5. GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA
The Sahara is the
world’s largest desert
and acted as a barrier to
separate North Africa
from sub-Saharan Africa
6. EARLY SOCIETIES OF AFRICA
By 750 CE, North Africans were part of
the Islamic Empire, converted to Islam,
and also shared Arabic culture
Early societies of
North Africa were
influenced by
Egyptian culture
7. EARLY SOCIETIES OF AFRICA
However, African
societies south
of the Sahara
were isolated
from the cultural
diffusion of the
Classical Era
As a result, these sub-Saharan societies
missed out on the great innovations of
Egyptian culture
9. Characteristics of Sub-Saharan Africa
While the societies
of sub-Saharan
Africa were
diverse, they
shared some
similarities
Most of the
societies were
family-based clans
that lived in
farming villages
10. Characteristics of Sub-Saharan Africa
Few of these
societies had
written languages;
histories were
shared orally by
storytellers (griots)
One of their
technological
advancements was
making iron tools
14. Early Commercial
Networks
West African Trade Routes
Ecological conditions necessitated specialization and trade
Trans-Saharan trade connected West Africans with people and goods from distant
places
Gold, Africa’s most valuable trade item
Specific groups, known as dyula (Mande ethnic group), dominated long-distance trade
Used complex system of weights and measures, money
Developed a contact language to communicate
Many slaves used to carry goods on trade routes
14
15. An Ancient Land and People
Iron Technology
Production of steel as early as 600 B.C.E.
Nok people important early iron-age society
Nok Pottery and Sculpture
Nok terracotta figures dating from 500 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. are oldest evidence of
advanced, organized society in the sub-Sahara
Copper Technology
Use of copper and copper alloy widespread
15
16. WEST AFRICA: GOLD-SALT TRADE
The societies of
West Africa were
shaped by trade
with North Africa
West Africa had
large deposits of
gold, but no salt North Africa had
large deposits of
salt, but no gold
17. WEST AFRICA: GOLD-SALT TRADE
The lack of gold in the North and the lack of salt in the
West resulted in the Trans-Saharan trade network
18. Earliest converts to Islam
Islam, founded in Arabia in 622 by Muhammad, spread
quickly across the Middle East and NorthAfrica.
By the 1200s, Islam had become the court religion of the large empire
of Mali, and it was later embraced by the rulers ofSonghai.
Islam did not have much influence over the daily lives and
religious practices of mostWestAfricans.
West Africa and Islam
19. WEST AFRICA AND ISLAM
The gold-salt trade spread
to the Northeast and
attracted Muslim
merchants
Cultural diffusion
between West Africans
and the Muslims resulted
20. WEST AFRICA AND ISLAM
Islam was introduced to
West Africa and slowly
gained converts (people
who switch their beliefs
to a new religion)
Many West Africans
either blended Islam
with Animism or never
converted
21. Ghana dominated a large region around the Niger Delta.
11th century – Ghana had large army and lucrative trade
across Sahara
Imports exchanged for ivory, slaves, and gold
King taxed imports and exports
Late 11th century economic decline brought on by drought
22. WEST AFRICA: GHANA
The gold-salt trade led to
increased wealth in
West Africa and the
formation of empires
A West African kingdom,
Ghana, amassed vast
wealth by taxing
merchants
Ghana became an empire
when it used that wealth to
build a massive army and
conquer neighboring people
23. WEST AFRICA: GHANA
By the year 800 CE, Ghana
was the most powerful
empire in Africa
Ghana’s kings were not
merely rulers; they served
as judges, religious
leaders, and generals
24. WEST AFRICA: MALI
A kingdom neighboring
Ghana, Mali, eventually
overthrew Ghana and
absorbed its territory into
the new Mali Empire
around 1235
Mali’s King Sundiata took
over the Ghana Empire
and controlled the major
trade cities of West Africa
25. WEST AFRICA: MALI
King Sundiata
created an
efficient
government
that controlled
trade and
promoted
farming
26. WEST AFRICA: MALI
The kings of Mali who
ruled after Sundiata
converted to Islam
The most important of
these Muslim kings of Mali
was Mansa Musa
27. WEST AFRICA: MALI
Mansa Musa built an
army of 100,000
soldiers to control
Mali’s gold trade and
secure his empire
To easier manage his
territory, he divided the
Mali Empire into provinces,
each controlled by a
governor he appointed
28. Mansa-Musa’s Pilgrimage
Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina in 1324 building temples
and giving gold to the areas.
Mali became powerful and well-organized political state
Richest man to ever live
Economic Influence did not decline until early 15th century
28
29. MANSA MUSA’S INFLUENCE
Mansa Musa was a devout
Muslim and went on a hajj
to Mecca in 1324
Mansa Musa passed out gold nuggets to the people
he met along the way of his long trip
30. When Mansa Musa returned from Mecca, he was
filled with religious fervor
31. This is a European map of Africa, known
as the catalan atlas. Very little was known
about Africa below the Sahara, but Mansa
Musa is on the map.
Based on his image on the map, what did
Europeans know about Mansa Musa?
32. Djenne Mosque
He built many mosques throughout the Mali
Empire, including one at Timbuktu
33. • Timbuktu was the hub
of a well-established
trading network that
connected most of
WestAfrica to the
coastal ports of North
Africa.
• At the crossroads of
this trade, cities such
asTimbuktu, Gao,and
Jenne became busy
commercial centers.
• The empires that
controlled these cities
and trade routes grew
wealthy & powerful.
Timbuktu
34. University in Timbuktu
Timbuktu became a
trade city that attracted
scholars, religious
leaders, and doctors
The city had a university and became an important
center of learning in the world
36. WEST AFRICA: SONGHAI
After Mansa Musa’ reign
was over, the Mali Empire
began to decline
Another neighboring
kingdom, the Songhai,
eventually took over
Mali and formed the
Songhai Empire
37. Songhai Kindom-Songhai rose to power under
Founder is Sonni Ali (Chi Ali) 1464-1492
The rulers of these empires grew rich by taxing the
goods that passed through their land.
Built a river navy & raised large armies to conquer new
territory in Savanna – CapturedTimbuktu in 1469
They built cities, administered laws, & supported arts and
education.
39. WEST AFRICA: SONGHAI
Songhai kings gained
control of the major
trade cities along the
highly valuable gold-
salt trade routes
The fall of the Songhai
Empire in 1591 CE ended
a thousand year era of
West African Empires
The Songhai grew into
the largest of the West
African empires
40.
41.
42. African Culture
Africans came from many different cultures and a variety of backgrounds
within Africa. They often spoke different languages, had differentreligious
beliefs, and held different traditions.
43. Family & Government
Ties among people of the same lineage, or line of
common descent—formed the basis of most aspects of life
in rural West Africa.
Some societies were matrilineal – traced lineage, through
the mother’s side.
The oldest living descendant of the group’s common
ancestor controlled family members & represented them
in councils.
44. Religion
Political leaders claimed authority on the basis of religion.
Religious rituals were also central to the daily activities of
farmers, hunters, and fishers.
WestAfricans believed that nature was filled with spirits &
perceived spiritual forces in both living & non-living objects.
AlthoughWestAfrican peoples might worship a variety of
ancestral spirits & lesser gods, most believed in a single creator.
45. Livelihood
People supported themselves by age-old methods of farming,
herding, hunting, and fishing, and by mining and trading.
Believed in collective ownership of land
Depended on river for water
46. Social Status
Ruling Class or Elites
Artisans
Goatsmiths, merchants, woodworkers, blacksmiths,
dressmakers, leather makers,Griots
Griots were custodians of oral traditions
Slaves lowest rung on social ladder
Became slaves from war, criminal activities
People not born into slavery, slavery did not mean for life,
Adopted or marry into non slave family
47. African Slavery
African Slavery
Slavery existed from earliest known history of Africa
Slavery in European Communities
Unfree status not unique to Africa
Coerced labor, chattel slavery, serfdom common in Europe in the Middle Ages
Slaves in Africa
Most slaves in Africa were women
47
50. Transatlantic Slave Trade
(15th – 19th century)
Mr. Thompson
“It takes more than a horrifying transatlantic voyage chained
in the filthy hold of a slave ship to erase someone’s culture”
- Maya Angelou
51. Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place acrossthe
Atlantic Ocean from the 16th through to the 19thcenturies.
The vast majority of slaves transported to the New World were Africans from
the central and western parts of the continent, sold by Africans to European
slave traders who then transported them to North and SouthAmerica.
Most slaves came from West African
coast (Senegal toAngola) TheAtlantic
slave trade peaked in the last two
decades of the 18th century
Originally captured by African coastal tribes who traded them to
European and American buyers. About 50 million Africans died or
became slaves during 17th & 18th centuries. Of the 10 to 15 million
Africans sent into slavery in the New World, only about 400,000 came
to North America. (Majority sent to Spanish & Portuguese coloniesin
New World)
52. African Participation in the Slave Trade
Africans played a direct role in the slave
trade. The rise of the large commercial
slave trade driven by European needs
made the desire to go to war on
neighboring villages or enemy ethnic
groups. These prisoners and captives, who
were obtained either from kidnappings or
through raids, were sold to European
buyers. African kings held no particular
loyalty to captive slaves because
they were not considered part of the tribe.
Although Europeans were the market for
slaves they rarely entered the interior of
Africa, due to fear of disease and fierce
African resistance. The enslaved people
would be brought to coastal outposts where
They would be traded for goods.
Enslavement became a major by-product
of internal wars in Africa as kingdoms
expanded through military conflicts, in
many cases through deliberate sponsorship
of benefiting Western European nations.
The slave trade was
profitable and cruel.
People would return
from working in the
fields or from hunting,
and find their families
missing. In some cases,
entire villages were
captured by the slave
traders and loadedonto
ships.
53. Capture
• The original capture of slaves was almost always violent.
• As European demand grew, African chieftains organized
raiding parties to seize individuals from neighboring societies.
• Others launched wars specifically for the purpose of
capturing slaves.
