1. 1
By-catch in
Indonesian fisheries
A desk study – October 2005
Imam Musthofa Zainudin and Lida Pet-
Soede
WWF-Indonesia
Marine Program, Bali Jeff Building
Jl Raya Puputan 488, Renon
Denpasar 80226, Indonesia
Phone +62 361 231805; Fax 231803
2. 1
Table of Contents
I Introduction...............................................................................................................................2
1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................2
1.2 Objective ...........................................................................................................................2
1.3 Methods.............................................................................................................................3
II By-catch in fisheries – a global context ..................................................................................3
III Developments in Indonesian Fisheries ..................................................................................5
3.1 History and tradition.........................................................................................................5
3.2 Developments in offshore fisheries ..................................................................................5
IV Brief description of Indonesian fishing gears, capture methods and occurrence of by-catch
.....................................................................................................................................................6
4.1 Hook and Line Fishing..................................................................................................7
4.2 Trawl fishing.................................................................................................................9
4.3 Gill Net........................................................................................................................10
4.4 Lift Net........................................................................................................................11
4.5 Seine nets ....................................................................................................................13
4.6 Other methods.............................................................................................................14
V Brief description of impacts of fisheries interaction with endangered species .....................15
5.1 Turtles .........................................................................................................................15
5.2 Cetaceans ....................................................................................................................15
5.4 Sea Birds .....................................................................................................................17
5.5 Other Species ..............................................................................................................17
VI Some cases and anecdotes ...................................................................................................17
6.1 By-catch in the Arafura Sea ........................................................................................17
6.2 By-catch in East Kalimantan.......................................................................................19
VII BY-CATCH MITIGATION EFFORTS ............................................................................20
7.1 Modification of fishing gear ...........................................................................................21
7.2 Prohibition of fishing gear ..............................................................................................22
7.3 Closed seasons and closed areas .....................................................................................22
7.4 Improve on-board management practices.......................................................................23
7.5 Capacity building for effective release of captured turtles .............................................23
7.6 WWF-Indonesia’s program for reducing by-catch.........................................................23
REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................26
Annexes.....................................................................................................................................27
Reference:
By-catch in Indonesian Fisheries – a desk study. Musthofa Zainudin, I., and Pet-Soede, C., 2005.
WWF-Indonesia report. 39pp.
Acknowledgements:
This publication was made with grant support provided by NOAA-Fisheries and by WWF-US
from a US-AID grant. The authors wish to thank Ryan Walker who conducted a lot of literature
research during his field study into by-catch of Bunaken pelagic fisheries. His stud ent project was
partially funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Further, we like to thank the
various staff of different departments of the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Affairs who have
provided reports and anecdotes used in this report. The drawings were copied from an old poster
produced by the Fisheries Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and from Bailey et al. 1987.
3. 2
I Introduction
1.1 Background
Marine turtles are recognized as being particularly vulnerable to overexploitationdue to their
complex life-cycles and biology. Very few offspring survive and it takes decades for them to
reach maturity. Provided they reach maturity, they can be long-lived, spending different parts of
their live-cycle in a wide range of habitats, from beaches, inshore coral reefs and sea-grass
meadows to the open ocean. They are also highly migratory, their range often spanning the waters
of several nations and the high seas. As such, every part of the lifecycle of marine turtles is
critical to their conservation.
Given the complexity of marine turtle niches and life cycle stages, these charismatic species are
vulnerable to a wide range of impacts. Two most significant direct impacts on sea turtles in the
Asia-Pacific region have been identified as the over-harvesting of eggs and adult turtles and the
incidental mortality in fisheries interactions and with discarded fishing gear. In addition,
destruction of vital feeding and nesting grounds as a result of increasing coastal development,
tourism and destructive fishing practices are all having significant impacts on key habitats
supporting these species.
The Indonesian industrial marine fishery has developed over time and is comprised of a fleet that
operates from fishing ports throughout the archipela go mostly with medium scale vessels. The
range of industrial operation includes all of Indonesia’s waters and the Indian and Pacific oceans.
Additionally, inshore coastal small to medium scale operations occur along most of Indonesia’s
81,000 KM of coastline. Preceding a field assessment on the actual occurrence of interactions
between the Indonesian industrial and coastal fleet and marine turtles, this report presents a desk
study into by-catch in the broadest sense and the Indonesian fishery.
By-catch or incidental catch is a common problem in most fisheries around the world. Old
publications indicate that between 18 and 40 million tons are discarded annually by commercial
fisheries, making up 20-25% of total harvest (Alverson et al., 1994). By-catch not only reduces
fish population, but also wastes a potentially valuable food source. Indications of stock depletion
(steady catch levels, declining catch per unit effort CpUE) in Southern Sulawesi, Mallacca Straits,
Java shelf and Sahul point to maximum sustainable yields (MSY) having been exceeded in these
areas and indicate that this fishery is severely over exploited (Venema 1997). By-catch of ‘trash
fish’ is estimated to account for up to 50% of the total catch, approximately 30% of which
consists of juveniles of target species and so it is a significant issue for demersal fisheries
management.
