAGREES
Scientists who are not proponents or who anew opposed the
idea of the multiverse include:
STEVEN WEINBERG

23. There are at least 4 theories why a
multiverse is possible

24. ETERNAL
INFLATION
• Eternal inflation is an extension of the Big
Bang theory which results in the existence of a
Multiverse but there is no hard evidence that it
does, or must, exist. It simply states that once
inflation happens, it produces not just one
universe, but an infinite number of universes.

25. INFLATION

26. INFINITE UNIVERSES
Scientists can't be sure what the
shape of space-time is, but most
likely, it's flat and stretches out
infinitely. But if space-time goes on
forever, then it must start repeating at
some point, because there are a finite
number of ways particles can be
arranged in space and time.

27. BUBBLE UNIVERSES
Another theory comes from "eternal inflation."
Based on research from Tufts University
cosmologist Alexander Vilenkin ,‘Multiverse’
concept, some parts of space-time expanded
faster than others. This created ‘bubbles’ of
space-time. Each bubble contained a vacuum
simmering with energy (variously called dark
energy, vacuum energy, inflation field, or
Higgs field).

28. DAUGHTER
UNIVERSES
Daughter Universes or Many Worlds
Theory, proposed by Hugh Everett, is
an idea that is based on the theory of
quantum mechanics. Everett proposed
that the universe creates a copy of
itself for every possible outcome of a
situation to occur.

29. MATHEMATICAL
UNIVERSES
"A mathematical structure is something
that you can describe in a way that's
completely independent of human
baggage," said theory-proposer Max
Tegmark of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, as quoted in
the 2012 article. "I really believe that
there is this universe out there that can
exist independently of me that would
continue to exist even if there were no
humans."

30. The Multiverse theory hasn't been solved yet. It is a theory
about infinite number of other universes which could exist,
but are invisible to us. It is one of many theories with which
the physicists have faced, but it is also still one of the most
interesting ones. So other universes could happen with our
big bang or eternal inflation.

31. REFERENCES
https://www.universetoday.com/38195/oscillating-universe-
theory/#:~:text=The%20Oscillating%20Universe%20Theory%20is,Bang%20and%20
a%20Big%20Crunch.
"Stephen Hawking's Universe Theory." PBS. PBS. Web. 24 Jan. 2016.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/universes/html/osci.html>.
"Oscillating Universe Theory - Universe Today." Universe Today. 2009. Web. 23 Jan.
2016. <http://www.universetoday.com/38195/oscillating-universe-theory/>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dW4IL-8qi0o
https://www.slideshare.net/Abhinand14/the-multi-universe-theory
https://www.livescience.com/strange-theories-about-the-universe.html
https://www.slideshare.net/Joseph_Dimacali/multiverse-theory-powerpoint-final
https://phys.org/news/2015-12-big-theory.html