54. Sold for the Price of Copper & Cowrie shells
Copper was the "red gold" of Africa. Copper was
usually worn by women to display their husband's
wealth. The Portuguese crown contracted with
manufacturers in Antwerp and elsewhere to produce
crescent rings with flared ends of wearable size which
came to be called "manilla," after the Latin manus
(hand) or from monilia, plural of monile(necklace).
Cowrie shells: The first use of cowries, the shells of a
mollusk that was widely available in the shallow waters of
the Pacific and Indian Oceans, was in China. Historically,
many societies have used cowries as money, and even as
recently as the middle of this century, cowries have been
used in some parts of Africa. The cowrie is the mostwidely
and longest used currency in history.
56. Cape Coast Castle, W. Africa
For weeks, months,
sometimes as long as a year,
they waited in the
dungeons of the slave
factories scattered along
Africa's western coast.
They had already made the
long, difficult journey from
Africa's interior -- but just
barely. Out of the roughly
20 million who were taken
from their homes and sold
into slavery, half didn't
complete the journey to
theAfrican coast, most of
those dying along the way.
What was the justification
from Europe?
57. Doctrine of Discovery
The origins of the doctrine can be traced to Pope Nicholas V's issuance of
the Papal Bull Romanus Pontifex in 1452. The bull allowed Portugal to claim
and conquer lands in West Africa. Pope Alexander VI extended to Spain the
right to conquer newly-found lands in 1493, with the papal
bull Intercaetera, after Christopher Columbus had already begun doing so.
Arguments between Portugal and Spain led to the Treaty of Tordesillas
1494 which clarified that only non-Christian lands could thus be taken, as well as
drawing a line of demarcation to allocate potential discoveries between the two
powers.
Nicholas issued the bull Dum Diversas (18 June 1452) authorizing King Alfonso V of
Portugal to "attack, conquer, and subjugate Saracens, pagans and other enemies of
Christ wherever they may be found". Issued less than a year before the fall of
Constantinople, the bull may have been intended to begin another crusade against
the Ottoman Empire
Right to land today is
still based off of this
doctrine of discovery
and manifest destiny.
58. Origins of Slave Trade
• Portugal: first to heavily
import African slaves, their
advantage: ship building
• Portugal started the African
slave trade in 1441.
• Cause for slave trade =
economic-driven era
• mercantilism economy
theory set the stage for
slavery
• based on the definition
"country's wealth depends
on capital (gold)“ (Chambers
543)
• slave = labor for raw goods
=> sell for capital in Europe
http://www.history.org/History/teaching/eft/slavetrades
ample/images/SlaveTrade_SampleLesson.pdf
Destination of
most slaves
59. The Portuguese made trading contracts along theWest coast of
Africa.
By the 1470s, Portuguese traders had established an outpost on the
West African coast near the large Akan goldfields, the source of
much West African gold.
60. Consequences
Direct trade between the Portuguese & the coastal peoples of
West Africa bypassed the old trade routes across the Sahara and
pulled the coastal region into a closer relationship with Europe.
The Portuguese began the European trade in West African
slaves.
Initially, it was an equal exchange. However, over time the
Portuguese were like pirates. They seized the ports and
taxed the various tribes. They disrupted a very profitable
trade system. They came to take only. If they were patient
and not so barbaric, they would have completely
monopolized the trade to West Africa
61. The Portuguese claimed two islands off the Africancoast,
Príncipe & SãoTomé.
The soil and climate were perfect for growing sugar cane, they
established large sugar plantations there.
A plantation is a farm on which a single crop, usually one that
requires much human labor, is grown on a large scale.To work
these plantations, the Portuguese began importing slaves
from the WestAfrican mainland.
62. Portuguese Slave Trade
• The Portuguese
population was too
small to provide a
large number of
colonists.
• The sugar
plantations required
a large labor force
and back breaking
work.
• Slaves filled this
demand. Europeans and Africans
Meet to Trade
63. Slave Trade and Sugar
• Portuguese crop
growers extended
the use of slave
labor to South
America.
• Because of this,
Brazil would
eventually become
the wealthiest of the
sugar-producing
lands in the western
hemisphere.
64. Plantations
• After crossing the Atlantic, most African slaves went
to plantations in the tropical or subtropical regions
of the western hemisphere.
• The first was established by the Spanish on
Hispaniola in 1516.
• Originally the predominant crop was sugar. In
addition to sugar, plantations produced crops like
tobacco, indigo, and cotton.
• In the 1530s Portuguese began organizing
plantations in Brazil, and Brazil became the world’s
leading supplier of sugar.
– Today Portuguese (not Spanish) is the 1st language in
Brazil
65. Europe’s Role
How and why did slave trade start?
• Portugal and Spain (15-16th century)
– Prince Henry the Navigator explored coast of West Africa by 1460, since North
Africa was already occupied by Muslims
– Initially sought , but found profit in slaves
– Spanish Asiento give permission for Great Britain to have a monopoly on the
slave trade to Spanish colonies for 30 yrs. (The Asiento de Negros was a monopoly contract
between the Spanish Crown and various merchants for the right to provide African slaves to colonies in the Spanish
Americas)
• Dutch (17th century)
– Dutch West India Company controls richest sugar crops in Brazil
– Copper trade
• French and English (late 17th-18th century)
– Captain John Hawkins, under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I, heads first English
slave ship voyage in 1562
– first British settlement in Jamestown, Virginia 1607
– France founds Quebec in 1608
– initially, only British government can transport slaves through Royal African
Company, this changes in 1698 so rich can take advantage of this profitable
trade – eventually known as capitalism (Alcott)
Gold
part of 1713 Treaty of
Utrecht with Great Britain
gives Britain full control over
slave trade to Spanish colonies,
later, in 1748, part of Treaty
of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)-
renew Asiento contract with
Spain
66. Triangular Slave Trade Years
Portuguese 1515 – 1580
Dutch 1600 – 1670
French 1670 – 1713
English 1713 – 1807
These dates are when the European Powers legitimized slavery.
• Middle Passage
• 5000 miles, 3 wks. to 3 mos.
• 20-25% Africans died
Exportation
67. Royal African Company
As profits piled up and slavery spread through the American colonies, the British
crown decided to exert control over the slave trade to the colonies (and the wealth
it generated). According to the Navigation Act of 1660, only English-owned ships
could enter colonial ports. That same year, King Charles II granted a charter to the
Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa. Led by the king’s younger
brother James, the Duke of York (later King James II), this group had a monopoly
on British trade with West Africa, including gold, silver and slaves. From 1680-
86, the Royal African Company transported an average of 5,000 slaves per year,
most of which were shipped to colonies in the Caribbean and Virginia. Thousands
of slaves arrived in the New World with the company’s initials branded on their
chests
68. Glorious Revolution of 1688
Royal African Company effectively lost its monopoly in 1689, after
the Glorious Revolution toppled King James II in favor of William
and Mary. Merchants were fighting to have greater control. Led to
free trade in Africa amongst the private traders. Merchants went
crazy going to Africa to get slaves trying to get rich. Profits were
about 1700%. Bases of American capitalism
69. Slave Exports
1701 – 1810 Slave Exports from Africa by the
leading European powers were:
France – 613,100
Portugal – 611,000
English – 2,009,700
70. Impact in Europe
Economic
• Eventually jumpstarts Industrial Revolution with the profits
made by sugar and other investments – advancement of
technology
• Cotton as raw material in textile production => employment
=> shift in roles, women go to work => stimulate need for
transportation => railroads
• 2nd half of 18th century, British wonder about the morality of
this slave trade and religious groups of Quakers and
Methodists began to organize and spread abolitionist
messages
• Wealthy port cities, like Liverpool, UK develop
Background: The Slave Ship by
JWM Turner (1840)
-Humans are powerless to the
storm and sea monsters
(government)
-Speaks out against the exploitation
of slavery, the redness of the
sunset symbolizes blood
The Slave Ship, http://personalpedia.wordpress.com/
71. The Slave Trade
The slave trade
involved European
nations (Dutch,
British, Spanish, and
French) bringing
black slaves from
Africa and selling
them in the Americas.
By 1820, most
countries banned the
slave trade.
Basis of Amistad movie
72. Africa’s Role
– Slavery has existed since ancient times
– Global scale with growth of European colonial
expansion and demand for supply of slaves
– European traders rarely go inland for fear of disease
and unknown territory=>they trade along the coast
– Civil war and hostile rivalries within Africa led
Africans to capture and sell other Africans to
European slave traders in return for to trade for
goods like guns, gunpowder, textile, glass, iron
(M'Bokolo)
– Become involved in slave raid (immediate profit
return) instead of build powerful states which require
time and greater cost (roads, border security,
government system) (M’Bokolo)
– King Gezo (1840)
“The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people.
It is the source and the glory of their wealth... the
mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph
over an enemy reduced to slavery...” (BBC)
Portugal makes contact with
Kingdom of Kongo, converts
King to Christianity, gains
footing in Africa
Slaves being
transported in Africa
Locations of most
slave trading
73.
74.
75.