All of the above issues have led to international efforts to reduce by-catch (FAO, 1995; Japanese
Fisheries Agency, 1995). This desk study report aims to illustrate what is known about by-catch
in Indonesian fisheries today.
1.2 Objective
• Summarize what is known about by-catch in Indonesian fisheries.
• Describe generally the issue of by-catch to allow for increased understanding of the reader.
• Provide a first basis for discussions on mitigation of by-catch in Indonesia.
4. 3
1.3 Methods
This report brings information gathered from published and un-published reports and internet
searches. It starts with the global context of the by-catch issue and is followed with a brief
overview of historic development of the Indonesian fisheries and its regulatory context. Then a
more detailed description of the various gear types commonly used in Indonesia precedes the
comparison of gears for their potential of interaction with marine turtles or other mega fauna. The
report ends with a brief description of the joint plan for action created by the tuna long-line
industry, the research department of the ministry of fisheries and WWF.
II By-catch in fisheries – a global context
Discards and by-catch of non-target species or undersized target species form some component of
the catch of almost all fishing activities (Alverson 1999). King (1995) explains how all forms of
fishing are likely to have an effect on the ecosystem, even when the gear is highly selective and a
single species is targeted. When methods are less selective a large number of by-catch or ‘trash’
fish may be caught with a much greater potential for damaging effects on the ecosystem. For
example when by-catch species and target species are equally susceptible to the fishing gear but
by-catch species are present at lower biomass, fishing of the gear at maximum sustainable yield
MSY estimated for target species may result in extinction of the by-catch species. By-catchis a
very general term for every species or individual organism captured by a fishing operation that is
not the intended target species. By-catch can be categorized depend ing on its fate after landing.
McCaughran (1992) terms all retained catch of non-target species, of marketable or use value as
Incidental catch while Discarded catch, is that portion of the catch returned to the sea as a result
of economic, legal, or personal consideration.
By-catchand discarding have captured the attention and scrutiny of interest groups and the public
due to the perceived waste of potentially valuable fish, killing and harassment of protected
species, and the inefficient use of available resources. Saila (1983) estimated annual global
discards to be 6.72 ton (12% of total landings), this surprisingly large figure stimulated efforts to
gather better data. Andrew & Pepperell (1992) estimated a global by-catch of 16.7 million ton per
year for shrimp fisheries alone, exceeding Saila’s (1983) estimate by a factor of 2.5. Alversonet
al. (1994) estimated that 27 million ton was discarded annually, based on an annual target catch
of 77 million ton. By-catch is not a phenomenon that exists by itself; it is simply the result of
deficiencies in fisher’s ability to select what they harvest from the ocean (Hall et al. 2000). The
main determining factor of volume and composition of by-catchis the selectivity of the gear
employed, fishing effort and the nature and selectivity used by fishers before and during
deployment (Garcia & Hall 1996, Hall et al. 2000, Alverson et al. 1994).
Much has been documented about the by-catch of the world tuna fisheries, which includes
elasmobranch species (FAO 1994; Williams 1999; Francis et al. 2001), seabirds (Brothers 1991)
marine mammals (Balazs & Pooley 1994; Bolton et al. 1996; Hall 1996) and other non-target fish
species (Garcia & Hall 1996). One of the first fisheries to come under public pressure for its
apparent disregard and high mortality of non-target species was the eastern Pacific tuna fishery.
In the early years, groups of dolphins (Stenella attenuata) and (S. longirostris) would be encircled
by the purse seines of the tuna fishing fleets, due to the dolphin’s association with the target
species. This resulted in the mortality of millions of dolphins (Hall 1996). The introduction of the
Marine Mammal Protection Act, in the USA, made the presence of observers on the boats and the
use of certain gears and procedures mandatory. Fishers began to avoid pods of those species
whose behavior made themmore vulnerable. They also changed deployment conditions, avoiding
5. 4
areas with strong currents, or at night (Hall et al. 2000). Additional changes included net
modifications, such as development of a fine mesh panel to reduce entanglements, and a highly
motivated hand rescue effort based on rafts, swimmers and divers (Hall et al. 2000). This coupled
with pressure form some animal protection groups convincing some sectors of the canning
industry to launch a “dolphin safe” policy, caused a decline in dolphin by-catch. Hall (1996)
states that dolphin mortality due to fishery declined 97%, by 1995 from its peak of about 133,000
dolphins in 1986. Average mortality per set has declined by 96%, while the fisheries effort has
only declined by 20%. Garcia & Hall (1996) also describe other by-catch produced by the same
fishery, including undersized tuna and other pelagic species such as rainbow runner (Elagatis
bipinnulata), mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) and sharks (Sphyrna spp. and Carcharhinus
limbatus). Williams (1999) comments that blue sharks (Prionace glauca)are particularly
susceptible to tuna long lines set in the Central Pacific.
The capture and subsequent wasting of large quantities of undesired catch during large-scale
commercial fishing operations for large pelagic fisheries impacts a number of important,
threatened species including whales, turtles and sharks and results in loss of juveniles and non-
target species. Legal loopholes such as the allowance of whale meat as by-catch provide means
by which whale meat can be consumed in Japan and South Korea and it is possible that there are
Taiwanese and South Korean commercial operations in Indonesia that are capturing whales for
export as by-catch.
Shrimp fisheries are known to have very high by-catch rates and shrimp trawlers are further
destructive to both shallow shelf benthic habitats and near-shore water quality. Nasution (1997)
reported that trawlers in the Arafura Sea have an average of 80% by-catch, including sea snakes,
finfish, shellfish and sometimes dugong and turtles. Most of the by-catch dies in the net and 95%
is discarded as ‘trash’ in the sea. Turtles caught as by-catch are often traded or set aside for the
Bali market. Also in Indonesia, shrimp trawlers are required to fit a TED (turtle excluding device)
but because this also results in lower shrimp catches, these TED are reportedly carried on the top
of the boat and are only fitted to the nets before entering port. Shrimp trawling is technically
confined to the Arafura Sea but shrimp fisheries using net or platform based fishing techniques
exist in many other coastal and estuary areas. For by-catchof turtles, sharks, dolphins and whales,
the by-catch is often more lucrative than the target fishery, providing few incentives to reduce by-
catch levels.
The FAO Code of Conduct for responsible fisheries does not specifically define the terms for by-
catch, discards or waste, but mentions all three in various articles. The Code is voluntary, but
urges states and fisheries management organizations to adopt appropriate measures to reduce by-
catch, discards and waste. The Indonesian government aided by international agencies such as
NOAA appropriately focuses on better managing the large-industrial scale by-catch, especially
for the shrimp trawl fishery. However, the characteristics of coastal small-scale fisheries in
Indonesia, and the fact that millions of coastal communities along Indonesian 81,000 km of
coastline engage daily in this type of fishery, call for an assessment of the relevance and
importance of addressing by-catch for small-scale fisheries as well.
The Indonesian coastal fishery as a whole is multi-gear and multi-species, but also within one
single gear, a variety of species are caught, while not all species are equally desirable by the
fisher due to differences in edibility or value. While gear operated by mostly small- to medium
scale fishers may not allow for perfect species-selective or size-selective catches, many fishers do
identify only a small number of species as their targetspecies. The by-catch can have significant
value, as bait or even consumed or sold at particular markets. In Indonesia since mid-1980s,
6. 5
following the high demand for fresh tuna particularly from Japan, increased use of long-lines also
enlarged the pressure on sharks as they end up as by-catch. Shark fins fetch high prices on Asian
markets and were a welcome by-catch. Sometimes, new markets develop as a result of people
looking to sell their by-catch. In Indonesia, the Southern Blue-Fin Tuna was caught as a by-catch
of the bigeye/yellowfin fishery at first (Raymakers 1998).
While thus most by-catch of Indonesian fisheries has an economic importance and is not
discarded, in some reported cases this further threatens populations of already rare and
endangered species. In Indonesia, little hard data exists on by-catch and discards.
III Developments in Indonesian Fisheries
3.1 History and tradition
Indonesia declared its 200 miles Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) on March 21, 1980 and
created supportive legislation in law number UU No. 5 of 1983. With this Indonesia declared its
sovereign rights on all natural resources (land, waters and air) for these territorial waters
(Simorangkir 2000).
As a big archipelagic country, Indonesia has about 17,500 islands, of which5,700 adjoin and
have a name. Indonesian waters span 3.1 million square kilometers of which2.8 million are
archipelagic waters and 0.3 million are territorial waters. The area of 2.7 million square
kilometers is the EEZ. Indonesia has 80,791 kilometers of coastal line.
The fishing tradition in Indonesia goes back a long time. History has recorded evidence that
Indonesian forefathers dominate archipelagic waters, and even could walk across the sea all the
way to the shores of Madagascar in South Africa. In the old days of the Sriwijaya kingdom and
the Bugis-Makasar kingdoms, Indonesia was clearly a nation with large maritime communities.
Later, pushed by colonial expansion for production of agricultural goods, people moved inland.
President Soeharto declared in 1996 Indonesia again as maritime nation encouraging people to
develop again their true maritime soul.
Some capacity building and training programs were developed around late 1970s where training
vessels supported by Japan aid were used by several fisheries schools throughout Indonesia. One
of the first gears used at these training vessels was tuna long-line. In exchange for handing over
the 345.53 ton training vessel called “Mandidihang” by Japan, on May 31, 1977 in Tanjung Priok,
Indonesia gave 100 fishing permits for 1 year to the Japanese tuna long-line industry for
operations in the Banda Seas (Simorangkir, 2000).
3.2 Developments in offshore fisheries
Over time, Indonesian fisheries developed in three main ways (Sudirman and Mallawa, 2004):
- Overall fishing effort measured in number of units increased.
- Fishing grounds that were further away were increasingly fished, and
- Mechanic power replaced human power.