76. Today countries of Senegal,
Gambia, & Guinea-Bissau
24% Africans stolen from here
to British Caribbean's- 712,623
Ethnic Groups taken
SeneGambia
Djola
Fulani
Balanta
Wolof
Mandinka
77. Today countries of Sierra Leone
and Guinea
• 322,612 Africans taken
Most sent to British Caribbean's-
115,169
Ethnic Groups taken
Sierra Leone
Temne
Mende
Limba
Susu
78. Today countries of Liberian &
Cote d Ivoire AKA Ivory Coast
284,217 Africans taken most
taken to the British Caribbean
Ethnic Groups taken
Windward Coast
Kru
Kpelle
79. Today country of Ghana
• 1.2 million Africans taken
most taken to the British
Caribbean- 601,243
Ethnic Groups taken
Gold Coast
Akan
Ashanti
80. Today countries of Togo, Benin
& SW Nigeria
• 1.7 million Africans stolen
most taken to Brazil. Least to
USA
Ethnic Groups taken
Bight of Benin
Aja
Fon
Yoruba
Ewe
81. Today countries of SE Nigeria,
Cameroon, C African Repbulic,
Equatorial Guinea & Gabon
• 1,276,876 Africans stolen most
sent to British Caribbean- 712,623
Ethnic Groups taken
Bight of Biafra
Ibo
Akele
Bubi
Biaka
Fang
Tikar
Bamileke
Ewondo
82. Today countries of Democratic
Republic of Congo & Angola
• Almost 5 million or 27%
Africans stolen most taken to
Brazil- 3,396,909
Ethnic Groups taken
West Central Africa
Mbuti
Mbundu
83. Impact in Africa
• Difficult to assess due to lack of statistic evidence
• Demographic shifts, uneven ratio of men to women and
population declines (Rubenstein 253)
• Conflict among coastal regions who want to control trade
leads to internal war
• Lack of agricultural and artisan development, instead
there is focus solely on slave trade
• People afraid of getting captured, mistrust and fear =>
ethnic stratification (Whatley)
• Rich kings and African slave traders => unstable,
unbalanced wealth
• Small, divided states
• Loss of contact with outside world – insulation, economic
stagnation, weak political structure
Slave forts along the
coast
84. Triangular Trade
First leg of the triangle was from a European port to Africa, in which ships
carried supplies for sale or trade. When the ship arrived, its cargo wouldbe
sold or bartered for slaves.
Second leg, ships made the journey of the Middle Passage from Africa tothe
New World. Once the ship reached the New World, slaves were sold in the
Caribbean or the Americancolonies.
Third leg the ship then returned to Europe with raw materials to complete the
triangle.
85. Instruments of the Trade
Branding Iron, ca. 1790
Eventually the captives were sold to slave brokers and branded with hot irons like
cattle. Branding was common and the general practice of many slave traffickers was
to brand captives twice, once upon purchase in Africa and a second time, at the sale
in theAmericas.
86. Instruments of the Trade
Three-Person Ship Shackle
The outside shackles held two adults or adolescents seated in one direction, and the
middle shackles held the person seated in the opposite direction.
87. Instruments of the Trade
1700
Middle Passage Irons, ca.
These shackles were used to immobilize the men and women during the transatlantic
crossing to North America, South America, and theCaribbean.
88. Slave Ships
Below Decks Around a SlaveShip https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmQvofAiZGA
Slaves were delivered aboard ship chained together; they mostly remained so during the voyage. They werereleased
each day to get some exercise and fresh air (to avoid asphyxiation), to be fed, and to perform the task of removing
bodies of those who had died during the night, after which they were chained up together again.
89. Slave Ships
Slaves were loaded aboard slave ships (floating prisons)
where men, women, and children were packed into every
inch of space below decks for their voyage to the New World.
Slaves were often chained by their neck and extremities to
deck floor and packed into spaces about the size of a coffin.
In some cases, slaves were shackled by threes to decks only
18” apart in height, in which slaves had to lay on their back
in their own excrement and could not turn over during the
entire voyage.
Amistad flogging scene https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjQmbrLVObY
The Middle Passage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMliaXlKxow
90. Middle Passage
• Dangerous Middle Passage
• - journey in which slaves were captured and loaded onto ships to travel
across the Atlantic Ocean
• Brutal conditions:
– unhygienic
– overcrowded
– disease
– force-fed
– lack of water
– forced to “dance” to stay agile
– death was common
• Arrival in Americas: covered in grease so that they looked healthy and
more valuable at auctions, branded as possessions
• Seasoning - “breaking” or “conditioning” slaves for new life of labor
Language and Culture
• New name, loss of identity
and real communication with others
Daily Life
• resistance, preservation of African language on the plantation to
organize together - subculture
Slave trader’s ledger
Crampled conditions
Slave Action Ad
91. The Middle Passage
“Underwater sculpture in
Grenada, memorializing
Africans who jumped or
were forced overboard
during the middle
passage.”
Fully loaded with its human cargo, slave ships set sail for the Americas and
embarked on the infamous Middle Passage (Over-ocean route traveled by slaves
from Africa to theAmericas.)
Despite the captain's desire to keep as many slaves as possible alive,Middle
Passage mortality rates were high.
Although it's difficult to
determine how many
Africans died on the way to
the new world, it is now
believed that between 20%to
30% of those transportedlost
their lives.
Slaves thrown overboard
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k65oxOc7FIo
92. Excerpts
• From Slave Olaudah Equiano’s narrative (The Interesting Narrative of the Life of
Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African) 1789 (Click here to read whole narrative):
“The noise and clamor with which this is attended, and the eagerness
visible in the countenances of the buyers, serve not a little to increase
the apprehension of terrified Africans... In this manner, without
scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see
each other again.”
• From An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa by
Alexander Falconbridge, a surgeon on slave ships (1788)
“ Upon the Negroes refusing to take sustenance, I have seen coals of fire,
glowing hot, put on a shovel and placed so near their lips as to scorch and
burn them. And this has been accompanied with threats of forcing them
to swallow the coals if they any longer persisted in refusing to eat.
These means have generally had the desired effect. I have also been
credibly informed that a certain captain in the slave- trade, poured
melted lead on such of his Negroes as obstinately refused their food. . .
”
93. Slave Ship Rebellions
Thousands of enslaved Africans tried to overthrow their captors on slaveships
taking them to the Americas. The exact number of shipboard rebellions is
unknown.
On July 2, 1839, Sengbe Pieh (later known in the United States as Joseph
Cinqué) led 53 fellow African captives (49 adults and 4 children), being
transported aboard La Amistad from Havana, in a revolt against theircaptors.
Mutiny Aboard La Amistad http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ena0xfW0_Lo
94. The Ending of the Atlantic Slave
Trade
Cruelties help end Atlantic slave trade
Great Britain bans Atlantic slave trade in
1807
Patrols African coast to enforce
United states congress outlaws slave trade
in 1808
Guinea and western central African
kingdoms oppose banning slave trade
95. • First slaves arrive on Hispaniola in 1502 on Cuba, then
Jamaica, South Carolina, Virginia, Colombia
• Arrival of Europeans in New World brought diseases
that reduced the native population drastically
• Only 5% of slaves go to North America, rest go to Brazil
and Caribbean (West Indies)
•In 1619, the first recorded introduction of African slaves into what
would become the United States was in the settlement of
Jamestown……Only 20 slaves were purchased….
• “Plantation economy” produces huge number of cash
crops like cotton, sugar, tobacco=> more slaves than
European settlers ("Africa and the Transatlantic Slave
Trade")
• practice chattel slavery which means that slave status
was passed down to descendants, society revolve around
mass export of commodities
96. Why Not Enslave the Native Population
• Native Americans were highly likely to catch
European diseases.
• They were familiar with the terrain and could
escape easier.
• They had political allies that could fight against
the “owners.”
97. Reasons for Using Enslaved African Labor
• Proximity-It only took 2-6 weeks to get to the
colonies from the Caribbean at first.
• Experience-They had previous experience and
knowledge working in sugar and rice production.
• Immunity from diseases-Less likely to get sick due to
prolonged contact over centuries.
• Low escape possibilities-They did not know the land,
had no allies, and were highly visible because of skin
color.
98. Initially, slavery was not the dominantsystemof labor for the colonies. It was
Indentured Servitude.
Headright System: Plantation owners were given 50 acres for every
indentured servant they sponsored to come to America from Europe.
Indentured Contract: Served plantation owner for 7 years as a laborer in
return for passage to America.
Freedom Dues: Once servant completed his contract, he/she was freed….They
were given land, tools, seed and animals. However, they did not receive voting rights.
99. John Punch
John Punch was the first man known to be perpetually enslaved on July 9, 1640, a punishment
he received for attempting to flee his indenture. He absconded alongside two fellow servants, a
“dutchman” named Victor and a “Scotchman called James Gregory.” Following their
apprehension, his counterparts each received only one additional year upon their indenture,
while Punch, listed as a “negro,” was enslaved “for the time of his natural Life.” Punch’s
sentence documents an early framework for the growing attachment between Blackness and
enslavement in North America, as the indentured white men did not receive similar
punishment. Thus, Hugh Gwyn, the man who owned John Punch, would be the first recognized
slaveholder, eliminating the spurious claim that a Black man innovated the North American
system. Punch’s experience certainly foreshadowed legal maneuvers in the 18th century. As
more African “servants” became permanently enslaved, their status was transmitted to their
children.
John Punch is one of the first servants on record to be sentenced to slavery on the
grounds of race. However, he was neither the first nor the last black man to flee from
oppressive bondage.
100. Antonio Johnson
In 1621, Johnson was delivered to Virginia’s shores as an African captive, simply
called “Antonio.” Owned by Richard Bennett a tobacco planter. He gave Antonio a plot
of land for himself. He married Mary and had 4 children. In 1640 he was able to buy
their freedom. Moved to the eastern shore of VA and purchased land and renamed
himself Anthony Johnson. In 1651 he owned 250 acres and the services of five
indentured servants (four white and one black). In 1653, John Casor, a black indentured
servant whose contract Johnson appeared to have bought in the early 1640s,
approached Captain Goldsmith, claiming his indenture had expired seven years earlier
and that he was being held illegally by Johnson. A neighbor, Robert Parker, intervened
and persuaded Johnson to free Casor. Parker offered Casor work, and he signed a term
of indenture to the planter. Johnson sued Parker in the Northampton Court in 1654 for
the return of Casor. The court initially found in favor of Parker, but Johnson appealed.
In 1655, the court reversed its ruling. Finding that Anthony Johnson still "owned" John
Casor, the court ordered that he be returned with the court dues paid by Robert Parker.
This was the first instance of a judicial determination in the Thirteen
Colonies holding that a person who had committed no crime could be held in
servitude for life (Civil Law)
101. Bacon’s Rebellion
(1676 - 1677)
Nathaniel Bacon
represents former
indentured
servants.