The richness of Indonesia’s 200-mile zone is not accurately estimated due to constraints in
research infrastructure and funds, but based on an evaluation of natural resources for marine
fisheries in Indonesian waters and the EEZ conducted by the Directorate General Fisheries and
the department for Research and Development of the Ministry of Agriculture in 1983, Indonesia’s
7. 6
potential harvest in the EEZ could be 2.1 million tons of fish per year. The fish resources in the
200 mile zone include small pelagic fish (Scads, Long-jawed mackerel, Blue-spotted trevally,
Fringe scale sardinella), big pelagic fish (tuna, marlin) and demersal fish. At that time, the
estimated potential catch of tuna was 83 000 ton, pelagic fish1 285 000 ton and demersal fish 647
000 ton (Simorangkir 2000).
According to Simorangkir (2000), in 1977, only one company operated in the 200-mile zone of
Indonesia. This Bali-based company, “Perikanan Samodra Besar Ltd. (PSB)” had 18 vessels
operatingin West Sumatra, South Java, south of Christmas island, South West Australia, Flores
Sea, Banda Sea, Timor Sea, Arafura Sea, and even in 1974 it operated in east and west Nicobar
Islands at 170 miles from Sabang. In those days the furthest away that PSB operated was 1222
km from Indonesia’s coast, at the southern latitude 19 and easternlongitude 113. PSB especially
caught tuna with long-line and has operated since July 1973 until September 1975 with Japanese
experts but after that with Indonesian crew.
The first success of PSB in exporting fresh tuna was followed by Sari Segara Utama Ltd. that had
5 tuna vessels in 1987 and was taken over by Bali Raya Ltd.Co. reducing to 3 tuna vessels in
1988. In 1989 more tuna companies started using Muara Baru in Jakarta as an operational base
for tuna fishing. Those companies are Indomina Ltd.Co., Mina Sanega Pertiwi Ltd.Co., Mulya
Muara Samudera Ltd.Co., Rumpun Air Mas Ltd.Co., Kusuma Mina Nusa Ltd.Co., Mina Asih
Ltd.Co., Catos Marina Ltd.Co., and Banyu Sewu Bahtera Ltd.Co. (Simorangkir 2000) (Figure 1).
Vessel Amount of Tuna Longlines in Indonesia
(1986-1990)
49 71
326
496
583
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Year
VesselAmount
Source: Simorangkir, 2000. Notes: in 1990, 27 % or 155 that use Indonesian flag and the others
(341) are foreign vessels.
IV Brief description of Indonesian fishing gears, capture methodsand
occurrence of by-catch
In Indonesia, the officially recognized fishing gears include 27 types. Demersal fish are
commonly found near the seabed and are generally abundant on the shallower parts of continental
shelves with a depth range of 10-60 m, (concurrent with the distribution of the small pelagic
fishery). Large-scale demersal fishery operations are largely confined to the Sunda and Sahul
shelves, whereas the small-scale artisanal and subsistence fisheries characteristic of coastal
villages is found throughout the region.
8. 7
The 27 different fishing gears fall in 7 main categories of techniques: Hook and Line, Trawl, Gill
Nets, Lift Nets, Seine Nets, Traps, and other gear such as blast fishing cyanide fishing and
collection of shell fish and seaweed. A brief description of the use of these techniques follows
below.
4.1 Hook and Line Fishing
Line fishing comprises string and hooks. Often the hooks are baited with fish or artificial bait and
other commonly used additional devices include buoys and weights. Types of line fishing include
Pole and Line and Long-Line. In Annex A, a table categorizing non-target species caught during a
field study on by-catch in pole and line fisheries off North Sulawesi is presented.
Pole and line
Pole and line fisheries in Indonesia target especially Skipjack tuna. The basic principle of this
technique is to attract schooling target fish by throwing bait or chum in the water and by spraying
water on the surface mimicking a baitfish bowl. Once a school of target fish surrounds the boat,
the angles start fishing using mostly artificial bait and hooks with no barbs. Castro and Williams
(2004) describe pole and line gear as follows:
Pole and line catches are often for local market as the size of the fish is too small for export, also
when the fisher is not-experienced the catch gets damaged and disqualifies for export.
Gambar dari umpan dan
bagian dari Pole and line
Stick
This section made from old bamboo and well elasticity. Common use is yellow bamboo. Length of stick 2-
2.5 m with diameter 3-4 cm on the handle stick and 1-1.5 cm on peak stick.
Main line
Made from polyethylene with main line length 1.5-2 m depending on length of user, fishing technique, height
boat and spraying water distance. Line diameter is 0.5 cm (no 7).
Secondary Line
Made from monofilament (white line) as substitution of wire leader with total length 20 cm. it’s to prevent
main line lost from fish bite.
Hook
Hook without barb for easy removal. Hook no. 2.5-2.8. On the hook artificial bait.
9. 8
Long-line
There are several types of long-line:Bottom long line/ set long line and drift long-line or Tuna
long-line. Bottom long-line is often placed to catch demersalfish, and drift long-line for pelagic
fish. Additional devices include buoys and often flags. There are differences in boat size, and
number of crew. Simorangkir (2000) described commonly used long-line design as:
Table 1. Size of long-line vessel, number of baskets, length of sets (Sudirman and Mallawa,
2000).
20 100 14 29,9
50 150 21 38,9
70 200 29 53,7
100 250 36 66,7
150 350 50 92,6
200 370 53 98,2
300 430 62 114,8
Basket
Numbers
GT
(ton)
Total Length
(mil)
Total Length
(km)
Fish bait used on tuna long-line vessels includes squid or fish with shiny scales and strong spines
and are mostly mackerel and scads. Optimum bait length is between 15-20 cm. Bait must be
fresh. Normal operation sees that baskets with line previously prepared are placed at the back of
the boat, crew set a float to the float line, drop it in the ocean and start putting bait to the
individual hooks, dropping them over board one by one. The end of the line gets a flag strapped
to it. After 4 hours, the line is hauled with a machine picking up the main line and crew picking
up the branch lines. Capture of non-target fish is common.
Every hook is connected to the branch line (23 m long). Each branch line is strapped to the main line (55 m
long). At each end of the main line there is a float line (22m long). One set is usually comprised of six mai n
lines, five branch lines and one float line called one basket. At sea, the main line position is horizontal to the
surface waters whereas branch line is vertical and depending on the number of branch lines sagging of the
main line can be up to 70% .
Pole and line fishing is aimed at catching tuna and the gear is deployed only on visual confirmation of tuna
schools in the area. As these tuna scho ols often feed near dolphin schools, there is the potential that a pole
and line fisher catches a dolphin but in practice this does not happen, explained by the fishers as a result of
the intelligence of the dolphins.
Figure oflong-line
10. 9
Trolling hook and line
For the live reef food fish trade, hook and line gear has been deployed as alternative to use of
cyanide to capture groupers and keep them alive. The gear is trolled behind a boat mostly with
artificial bait or stationary hook and line gear is deployed, mostly with bait. While the size of the
bait (artificial or real) and the position of the gear allows for relatively selective fishing, fishers
still relate of difficulties to catch just the right species or size. Thus, many reef fish end up as by-
catch to this fishery for live groupers. The by-catch is mostly used immediately as bait (cut to
pieces) or is taken home for consumption and it is hardly wasted (except for captured puffer fish
that are discarded immediately).
4.2 Trawl fishing
Trawl fishing was the main reason why Indonesia’s marine production increased dramatically in
the 70s. The harvest was mainly shrimp. However, conflicts arose between larger trawl boats and
smaller inshore coastal fisheries and since 1980 supported by Presidential Decree no. 39/1980
fishing with trawl was prohibited. Since then trawl permits were only given for research vessels.
After some modification using a pocket trawl, it is now commonly operated in several of
Indonesia’s seas such as the Arafuru Seas where it is known as Shrimp Trawl. According to
Presidential decree No. 85/1982 the shrimp trawl is allowed to operate in waters surrounding Kei
Trawl Figure
The size of the hooks and of the bait together with the position of the line in the water column more or less
determines the type of fish caught. Many long-lines are deployed to catch just any fish, but recently
especially sharks have become a major target due to their high value for the fin industry. Whales, dolphins,
turtles, teleosts fish, and sharks, sea birds can also get trapped by this gear. Albatross are a group of sea-birds
that end up trapped in the long-lines that are deployed near the surface with buoys. Then dolphins were also
caught to serve as bait for the long-line fishery for sharks in eastern Indonesia. Dolphins would be harpooned
opportunistically, mostly during bow-riding activities by the animals or during active pursuit by the long-line
vessel, especially when bait supplies were low. The fishermen noted that the dolphins were used for food, but
mostly for bait on the long-lines. The vessel would set 1-2 lines with 250-400 hooks each every night,
targeting pelagic sharks and other elasmobranches.
11. 10
islands, Tanimbar, Aru, Papua Island and the Arafura Sea on coordinate130o
EL to the north
except in coastal waters of 10 m depth. These trawls are required to deploy Turtle Excluder
Devices (TED) according to the DG of FisheriesDecree No. IK.010/S3.80.75/82.
Recently there has been more development in opening opportunities to start using trawl gear and
former fisheries Minister Dr. Dahuri said in newspaper Kompas of Mei 22, 2004 that although
President Decision no 39/1980 was not canceled yet, in 2004 licenses had been given again via
local fisheries offices. Fishers who want to start using trawl must fill 4 requirements:
- Trawl shall only be operated by traditional fishermen not by a fisheries company.
- Trawl shall only be operated in areas that have international boundaries such as Nunukan
in East Kalimantan and North Sumatra.
- It can only be operated outside 4 mile zone.
- Fishers using trawl must consider conservation aspects such as closed seasons especially
during seasons of fish spawning.