Governor
William Berkeley
of Jamestown
102. •Involved former
indentured servants
•Not accepted in
Jamestown
•Disenfranchised and
unable to receive their
land
•Gov. Berkeley would
not defend settlements
from Indian attacks
103. •Nathaniel Bacon acts as
the representative for
rebels
•Gov. Berkeley refused to
meet their conditions and
erupts into a civil war.
•Bacon dies, Gov.
Berkeley puts down
rebellion and several
rebels are hung
Consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion
Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants with African slaves because it was
seen as a better investment in the long term than indentured servitude.
104. Slave Law in Colonial Virginia: A Timeline
• 1607: Jamestown, the first British North American settlement, was founded
in Virginia.
• 1619: The first slaves in the British colonies arrived in Jamestown, Virginia.
• 1640: Virginia courts sentenced a black run away servant, John Punch, to
"serve his said master . . . for the time of his natural Life."
• 1660 & 1662: : Virginia law enacted on English running away with negroes.
• 1662: Virginia law enacted: Negro womens children to serve according to
the condition of the mother.
• 1667: Virginia law enacted, declaring that baptism of slaves doth not exempt
them from bondage.
• 1669: Virginia law enacted: An act about the casual killing of slaves will not
be a felony
• 1672: The King of England encourages the Royal African company to
expand the British slave trade. Within 16 years the company transports
nearly 90,000 Africans to the Americas.
• 1680: Virginia law enacted: An act for preventing Negroes Insurrections.
• 1682: Virginia laws enacted- Negroes and Indians same racial category
• 1691: 1st time the use of the word white in colonial America
105. • 1698: The English Parliament ends the monopoly of the African slave trade
by the Royal African Company. As a result, the number of Africans
transported to the British colonies increases from 5,000 to 45,000 a year.
England becomes the largest trafficker in slaves in the Western world.
• 1705: The Virginia General Assembly declared: "All servants imported and
brought into the Country...who were not Christians in their native
Country...shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian
slaves within this dominion...shall be held to be real estate. If any slave
resist his master...correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in
such correction...the master shall be free of all punishment...as if such
accident never happened."
• 1705: The Virginia General Assembly declared: no interracial marriage
• 1723 - Virginia’s Anti-Assembly Law impeded negroes from meeting or
having a sense of community.
• 1723 - Virginia’s Weapons Law forbade negroes from keeping weapons
• 1723 - The Virginia colony enacted laws. Free negroes were denied the
right to vote and forbidden to carry weapons of any sort.
• 1750 -Virginia passes laws defining the distinction between a slave and a
servant, relegating all slaves to the status of property.
106.
107. Domestic Slave Trade
After the international ban of the slave trade in 1820, southern coloniessought
to increase their slave population through natural reproduction. The domestic
slave trade involved the slave and transportation of slaves from the Upper
South to the Deep South and western territories/states.
108. Southern law did not recognize
slave marriages. Husbands, wives,
and children were often sold
separately.
Domestic Slave Trade
Key & Peele - Auction
Block
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=zB7MichlL
1k
Slave auction [Story of US]
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=TnHKwtXEVTQ
&index=4&list=PLqfl3 af
vEaMcn-
OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV
111. Seasoning
Modify behavior and attitude
Preparation for north American planters
Creoles
slaves born in the Americas
worth three times price unseasoned Africans
Old Africans
Lived in the Americas for some time
New Africans
Had just survived the middle passage
Creoles and old Africans instruct new Africans
112. Sectionalism
Refers to the economic, social, cultural, and political differences thatexist
between different parts of the country.
The North was primarily industrial in nature. Business and industry played major
roles. While the North was not known for its agricultural production it was the
largest producer of grain. Life was faster and commerce important.
The South was primarily agricultural. The southern economy was primarily based upon
the existence of large family farms known as plantations. Politics were dominated by
wealthy plantation owners.
South- Agriculture Based onSlavery
West-Agriculture
North- Industrial
113.
114. Antebellum (Pre-Civil War South)
Southern
Aristocracy
Most southern whites
were not rich and
most did not own
slaves. Only 5% of
southern families
were wealthy enough
to own several slaves.
The larger
plantations usually
had over 25 slaves.
The plantation economy relied on cheap labor in the
form of slaves to produce tobacco and then cotton. The
plantation lifestyle produced a slower more leisurely
lifestyle. Farmers on the plantation did not do the work
themselves. They were referred to as the
"gentleman farmer."
Plantation System in Southern Life
117. King Cotton
Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to
indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, andthat
the North needed the South's cotton.
In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "Youdaren't
make war against cotton! ... Cotton is king!"
118. The Rise of “King Cotton”
“King Cotton” was the dynamic
force driving the American
economy from 1790-1840:
–The South provided ¾ of
world’s cotton
–Southern cotton stimulated the
growth of Northern textile
industry, shipping, & marketing
–Slave population grew 300%
Southern cotton fueled both the English
& American Industrial Revolutions
119. The Value of Cotton Exports as a
Percentage of All U.S. Exports
120. The Rise of “King Cotton”
The introduction of short-staple
cotton strengthened the economy
–Cotton could now be grown
anywhere in the South
–The cotton gin (1793) made
seed extraction easy
–The potential for profits led to a
cotton boom & the expansion of
slavery in the South
White Southerners perceived their
economic interests to be tied to slavery
“Southern way of life”
121. Eli Whitney
He revolutionized the South's economy with the invention of his cotton gin
and greatly impacted the northern economy with his innovative concept of
interchangeable parts. THIS WAS NOT A GOOD INVENTION FOR
SLAVES BUT GREAT FOR THE US AND SLAVERY
122. Cotton Gin
A machine invented around 1790 which allowed people to processharvested
cotton much faster by removingseeds.
Impact: Made slavery and cotton productionVERYprofitable.
Cotton Gin [Story of US]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlISIvrFbLs&list=PLqfl3 afvEaMcn-
OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV
124. Southern Agriculture
Cotton expansion led to
“Alabama Fever” from 1816 to 1820
Southern expansion boomed again from 1832 to
1838 into Mississippi, Louisiana, & Arkansas
…and again in the mid-1850s into Texas
125.
126. The Internal Slave Trade
The Upper South grew tobacco &
was less dependent on cotton &
slave labor
As slave prices rose, Upper South
developed an internal slave trade
to provide “surplus” slaves to the
Lower South
Virginia, Maryland, & Kentucky
began to take on characteristics of
the industrializing North & became
divided in their support of slavery
127. Slavery in a Changing World
Antebellum regional differences:
–By 1820, all Northern states
abolished slavery
–The South lagged behind the
North in cities, industry, &
railroads
–Southern population grew
slower than in the North & West
By 1860, only 15%
of U.S. factories
were in the South
By 1860, only 35%
of railroads were in
the South
The South lagged by choice because these
were risky investments, but cotton was safe
Southern politicians feared being
permanently outvoted in Congress
131. The Divided Society of the Old South
American slavery was deeply
rooted in the Southern economy;
but slavery divided the South:
–By “caste”—black or white
–By “class”—ownership of slaves
–By region—slavery was more
deeply entrenched along the
“Black Belt” from GA to TX
132. “Slave-ocracy”
(plantation owners)
The “Plain Folk”
(small slave-owners
& yeoman farmers)
6,000,000
Black Freemen
Black Slaves
250,000
U.S. population in 1850 was 23,000,000
9,500,000 lived in the South (40%)
3,200,000
Southern Society in 1850
134. The Agricultural South
About 40% of southern whites were
small farmers (plain folks) who owned
small farms and worked the land
themselves. If they owned slaves it
would only be about one or two.
Most Southerners were very poor and
didn’t own any land. The Southerners
were called sharecroppers because they
paid rent by sharing their crops with
the land owner. They were so poor they
could not afford any slaves.
135. White Society in South
Only a small percentage of whites
owned large plantations:
–Less than 1% of the white
population owned 50+ slaves
–Most whites were yeomen
farmers who supported slavery
because they hired slaves or felt
reassured that there was a lower
class than them
136.
137. Small Slaveholders
Only about 25% of the Southern
white population owned slaves
–88% of slave owners had fewer
than 20 slaves (most 1-2 slaves)
–But slave conditions were worse
because slaves shared their
master's poverty
–Most slaves would have
preferred the economic stability
& kinship of the plantation
139. Yeomen Farmers
About 75% of Southern whites
were small, yeoman farmers who
did not own slaves:
–Most yeomen resented the
aristocratic planters but hoped
to become wealthy planters
–Many saw slavery as a way of
keeping blacks “in their place”
–Many saw abolition as a threat
to their Southern way of life
141. Enslaved African Americans
About 85% of African Americans in the pre-Civil War south were enslaved.
Under these conditions there was a total deprivation of freedom.
Slaves worked on southern plantations 12-14 hours per day for no pay.
142. Many slaveholders lived in
constant fear of rebellion by angry
slaves who could no longer take
harsh treatment they faced on
plantations.
Slavery in the Colonies
• Slaves had to meet own basic
needs at end of workday
• Cooking, mending, tending the sick
fitted in around work for slaveholder
• Living conditions harsh
• Physical, degrading punishment
inflicted for minor offenses
Living Conditions
143. The World of Southern Blacks
While very few whites were
plantation owners, most slaves
lived on plantations:
–90% of slaves lived on farms in
which owner had 20+ slaves
–15% of slaves served as “house
slaves” (domestic servants)
–10% of slaves worked in
industry, lumbering, construction
2.4% of slaves worked on large
plantations with 200+ slaves
144. Distribution of Slave Labor, 1850
55%
15%
10%
10%
10%
Cotton
Domestic Work
Rice or Sugar
Tobacco
Mining, Industry,
or Construction
148. Slave Families & Community
Normal family life was difficult:
–Families were vulnerable to
breakup by their masters
–On large plantations, slaves
were able to retain their African
cultures & were mostly part of
two-parent families
–But on smaller farms, extended
families provided support or
“adoption” of unrelated slaves
151. African American Religion
Black Christianity was the center
of African-American culture
Richard Allen created African
Methodist Episcopal (AME)
Church but was largely composed
of free & urban African-Americans
On plantations, whites supervised
religious messages, but the “real”
slave religion was practiced at
night in secret; preached about
the inevitable day of liberation
153. Free Blacks
These African Americans were free either because they had purchased their
own freedom, their masters had freed them for one reason or another, or
because they were born to free parents.
Most worked as artisans, farmers, or simple laborers, but a few owned
businesses and some even owned black slaves themselves.
Most southerners hated free African Americans. Some
were hanged for the slightest crime.
Bonded slaves on the other hand were considered
property and would be punished by their master (s) and
not killed because of their value as property.
154. Free Blacks in the Old South
Southern free blacks were
severely restricted:
– Had to register with the state &
carry “freedom” papers
– Were excluded from certain jobs
– Subjected to re-enslavement &
fraudulent “recapture”
By 1860 some states proposed
laws to force free blacks to leave
the state or be enslaved
156. Southern Defense for Maintaining Slavery
1. Slaves could not take care of themselves. It was the natural way of life
for the inferior Africans
2. Slaves were saved by Christianity from their wicked & satanic African
worship. It was sanctioned in the bible
3. Slaves were provided food, clothing, and shelter.
4. Southerners claimed slaves were treated better than immigrant
factory workers in the North.
5. The constitution did not prohibit it. It was the LAW of the LAND
Southern planters feared revolts & the growth of abolitionism & used a new defense
158. Defending Slavery
Proslavery Southerners protected
South against anti-slavery ideas:
–Feared abolitionist propaganda
would inspire slave rebellions or
inspire the yeoman to support
abolition
–Increased restrictions on blacks
by making it illegal to teach
slaves to read & write
–Banned church services &
meetings without supervision
159. Slavery in the North:
Early Emancipation Movements
Before the American Revolution,
slaves were present in each of the
13 American colonies
In 1787, the Articles
of Confederation
outlawed slavery in
the northwest
By 1804, nine states
emancipated slaves
or adopted gradual
emancipation plans
In 1808, the USA &
Britain in outlawed the
African slave trade
In 1817, a group of ministers & politicians
formed the American Colonization Society
to resettle free blacks in West Africa
160. Slave Populations (1790)
Total U.S. population was
3.5 million.
700,000 slaves in the U.S.
at this time.
Still bought slaves through
the slave trade.
161. Trial of tears
Total U.S. population
was 18 million.
2 million slaves in the
U.S. at this time.
1808, importation of
slaves was illegal.
Slave trade within the
U.S.
Increase of slave
population was from
natural reproduction.
Slave Populations (1830)
162. 33 million U.S. population, 4 million slaves in the South
Slave Populations (1860)
165. Indicators of Slave Discontent
Sabotage- Destroy farm machinery and tools.
Shirking Work- Faking pregnancy or illness.
Murder- Sometimes poisoned their master’s food.
Running Away- If caught they would be severely punished.
Sabotage
Farm tools
Faking pregnancy
RunningAway
167. Maroon Settlements
Some fugitives escaped into dense forests, swamps, bayous, or Indianterritories.
They would form colonies of “maroons” that maintained their cohesiveness for
many years, sometimes for more than a generation.
170. Fugitive Slave Law
This law was part of the Compromise of 1850 and required that northern
states forcibly return escaped slaves to their owners in the South. Because
the law was unpopular in the North many northern citizens refused to obey it.
Fugitive Slave Law [Story of US]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnWokuQ6kcA&list=PLqfl3 afvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV&index=7
171. Slave Catchers
Individuals who tracked down and returned runaway slaves for a bounty.
Slave catchers hired by slave owners usually tried to
shoot runaway slaves with birdshot (small pellets) to
knock them down without doing too much injury.
Slaves were considered as valuable property tobe
returned unharmed if at all possible. An injured
runaway could be a loss of bounty for the slave
catcher.
Punishment was to be left up to the runaway’s
master.
Slave Catchers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3iLCyxjfEw
174. Runaway Punishment
Whip with Wooden Grip
Such whips were advertised and sold for the punishment of enslaved
men, women, and children.
Whipping of Kunta Kinte
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGTYBbcEvHg
Hobbling (breaking the foot or
ankle with a sledgehammer or in
extreme cases cut off a runaway’s
toes to prevent him from ever
running ago.
Punishment for runaway slaves varied. Some captured
runaways were placed in stocks and forced to stand for
as many hours (or days) as his master or overseer
decided. Other punishments were severe, even fatal,
depending upon the rage felt by the slave owner.
Recaptured slaves were forced to wear various kinds of
slave collars; others were forced to drag heavy ox
chains attached to their legs or necks; some were
burned with hot irons or even had their toes or fingers
amputated.
Roots: how slaves were named
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ji1eZYRoQL0
183. Resistance and Rebellion
Between 1800-1831, 3 major
slave revolts occurred:
–Gabriel Prosser (1800) planned
a violent march on Richmond
–Denmark Vesey (1822) created
an extensive plot to arm & free
slaves in SC (no white deaths)
–Nat Turner (1831) led a band of
slaves from farm to farm &
killed 60 whites
At the last minute, the plan failed,
Prosser was captured, & no whites died
A change discovery revealed
the plot & no whites died
185. The largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution.
On September 9, 1739, twenty slaves met near the Stono River, SouthCarolina.
After they killed two storekeepers they took guns and powder from the store
and headed south toward Spanish St. Augustine. Along the way, they burned
houses and killed white slave owners. A group of slave owners eventually
caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves and shot or hangedthem.
Stono County Rebellion (1739)
Twenty white Carolinians and 40 slaves were
killed before the rebellion was suppressed.
187. Gabriel Prosser Rebellion (1800)
Gabriel Prosser, a blacksmith, and his brother Martin, a slave preacher,
planned a major rebellion in Virginia. They recruited at least a 1,000 slaves
and built up a secret cache of weapons and planned to seize the state capital of
Richmond. When the day of the revolt a violent storm washed out the roads
and bridges leading to Richmond and the planned raid was postponed.
Prosser was betrayed by one of his followers and captured. Prosser and twenty
five of his followers were hanged.
188. St. Charles Parish Slave Rebellion (1811)
A short-lived slave rebellion outside of New Orleans in January 1811 led by a
mulatto slave named Charles Deslondes. Around 500 gathered, attacked and
burned five plantations to the ground, and killed two white slave owners.
Unable to get the additional arms, the rebellion was put down with 100 slave
deaths. After a quick trial, Deslondes and ninety-five slaves were hanged and
their heads were placed on spikes and placed throughout the parish as a
warning to other slaves.
189. Denmark Vesey Rebellion (1822) Denmark Vesey,
a free mulatto man living in South Carolina, detestedslavery and took great
inspiration from stories of Israelite freedom from bondage in the Bible. He
planned for a major rebellion in 1822 in the city of Charleston.
His plan was simple. Armed slaves would position themselves outside the
houses of whites at night. Other slaves would start a major fire in the cityand
when the white men exited their homes to fight the fire, the slaves would kill
them.
Unfortunately, one of Vesey's companions turned him in to the authorities.
Vesey and the other 37 leaders were hanged, but the plot terrified southern
slave owners.
A scene from the play, “Denmark” at the historic
Biograph Theater. Denmark is an evocative drama
about freed slave Denmark Vesey, who allegedly
organized a slave rebellion in Charlestown, South
Carolina in 1822.
190. Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)
Slave uprising in 1831. A group of 60 slaves led by Nat Turner, who believed
he was a divine instrument sent to free his people, killed almost 60 Whites in
Virginia. This led to a sensational manhunt in which 100 Blacks were killed.
As a result, slave states strengthened measures against slaves and became
more united in their support of fugitive slave laws.
Nat Turner Short Film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wub3XUoQAgQ
191. Slave Rebellionsin the South:
Nat Turner, 1831
Nat Turner led 70 other slaves in the killing of 55 white men, women
and children. Turner and his men were later captured and hung.
192. Slaves Resisted!!
Slaves didn’t just sit back and
accept a life of servitude
Slaves resisted in a number of
ways including; escaping, slowing
down on the job, intentionally
doing a job wrong or participating
in violent rebellion.
Slaves also resisted by singing
spirituals, or religious folk songs
that often contained coded
messages.
Slave spirituals led to the creation
of both jazz and the blues.
Southern account of
Turner’s rebellion.
Nat Turner
Reward Poster
193. Slave Codes
Countless people were lynched in the South. Some African-
American woman were hanged for secretly teaching other
slaves how to read and write.
Strict laws enacted in the wake of the Nat Turner incident which restricted the
conduct and activities of slaves in order to keep them undercontrol.
• Slaves could not leave their master’s land without written consent.
• Made it a crime to teach slaves how to read or write so they couldn’t read
maps and make it easier to run away.
• Slaves could not testify in court against a whiteperson.
• Slaves could not possess any type of firearm
Slaves were required to carry passes fromtheir
masters if they were to leave the plantation.
Actor Richard Josey, portraying a slave, is
stopped and questioned by members of the
slave patrol performed as part of Enslaving
Virginia, a new program inWilliamsburg.
194. Slave Codes
Metal tags that slaves had to wear at all times when leaving their owner’s
property. If caught without the tags would merit severe punishment.
195. Slave Codes of the State of Georgia, 1848
Sec. I. Capital Offenses.
1. The following shall be considered as capital offences every and each of
these offences shall, on conviction, be punished with death.
• Insurrection, or an attempt to excite it committed by a slave or freeperson
of color.
• Committing a rape, or attempting it on a free whitefemale.
• Murder of a free white person, or murder of a slave or free person ofcolor.
• Poisoning of a human being.
Example of a Slave Code or Law #1
196. Slave Code of the State of Georgia, 1848
2. Punishment of free persons of color for encouraging slaves torunaway.
If any free person of color commits the offence of encouraging or enticing any
slave or slaves to runaway shall, for each and every such offence, on conviction,
be confined in the penitentiary at hard labor for oneyear.