Trawl generally consists of a cod end in square form or conical form, 2 wing sheets, connected to
the warp. This net is hauled horizontal through the water using the water pressure to open the
mouth of the net. In order to keep the net opena beam is used or the net is hauled by two boats
moving parallel or an otter board is used. Trawl types include surface, mid-water or bottom trawl.
In Indonesia mostly bottom trawls are used targeting shrimp. The most common issue is by-catch
and destruction of the bottom habitat.
4.3 Gill Net
Gill nets catch fish by entangling them behind their gills or otherwise. Fish targeted include
pelagic and demersal species depending on the placing of the net. The principle behind
effectiveness of the gill net is to considering behavior of the target fish, and then adjust the
placing of the net to the depth layer where fish moves, sometimes using scaring techniques to
drive the fish towards the net. There are 4 main types of gill net: the surface gill net, the bottom
drift net, the drift gill net and the encircling gill net. The surface and bottom gill nets are fixed to
the substrate and the drift gill net not, it has buoys or markers to find them back after hours of
fishing.
The encircling gill net is attached to a boat and pulled around a school of fish, it works similar to
a purse seine but it has no “purse” or bag end. Issues with all types of gill nets are that when they
break off they continue to ‘ghost-fish’ which can be very damaging for endangered species. Also,
when nets are so large that they can close of river mouths or even smaller sea straits, such as the
famous “wall of death” or Taiwanese tiger net, they catch a lot of non-target species. Simorangkir
(2000) mentioned that in 1989 at Pacific Oceans and Indian Oceans there were a total amount of
floating nets with total length of 56,000 km and property of 1,200 ships.
Passive gill nets involve a lot of non-selective capture of fish and animals. The mesh of the gill
net usually is small one, and juvenile and immature fish are indiscriminately captured and
discarded before they can mature and reproduce (Pollnac et al. 1997). The by-catch that usually
occurs by using this gear includes whales, dolphins, turtles, teleosts fish, and sharks. To fish in
Indonesia’s waters, the length of gillnets must be under 2.5 km based on the Minister of
Agriculture Decree No.: 816/Kpts/IK.120/11/90.
12. 11
The Department of Fisheries has issued permits to the same Taiwanese company for at least ten
other identical ‘experimental fish traps’ in remote areas of the Moluccas and it is highly likely
that these are currently in operation. Unsubstantiated reports also indicate current daily deliveries
of large volumes of whale sharks and other sharks into Benoa harbor, Bali, and it is possible that
a similar trap-net is in operation in the Lombok Straits. Indiscriminate capture of minke whales
and dolphin species, such as the finless porpoise, the Irrawaddy dolphin, endemic dwarf spinner
dolphin, and the hump-backed dolphin, are particularly serious as these occur in relatively small,
localized populations and would be highly vulnerable to depletion.
4.4 Lift Net
Lift nets are usually of a square shape and unfold in the water using bamboo, wood or iron as a
frame. There are surface, bottom and mid-water lift nets. Often lamps are used to attract fish and
squid. Most common lift nets used in Indonesia are bagan, dip net, scoop net and bandrong.
Bagan
Fixed Bagans are operated inshore at the night using lamps boat bagans are also operated in
deeper water. This gear was introduced in 1950 to Indonesia (Subani, 1972). The square bag net
can be as large at 45 m wide and deep.
Types of gillnet
A great threat to the whale population is their capture in Taiwanese trap nets placed in Indonesian waters.
This issue of trap nets was brought to public attention by reports of two sets of trap-nets in the pelagic
migratory channel at Tangkoko, Manado area, NE Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sources indicate that between 27
March 1996 and 12 February 1997 the catches included some 1,424 manta rays, 18 whale sharks, 312 other
sharks, 4 minke whales, 326 dolphins, 577 pilot whales, 789 marlin, 84 turtles, and 9 dugong (Kahn &
Fauzi 2001). The nets were set by a Taiwanese fishing company and according to Indonesian fishermen
working on Taiwanese boats, most of the by-catch is not discarded, but is stored and transported to Taiwan.
Due to adverse publicity and intervention by past Minister for Environment, Sarwono, the Tangkoko nets
have been dismantled.
13. 12
Dip net
The design of dip nets usually mounted on a long stick depends a bit on the target species. It was
originally designed to catch lizard fish or Sauridae. Similar as with bagan there are different
lamps used in the process to catch fish. Lamps with a wide beam are search lights to locate nearby
schools of fish. A stronger more focused beam lamp is used to lure the school closer to the net. A
much focused beam lamp is used to concentrate the fish above the lift net that has been lowered
in the water before, this is replaced with a red lamp when the net is lifted.
Scoopnet
A scoop net is conical and the mouth of the net is kept open with a rattan or bamboo frame. This
gear can be operated with or without boat. If operated from a boat the movement of the boat kept
the gear open while it skims the surface.
Bandrong
This net also consist of a net and bamboo formation (could be rattan) that is set on the water as a
sort of trap, when fish pass over the net it is hauled. It is 6*6 m large.