3. Punishment for teaching slaves or free persons of color toread.
If any slave, Negro, or free person of color, or any white person, shall teachany
other slave, Negro, or free person of color, to read or write either written or
printed characters, the said free person of color or slave shall be punished by
fine and whipping, or fine or whipping, at the discretion of thecourt.
Example of a Slave Code or Law # 2
197.
198.
199. Notable Blacks in North America
Explorers
• Pedro Alonzo Nino- Navigator on Columbus’s Santa Maria is the 1st
recorded black man in “America”
• Juan Garrido- joins Ponce de Leon 1st black in Puerto Rico
• Africans are members of virtually all major exploration parties, including
Cortes, Pizarro, De Soto, & Balboa’s expedition claiming Pacific Ocean
for Spain
• Esteban – famous black explorer. Searched for 7 cities of Cibola
Early Americans (Colonial)
• William Tucker- 1st black child born in North America
• John Johnson- son of Anthony (Antonio) Johnson owned 800 acres of land
in 1651
• George Keith (white Quaker) 1st published protest against slavery in
North America
• Samuel Sewall (MA) writes The Selling of Joseph, urging emancipation
and education of all blacks in 1700.
• Onesimus- tells Cotton Mather about tribal practice of inoculation.
Mather tells Dr. Zabdiel Boylson who became the 1st to inoculate against
smallpox in 1721
200. Elizabeth Key’s father was a white Virginia
tobacco planter; her mother one of his
African indentured servants. When Key
was claimed as a slave later in her adult
life—rather than freed as an indentured
servant who had served her contract—
she brought one of the earliest
lawsuits—a freedom suit—to win her
freedom in court. In 1656, Key won
her case, mainly because her father was
a freeman and because she had been
baptized in the Christian faith as a child.
Key then married William Grinstead
(sometimes noted as Grinsted or
Greensted). However, by the late
1660s, the Virginia colony passed
laws that required a child’s slave
status be determined by the status of
the child’s mother and that being
baptized in the Christian faith could
not free a person from enslavement.
These laws institutionalized slavery in the
Virginia colony; one result of which was to
have enslaved labor for Virginia’s tobacco
plantations.
Elizabeth Key Grinstead (1630–1665)
201. (1731–1806) Banneker was born
into a free African American family
in Baltimore County, Maryland.
Mostly self-taught, he became an
accomplished mathematician,
scientist, and inventor. Banneker
was a key member of the team that
surveyed and laid out the plans for
the creation of Washington, D.C., to
serve as our nation’s capital. He
also published a popular almanac
and corresponded with Thomas
Jefferson (as the author of the
Declaration of Independence),
urging equal treatment
for all African Americans.
1754 he builds the 1st clock made
entirely in America even though he
had never seen one. It kept time
for over 20 yrs. Known as the 1st
black scientist.
Banneker, Benjamin
202. Notable African-Americans
• Anthony Benezet (1770)- opens school in Philadelphia to educate both
black & white students
• Blacks who fought for revolution
• Peter Salem, Samuel Craft, Casar Ferrit, John Ferrit, Pomp Blackman, Primas
Black, Epheram Blackman, James Armistead
• British promise freedom to any black to fight for them
• Prince Whipple, Oliver Cromwell, Pompey Lamb, Edward Hector, James Armstead
• Paul Cuffe (1780)- free black man in MA, refused to pay taxes without the
right to vote. (He lost the case)
• Lemuel Haynes (1780)- 1st black minister of congregational church
• In 1781, 44 men and women, at least 26 of whom were black, founded Los
Angeles
• Richard Allen and Absalom Jones (1787) form the Fee African Society in
Philly
• Prince Hall (1787)- Petition MA courts for funds to return to Africa;
forms the Negro Masonic Order in the US. 1st self-help fraternal org for
blacks, petitions state govt for equal schools for black children
• Andrew Bryan- founds 1st African Baptist Church in Savannah GA
203. Taken from her home in West Africa when
she was a young girl, Wheatley was not
considered strong enough to work in the
island or southern colonies. She ended up
enslaved in Boston, where she worked at
domestic tasks, but also learned to read
and write. Wheatley’s first poem was likely
published in 1767, when she was just 13
or 14 years old. She continued to write
poetry and her book, Poems on Various
Subjects, Religious and Moral, was
published in 1773. Wheatley’s book
became the first book of poems published
by an African American and only the
second book of poems ever published in
America by a woman. After Wheatley
gained her freedom, she struggled
economically, especially as the
Revolutionary War raged on and an
economic depression followed. Although
Wheatley continued to write and publish
her poems, she could only find work as a
scrubwoman or a charwoman and died in
poverty.
Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753–1784)
204. Equiano spent much of his
life at sea, as an enslaved
sailor and then after having
bought his freedom as a free
man. His voyages took him all
over the world and included
one that explored the Arctic,
hoping to find the elusive
Northwest Passage. In 1786,
he settled down in London,
England, and married.
Equiano became active in the
abolitionist movement and
wrote an autobiography to
support the efforts to end
slavery. His book also became
a best-seller, earning him
great fame and wealth.
Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745–1797)
205. Freeman, Elizabeth (c. 1742–
1829) Born into slavery as "Mum Bett,”
Bett lived in Western Massachusetts and
believed that she had a strong legal case
for freedom after ratification of the state
constitution of Massachusetts in 1780.
She enlisted legal help and brought a
lawsuit against her owner in a
Massachusetts court. After the hearing,
the jury decided that Bett should indeed
be free. Upon winning her freedom, Bett
changed her name to Elizabeth Freeman.
Her “freedom suit” paved the way for
others, which ultimately led to the
abolishment of slavery in Massachusetts in
1783. Once the first colony to legalize
slavery, Massachusetts became one of the
first states to abolish it—as a result of
Freeman’s efforts.
Mum Bett
Within 2 decades, 1820, every state in the
North outlawed slavery
206. Sojourner Truth
An African-American abolitionist and women's rightsactivist.
After going to court to recover her son, she became the first black womanto
win such a case against a white man.
During the Civil War,Truth helped recruit black troops for the UnionArmy.
207. Harriet Jacobs is one of the most famous
African-American slaves during the time of
the Civil War. She wrote her own
autobiography documenting the
experiences of her life as a slave in North
Carolina. They are as follows: Harriet
Jacobs’s autobiography Incidents in the
Life of a Slave Girl (1861)
She was orphaned as a child and formed a
bond with her maternal grandmother, Molly
Horniblow, who had been freed from
slavery. ... In an attempt to force the sale
of her children (who were bought by their
father and later sent to the North), Jacobs
escaped and spent the next seven years in
hiding. She lived in a little crawlspace for
seven years. It was so small she couldn’t
stand, sit, or walk. Finally, her friend Peter
finds her passage on a boat to
Philadelphia.
Harriet Jacobs
208. Notable Blacks
• John C. Stanley (1798)- (GA) freed and becomes a barber; he invest his
earnings in plantations, becoming one of the wealthiest and most
influential members of the community, he will buy and free numerous
slaves.
• James Forten- (1798) a sailmaker, invents a sail handling device
• Thomas L Jennings (1821)- 1st black patent holder (for a dry-cleaning
invention)
• James McCune Smith (1837)- 1st black physician in America
• Macon B Allen (1844)- 1st black attorney in US (moves to Boston)
• William A Leidesdorff (1845)- 1st black US diplomat in Mexican territory
• Benjamin F Roberts (1849)- sues city of Boston for denying his daughter
admission to a white public school. (precedent for “separate but equal”)
• Mary Jane Patterson (1862)- 1st black woman to graduate from college
(Oberlin)
• Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1864)- 1st female black physician
209. Abolitionists
Social reformers who wanted to end slavery.
Clotee's Diary [United Streaming] http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/CDEF0DC2-50E5-4F69-8721-33977944B82A
210. Abolitionists and the Anti-Slavery Movement
The effort to do away with slavery which began in the North in the 1700s.
It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after1840.
Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the
1830's to the Civil War.
211. American Colonization Society
Founded in 1817, this organization offered to buy slaves from southern
owners and send all slaves back to Africa (Liberia).
Abandoned after it was concluded it would be too costly.
Liberia
212. Neal Huff portrays William Lloyd
Garrison, editor of The Liberator, in
the PBS series ‘The Abolitionists.’
PBS: The Abolitionists
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PbxSl-U89w
William Lloyd Garrison
A New England abolitionist, who became the editor of the Boston publication,
The Liberator in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame
and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking
everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating
northern secession.
William Lloyd Garrison: One of the
leading Abolitionists in Massachusetts.
213. Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglas: Escaped from servitude in Baltimore
in 1838. He became the national voice of the abolitionist
{anti-slavery} movement.
Frederick Douglass [The Story of US]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FATFaZ7VOIc
African American abolitionist who escaped slavery in Maryland, educated
himself and became the most prominent African American speaker for the
abolition of slavery.
214. Grimke Sisters
Sarah and Angelina Grimke were members of a prominent slaveholding
family in South Carolina who became abolitionists and won national acclaim
for their passionate anti-slavery speeches.
Famous abolitionists Sarah and Angelina Grimke (as recreatedby
Susan Lenoe and Lani Peterson) PBS: The Abolitionists
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67Swj2usumY
215. Henry “Box” Brown
Henry Brown, a Virginia slave escaped to freedom by
shipping himself to Philadelphia. With a small supply of
biscuits, water, and a small hand drill, he got into a box and
was sealed inside. It was a long uncomfortable trip, but he
arrived to the Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia and
freedom twenty-six hours later. From that day on he was
known as Henry “Box” Brown, a hero to the anti-slavery
cause.
Henry “Box” Brown
“The Saga of Henry ‘Box’Brown”
is now a play presented by actors
on stage.
Behind the Scenes of Delivery..The Henry Box Brown Show
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Io7BH1dgWQ
216. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that denounced slavery as being an
evil institution.