Bagan Figure
Figure Types of lift
net
14. 13
4.5 Seine nets
The most common seine nets used in Indonesia are beach seines, Danish seines and purse seines.
Sudirman & Mallawa (2004) describe how the target of most seines are schooling fish, for purse
seines near the water surface, and for Danish seine and beach seine in the water column or near
the substrate.
Danish seine
Danish seine is basically a net consisting of two wings and a section to hold the catch (the bunt or
bag). Most of Danish seine is concentrated in the north coast of Java and Bali Strait, while the rest
are scattered to the south of Kalimantan and around, Sulawesi, Sumbawa and Lombok Islands.
Especially when operated in shallow waters, catches include a large variety of fish species and
other aquatic organisms such as sponges and sea urchins.
Purse seine
Purse seine nets are attached to large vessels that are capable to stay at sea for 15-40 days or to
smaller vessels with a trip range of 1-3 days. Most common operations occur with one boat. This
method is used during night time and applies lamps to attract fish. The lamps are sometimes
placed on a separate canoe, or on a raft. The size of the raft varies, with large rafts that allow for
watchmen to live on it in North Sulawesi. Hauling the net occurs more and more with machines.
With the same net size, a single boat operation uses larger vessels than double boat system as the
boat needs to circle the net around fish schools quickly.
Catches for a Danish seine were sampled in SE Sulawesi in 1997 (Pet-Soede unpublished). Combined, the 21
sampled Danish seines caught 29 different categories of fish varying from juvenile anchovies to small-sized
groupers. Target species included goatfish, lizard fish and flat fish, but often additional categories included
juvenile snappers, flying fish, rays and even butterfly fish. From this catch only the Tetradontidae and
sponges are discarded, all other species are sorted and sold or consumed.
Purse Seine Figure
15. 14
4.6 Other methods
Traps
Traps are passive fishing gear. Various forms of traps are deployed in Indonesian waters but
weirs or guiding barriers and bamboo portable traps are most common. Generally, both types aim
to catch any type of edible shallow water fish species. The fish weirs are not very selective other
than that they catch fish that is abundant in the area where they are placed, which is usually in the
tidal shallow area or in rivers. The size of the portable trap entrance determines more or less the
size of the fish that can be caught, but most reef species are subjected to capture as the traps are
mostly placed over coral reefs.
Furthermore, there is anecdotal evidence that portable traps get saturated when not frequently
hauled as the captured fish supposedly influence new captures. In the Alor area all types of reef
fish qualify as usefulcatch even damselfish and butterfly fish. The live food fish trade, however,
has caused many fishers to see traps as an alternative to cyanide fishing or hook and line fishing
for the valuable grouper species. Often the traps are baited with dead fish that is mixed with
cyanide so as to tranquilize the fish once they are trapped, so as to reduce skin damage from the
trap. Thus by-catch from the grouper fishery includes many sizes and species of other reef fish,
most of which are not taken as catch.
Blast fishing
Blast fishing is considered a very efficient method to catch large numbers of particularly
schooling fish, but it also results in a lot of non-collected dead organisms. The practice is not size-
or species selective, the organisms impacted by the method merely appeared in the destructive
range of the explosion. Explosives are mostly aimed at schools of reef fish, such as fusiliers,
triggerfish, unicornfish, surgeon fish, snappers and parrotfish. The other commercially interesting
single species, such as groupers and emperors are also eagerly collected after the blast. Combined
catches of 15 sampled blast-fishing boats included nearly 40 different fish categories (Pet-Soede
unpublished data). Unless large in size, the wrasses, damselfish and butterfly fish, are often
discarded. Reef inhabiting invertebrates fall also victim to the explosion but are not considered
for collection.
Cyanide fishing
Cyanide fishing may be considered one of the most effective ways to catch high-valued target
species and target sizes of fish, but the use of it results in a lot of non-collected dead organisms.
Not only deals the coral with a lot of stress, often resulting in its death, small coral inhabitants
and organisms that happen to be in the vicinity of the cyanide squirt, often die in the process.
Both the cyanide fishing for aquarium fish and for the live food fish trade, thus create a lot of by-
catch, which is not even collected and thus not part of the catch. It could be categorized as
discards, even while it is not actively thrown overboard as it never is collected.
In the Solor and Alor area, purse seine nets are also deployed around fish aggregating devices (FADs),
particulary in channels between the major islands (Pet-Soede 2003). Interviews with rumpon or FADs
fishermen from Menanga, the capital of Solor district and Adonara were conducted while surveying the
relatively shallow straits between Solor, Adonara and west Lembata. Fishers explain that once they start their
generators to ignite the attracting lamps, whales follow their prey and occasionally get inside the purse net.
Apparently, once a month a whale may get entangled in the net during these activities. The fisher usually
tries to harpoon and kill the whale before their net is damaged or lost altogether. Fishermen mentioned that it
is not of interest to harpoon the baleen whale for consumption or profit, but they do so to protect their nets.
Such net repairs or losses occurred about once a month of this particular FAD alone. The whale meat is often
sold for low prices to the whale villages, or as bait for shark and tuna long-liners from Flores.