In its first year of publication in 1852 over 300,000 copies were sold.
Copies of the anti-slavery novel, “Uncle Tom’s
Cabin.” This book fueled the anti-slavery
movement.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
When Lincoln met her shortly
after the Civil War began, he
amusingly stated "So you are the
little woman who wrote the book
that started this great war!"
217.
218. Underground Railroad (Not a Real Railroad)
A secret network began in 1831 of abolitionists, hiding places, safe houses, and
escape routes used to help slaves escape from the South to Canada.
Between 1831 to 1860, over 50,000 slaves escaped to freedom via the
Underground Railroad.
Members used code words such as “passenger” for a fugitive slave; “station” for a safe house or rest stop; “station master” for the
keeper of the safe house; and “conductors” for people who guided slaves on their road to freedom.
219. The Underground
Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a
large network of people who helped
fugitive slaves escape to the North and
to Canada.
It is estimated that up to 100,000 slaves
escaped the South with the help of
“conductors”, or guides. The most
famous of these guides was Harriet
Tubman.
Slaves escaping North would use a
series of “stations”, or safe houses to
rest in along the route.
The paths that slaves traveled towards
the North were known as “tracks”.
While slavery was outlawed in the
North, escaping slaves were not truly
free until they reached Canada.
This quilt shows the track
pattern which told escaped
slaves that this was a
“station”, or safe place.
Lawn Jockeys were used to
mark stations on the
underground railroad.
Harriet Tubman
220. Bethel AME Church
Greenwich Township
Holden House
Jersey City
Peter Mott House
Lawnside
Croft Farm
Cherry Hill
Wheatley’s
Burlington
* In 1745 there were about 4,000 slaves in New
Jersey, mostly in the southern part of the state.
221.
222. Underground Railroad Code Words
Baggage Escaping slaves
Bundles of wood Fugitives to be expected
Canaan Canada
Drinking gourd Big Dipper and the North star
Forwarding Taking fugitive slaves from station to station
Freedom Train The Underground Railroad
Gospel Train The Underground Railroad
Heaven or Promised land Canada
Load of Potatoes Escaping slaves hidden under the farm produce in a wagon
Moses Harriet Tubman
Parcel Fugitives to be expected
Preachers Leaders, speakers underground railroad
River Jordan The Mississippi
Shepherds People escorting slaves
Station Place of safety and temporary refuge, safe-house
Station Master Keeper of safe-house
Stockholder Donor of money, clothing, or food to the Underground Railroad
223. Underground Railroad Phrases
"The wind blows from the South today" A warning to Underground Railroad workers that
fugitive slaves were in the area.
"When the sun comes back and the first
quail calls”
A particular time of year good for escaping (early
spring)
"The river bank makes a mighty good
road”
A reminder that the tracking dogs can't follow the
scent through the water.
"The dead trees will show you the way" A reminder that moss grows on the NORTH side of
dead trees (just in case the stars aren't visible)
"Left foot, peg foot" A visual clue for escapees left by an Underground
Railroad worker famous because of his wooden leg.
"The river ends between two hills" A clue for the directions to the Ohio River
"A friend with friends" A password used to signal arrival of fugitives with
Underground Railroad conductor
"The friend of a friend sent me" A password used by fugitives travelling alone to
indicate they were sent by the Underground
Railroad network
"Steal away, steal away, steal away to
Jesus"
(Words to a song) - used to alert other slaves that
an escape attempt was coming up
224. Quilt Patterns Showed Secret Messages
The Monkey Wrench pattern
told slaves to gather up tools
and prepare to flee
The Drunkard Path design
warned escapees not to
follow a straight route
225. Harriet Tubman (1820-1913)
The Underground Railroad’s most famous conductor.
Nicknamed, “Moses” after the biblical character, Tubman escaped and made
more than 19 missions to rescue more than 300 slaves using the networkknown
as the Underground Railroad.
When the American Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army,first
as a cook and nurse, and then as an armed scout and spy.
There was a $40,000 bounty was placed on her head
Harriet Tubman [Story of US] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShAE2eWcvTw&index=6&list=PLqfl3 afvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV
Harriet Tubman [Horrible Histories] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsz5xIHyEWQ
226. Dred Scott Decision
AMissouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the
northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri
Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he
couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
Chief Justice Roger B.Taney
(pronounced "Tawny")
As chief justice, he wrote the
important decision in the Dred
Scott case, upholding policepower
of states and asserting the
principle of social responsibility of
private property. He was
Southern and upheld the fugitive
slave laws.
Dred Scott
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jECsex61lg
227. Decline of Slave Trade
• Olaudah Equiano (1745 – 1797) – slave who
bough his freedom after 21 years,
involved in the British abolition movement
• Haitian Rebellion at Saint Domingue of 1791 –
abolish slavery, gain independence, led by
Toussaint L’Ourverture (Chambers 598-600)
• British Slave Trade Act 1807 – abolishes slave trade,
but not slavery.
– Began with growing Christian duty, spread by new forms of
Protestantism, such as Quakerism to free the “oppressed
savage” (Rubenstein 267)
– Led by politicians William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson
• Treaty of Paris 1814 – includes agreement to end slave trade in
5 years, in 1814 Dutch outlaw slave trade too
• La Amistad (1839) – slave-led mutiny on ship from Sierra Leone
to Cuba => end up in U.S. court case, United States v. La Amistad,
survivors return to Africa in 1842
http://faculty.goucher.edu/mbell/
Master_of_the_Crossroads/Tlouv1.jpg
“God Almighty has set before me
two great objects, the
suppression of the slave trade
and the reformation of
manners.”
-William Wilberforce, 1759
228. James Somerset is a slave brought from Jamaica to England in 1769 by his
American master, Charles Stewart of Boston. Somerset escapes in 1771. But he is
recaptured and is put on board a ship bound for Jamaica, where he is to be sold.
Slaves brought to England by foreign masters have been a familiar feature of 18th-
century England, and their status as their masters' property has been generally
accepted. But Granville Sharp, an English campaigner against slavery, decides to
make a test case of Somerset's plight. He uses a writ of habeas corpus to have him
removed from the ship before it sails, on the grounds that Somerset's presence in
England has given him the status of a free man.
A lengthy case is held before the lord chief justice, Lord Mansfield. It drags on into
1772. No clear legal precedent can be found to decide the issue either way, but
eventually Mansfield frees Somerset on the grounds that slavery is so 'odious' that
the benefit of doubt must prevail on Somerset's behalf.
So the slave is freed and Charles Stewart is deprived of his property. The
judgement means that no more slaves are brought to England. And henceforth, if
any are forcibly taken out of the country, the deed is done secretly and illegally.
It might be called the beginning of its end, as the legal framework upon which
slavery was based began to crumble, at least in England, beginning with the
landmark decision in Somerset v. Stewart.
The Argument Against Slavery and the Somerset Case of 1772
229. William Wilberforce
• member of British Parliament
• dedicated to the abolition of slavery
Abolition of Slavery in Britain
The abolitionist Thomas Clarkson had an
enormous influence on Wilberforce. He
and others were campaigning for an end
to the trade in which British ships were
carrying black slaves from Africa, in
terrible conditions, to the West Indies as
goods to be bought and sold. Wilberforce
was persuaded to lobby for the abolition
of the slave trade and for 18 years he
regularly introduced anti-slavery motions
in parliament.
• 1807 – 263 to 16 vote in favor of abolishing
transatlantic slave
• Slavery ended in 1833 British Empires
230. Missouri Compromise (1820)
It called for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a freestate.
In addition, the southern boundary of Missouri, 36°30' N, would become a
dividing line for any new states admitted to the Union.
All new states north of that line would be Free states, while those to the south
would be slave states; it was designed to maintain the balance of powerin
Washington, DC.
231. Wilmot Proviso
Bill proposed by David Wilmot 1846 that advocated banning slavery from any
land taken from Mexico. Northerners embraced the idea, but southerners
denounced it. Congress eventually voted down the Wilmot Proviso, especially in
the South.
David Wilmot, a abolitionist congressman from
Massachusetts proposed that slavery should be
banned in the lands taken from Mexico at the
conclusion of the Mexican-American War.
232. State's Rights
Belief that the federal government should restrict itself to powers specifically
stated in the Constitution, and that all else should be left to thestates.
This issue is a direct outgrowth of the South's fear that the North would pass laws that
would hurt its lifestyle.
''All we ask is to
be left alone.''
Jefferson Davis of Mississippi
233. Prigg v. Pennsylvania 1842
The Pennsylvania legislature passed laws in
1788 and 1826 prohibiting the removal of
Negroes out of the state for the purpose of
enslaving them. In 1832, a black woman named
Margaret Morgan moved from Maryland to
Pennsylvania. Although she was never formally
emancipated, her owner John Ashmore granted
her virtually full freedom. Ashmore's heirs wanted
her returned as a slave and sent Edward Prigg to
capture her in Pennsylvania. After returning
Morgan to Maryland, Prigg was convicted in a
Pennsylvania court for violating the 1826 law.
Prigg unsuccessfully argued before the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court that both the 1788
and 1826 laws violated the constitutional
guarantee of extradition among states and the
federal government's Fugitive Slave Law of 1793.
Morgan was property so Prigg did not kidnap her.
• South opposed states rights of the North.
234. Confederates opposed states’ rights
On Dec. 24, 1860, delegates at South Carolina’s secession convention adopted a
“Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of
South Carolina from the Federal Union.” It noted “an increasing hostility on the
part of the non-slaveholding States to the institution of slavery” and protested that
Northern states had failed to “fulfill their constitutional obligations” by interfering
with the return of fugitive slaves to bondage. Slavery, not states’ rights, birthed the
Civil War.
South Carolina was further upset that New York no longer allowed “slavery
transit.” In the past, if Charleston gentry wanted to spend August in the Hamptons,
they could bring their cook along. No longer — and South Carolina’s delegates
were outraged. In addition, they objected that New England states let black men
vote and tolerated abolitionist societies. According to South Carolina, states
should not have the right to let their citizens assemble and speak freely when what
they said threatened slavery.
235. John C. Calhoun
Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the
North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep
the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states'rights.
We are serfs of
the system… The
survival of the
South is at stake.
236. Doctrine of Nullification
The belief that states have the right to nullify (ignore or cancel) anyfederal
law they believe is unconstitutional.
Calhoun believed the southern states had the right to
secede, and he openly voiced his opinion. President
Jackson viewed this act as treason and threatened to arrest
Calhoun and hang him.
237. South Carolina Nullification Crisis (1832)
Crisis in 1832 when South Carolina threatened to invoke the doctrine of
nullification and secede from the Union if offensive tariffs were not repealed.
238. Tariffs
Levied against imported and manufactured goods, once again hurting the
South and the economy to raise money for the federal government andhelp
Northern industries. Raw good were not taxed.
+$1 Import Tax
Made in Northern
United States
Cost = $4.00
Made in Great
Britain
Cost = $5.00
239. Why Northerners Wanted Tariffs
1860 tariffs bought in almost 95% of the Fed Govt revenue
Used for building railroads and canals
241. Secession was about tariffs and taxes
At the 150th anniversary of South Carolina's secession. At the infamous Secession
Ball in South Carolina, hosted in December in 2010 by the Sons of Confederate
Veterans, “the main reasons for secession were portrayed as high tariffs and
Northern states using Southern tax money to build their own infrastructure,” The
Washington Post reported.
242. Tariffs
conflicting statements
A hasty settlement of Morrill Tariff of 1861 at the peak of the secession crisis
somewhat carelessly weakened the Union’s geopolitical position in Europe at
the outset of the war. It also provided an unintended boost for the
Confederacy’s early attempts to coax diplomatic recognition and support
from Great Britain, and shaped the direction of American tariff policy for the
next half century.
These explanations are flatly wrong. Contrary to a popular strain of postwar
mythology, tariffs DID NOT “cause” the Civil War. High tariffs did play an important
role in the early secessionist theory aka the Nullification Controversy in 1831-33,
when, after South Carolina demanded the right to nullify federal laws or secede in
protest, President Andrew Jackson threatened force. No state joined the
movement, and South Carolina backed down.
Tariffs were not an issue in 1860, and Southern states said nothing about them.
Why would they? The reemergence of the tariff issue after the Panic of 1857 added
additional stresses to the existing national fissure over slavery. Southerners had written
the tariff of 1857, under which the nation was functioning. Its rates were lower than
at any point since 1816.
243. Compromise of 1850
• 1849, California Gold Rush
– Qualified for statehood
• Controversy
– California wanted to enter as a free state
• Opposed by the South
• Part of CA was below the Missouri
Compromise line
• Debate in Congress
– Henry Clay (free)
– John C. Calhoun (slave)
• Two questions to answer
– Are slaves property?
– Should Congress make the decision about slavery?
Webster
Clay
Calhoun
244. Compromise of 1850
• Henry Clay proposed a
compromise to determine
whether California would be
a free or slave state
• Daniel Webster and John C.
Calhoun debated for days
245. Compromise of 1850
1. Admitted California to the Union as a free state and declaredthe
unorganized western territories free as well.
2. Utah and New Mexico territories were allowed to decide the issueby
popular sovereignty.
3. Abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitiveslave
laws.
Slave auctions were banned in Washington, D.C. so not
to leave a negative impression with foreign dignitaries.
However, slavery was allowed to continue since many
Southern congressman brought along their house
servants (i.e. slaves.)
246.
247. Birth of the Republican Party
In 1854, a coalition of northern Democrats, Whigs, and Free-Soilers who
opposed slavery came together to form this politicalparty.
248. Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Proposed by Senator
Stephen A. Douglas (IL)
• Divided Kansas into two
new territories, KS and
NE
• Popular Sovereignty
• Ignored the MO
Compromise of 1820-36’
30” line
• Favored by the South
• Passed after a fierce
debate in Congress
Stephen A. Douglas
249. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrineof
congressional non-intervention in the territories. Popular sovereignty (vote of
the people) would determine whether Kansasand Nebraska would be slave or
free states.
Its guidelines effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise and reignitedthe
slavery issue and resulted in a bloody civil war within Kansas.
Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 Video
250. Bleeding Kansas
• Free staters and slave owners
moved to Kansas for the vote
• Two territorial governments
were set up
– Shawnee and Topeka
– Both made laws intended
to govern the whole state
• May 1856, proslavery
Kansasans launched a raid
against Lawrence
– Two free staters were
killed
• John Brown led counterattack
at Pottawotamie Creek
• First major violence
over slavery
251. Charles Sumner (1856) Charles Sumner gave
a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes
against Kansas and singled out the elderly SenatorAndrew
Butler of South Carolina for extra abuse. Sen. Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks
beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the
first Republican martyr.
Following the caning of Charles Sumner by U.S.
Representative Preston Brooks, hundreds of
southerners sent him canes to show their support
with inscribed massages such as, “Hit HimAgain.”
Preston Brooks
Charles Sumner
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-AU5zgyUYQ
252. Bleeding Kansas
Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from
Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansasand
terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizersfrom
Kansas carried out reprisal attacks.
The violence continued for four years before the antislavery forceswon.
254. John Brown & Pottawatomie Creek
John Brown and Bleeding Kansas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUp1cS2ec0M
John Brown a radical abolitionist who some considered a madman [because he
claimed to hear God’s voice speaking to him] wanted to free slaves without
payment to their owners.
Feared by Southerners as well as by fellow abolitionists, John Brown and his
sons murdered five pro-slavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek on May 24,1856
during the Bleeding Kansas conflict.
In May 1856, John Brown joined by six of his sons, dragged five unarmed pro-slavery men and boys
from their homes along Kansas's Pottawatomie Creek, and hacked and dismembered their bodies as if
they were cattle being butchered in astockyard.
255. Ten members of Brown’s party died in the raid
(including two of Brown's sons), four townsmen, and
one marine. Seven of Brown's men escaped, but two
were later captured.
Lt. Colonel
Robert E. Lee
was dispatched
to end John
Brown’s raid at
Harper’s ferry.
John Brown's Raid (1859)
Plot led by John Brown, in which he and a band of radical abolitionists attacked
the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry and seize weapons and give them to slaves
who could then rise up in armed rebellion. The plan failed
256. John Brown’s Trial
At his trial, John Brown was found guilty and sentenced to hang.
On the morning of his execution, December 2, he wrote out with a steady hand
his final prophecy, “I am quite certain that the crimes of this guilt land will
never be purged away but with blood.” Within a year the country will be at
war over slavery.
John Brown’s Trial [The Blue & the Gray] http://www.zikibay.com/brown/vid_bluegray.html
258. Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
A series of seven debates between Stephen Douglas & Abraham Lincoln forthe
vacant Senate seat in Illinois.
The two debated the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty and
the Dred Scott decision. In the end, Douglas won these debates becausehe
convinced voters that Lincoln was a radical abolitionist.
Abraham Lincoln an Illinois lawyer
ran for the Illinois state Senate, but
lost to Stephen Douglas in 1858. In
1860, Lincoln became the first
Republican elected as U.S. president.
Although Lincoln disliked slavery, he
never planned to abolish slavery until
after the Civil War began.
Lincoln and Douglas were friends
despite their heated debates in the
1858 senate election.
Illinois
259. Lincoln's “House Divided” Speech
In his speech for his nomination to
the Senate in June, 1858, Lincoln
paraphrased from the Bible: "A
house divided against itself cannot
stand."
He continued, "I do not believe this
government can continue half slave
and half free, I do not expect the
Union to be dissolved.
I do not expect the house to fall, but
I do believe it will cease to be
divided."
263. Lincoln won the election dispute not being placed on several
Southern states’ voting ballots.
Election of Abraham Lincoln & Southern Secession [Story of US]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-l8FJShCsE&index=9&list=PLqfl3 afvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV
264. Secede
Refers to the withdrawal of one (or more) states from the Union that
constitutes the United States; but it may refer to leaving a state or territory
to form a separate territory or new state, or to the severing of an area froma
city or county within a state.
267. Foreign National Issues
• South wanted help from Britain or France
– Elites in Britain and France were openly supportive
of South
– Working classes in Britain and France strongly
favored North
• Wanted abolition; believed that if North won,
slavery would be abolished
268. • Britain depended on South for 75% of their
cotton; but doesn’t need all their cotton:
– Large shipments in 1857 – 1860 gave Britain
surpluses that lasted first 1 1/2 years of war
– India became a larger provider of cotton in 1857
– By time surpluses ran out, Lincoln had announced
emancipation, putting English working class firmly
behind North
• North sent wheat and corn to England
– North had plentiful harvests; Britain had series of bad
harvests and If England broke Northern blockade, US
would cut off shipments of corn and wheat
269. • Late 1861 – the Trent affair
– Union ship stopped a British ship and arrested 2
Confederate diplomats going to Europe
– Angry British prepared for war but slow
communications allowed passions to cool down
– Lincoln released the 2 prisoners (“One war at a time”)
• British-built Confederate commerce raiders
– British laws allowed the ships to be built in England,
sail away unarmed, and then pick up guns later
– Alabama was most famous; captured over 60 US
merchant marine ships before being sunk in 1864
– Over 250 US ships captured by raiders
270. • Mexico
– 1863 – Napoleon III (France) occupied
Mexico and put Maximilian into power
•Flagrant violation of Monroe Doctrine
– Napoleon had hoped that US would lose
war and be unable to stop France
– 1865 – US threatened war against
France if French did not withdraw
– Napoleon withdrew French Army;
Maximilian overthrown and killed
271. President Davis Versus Lincoln
• Davis as a leader
– Stubborn leader who sometimes defied public
– Micromanaging every detail of war
– Had to deal with STATE RIGHTS
CONFEDERATES who often refused to help
confederacy outside of their own states