18. 17
AmericanBirdConservancy
stretched mesh size. Fishermen reported up to ten small sharks per day using such gear. Rays
were also reported to be a common by-catchof this method (Keong, 1996).
5.4 Sea Birds
Long line vessels are blamed to kill hundreds of thousands of albatrosses and other seabirds.
While the long-lines are being set behind the fishing boats, albatrosses and other seabirds grab the
bait. Hooked and dragged under the surface, the birds drown (American Bird Conservancy,
2004). UNEP (2004) mentions that each year, illegal long-line fishing, which involves lines up to
80 miles long, with thousands of baited hooks, kills over 300,000 seabirds, including 100,000
albatrosses.
5.5 Other Species
Besides endangered species, other non-target species that end up as by-catchneed attention too.
Especially when discarded as non-target by-catch in one fishery, conflicts can occur when the fish
is target of another fishery. Table A in the annex shows the composition of pole and line catch
and pure seine by-catchin Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi (Walker, 2002).
VI Some cases a nd anecdotes
For this report some papers presented by Indonesian experts were used to describe occurrence of
by-catch in some particular areas. This is by no means a comprehensive overview of by-catch in
Indonesian fisheries, the field assessment results which will be presented in another report, aims
to add to this desk study.
6.1 By-catchin the Arafura Sea
Fisheries in the Arafura Seas are focused on catching shrimp with trawls. Shrimp trawls that
operate in here are supposed to install TED’s, but by-catchremains a problem. With the number
of shrimp trawl vessels at more than 338 vessels in 2004 (Purbayanto et al. 2004), potential by-
catchcan be large. The by-catch is commonly thrown in the sea partially because they don’t want
to fill the cool storage rooms with something else than shrimp and because 80-85 % of it has very
low value anyway. Only a small part is taken home bycrew especially the species with high
19. 18
value. This is ironic in situations where poor coastal communities can improve their daily intake
of protein by eating fishof whatever kind. The government of Papua Province has initiated
activities for management of by-catch in the Arafura Sea through cooperation with PT. Sucovindo
and this involves research by the Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty of IPB (Agriculture
Institute of Bogor).
The fishing effort in the shrimp industry in Papua has fluctuated over the last decade (Table 1).
The highest numbers of boats were active in 2000 with 526 vessels, which was double the number
of 1992 (250 vessels). National representation in the fleet is increasing but the foreign fleet still
dominates the waters of the Arafura seas.
Table 1: Developments of shrimp trawl vessels with permits to operate in the Arafura Seas.
Amount vessels based on Gross TonnageYear
< 50 GT 50-100 GT 100-200 GT > 200 GT All Sizes
1992 198 59 250
1996 59 280 53 431
2000 207 198 51 526
2004*) 338
Source : Data until August 2004 (Purbayanto et al. 2004)
Shrimp trawl vessels that operate in the Arafura Seas harbor in 4 province areas, with Papua
Province (Sorong, Timika, Merauke, Benjina, Kaimana, Fakfak dan Merauke) as the largest
harbor followed by Maluku Province. Fishing grounds are mostly inshore to 12 miles (Table 2).
Graphs and tables in annex C provide some detailed information on by-catch composition in
shrimp trawls.
Table 2: Harbors and fishing grounds used by fleets operating the Arafura Seas
Fishing Gear Fishing Ground Harbor Target Species Remarks
Shrimp Trawl
Category >
100 GT
Category ~ 150
GT
South Beach,
Arafura, Aru
Bintuni, South Beach
(< 12 mile), Deep Waters
A Aru, Kai etc.
Sorong, Kendari,
ku Kupang, Timika
Benjina, Dobo
Shrimp
Shrimp Collector
boats
Fish Trawl Arafura (IEEZ) Merauke, Tual,
Benjina, Kaimana,
Sorong
Fish and
Crustacean
Including
foreign
vessels
Bottom Long-
Line
Arafura and IEEZ Probolinggo,
Sorong, Merauke,
Benjina
demersal fish
and shark
size~ 30 GT
bottom gillnet Arafura Fakfak, Sorong,
Merauke
demersal fish
and shark
~ 30 GT
Source: Purbayanto 2004
20. 19
6.2 By-catch in East Kalimantan1
Various coastal fishing gears are operated in East Kalimantan waters. By-catchof turtle could be
an important issue here as the area known as the Derawan Archipelago provides nesting beaches
to a major population of green turtles. Especially trammel net and mini trawl for shrimp used here
could entangle turtles. A review paper by Zainuri (2004) indicates that often capture of non-target
species exceeds catch of target species (annexC). Only trammel net gear appears to be selective
enough so as not to catch turtle. However, the gear is known to catch all sizes of fish effectively,
so there is a need for caution in its application due to possibility for growth over-fishing, catching
under-sized juvenile fish. Other research showed that gear modifications to trammel net and
changes in the time of setting or the season can reduce by-catch of fish even more (Zainuri,
2004). See figure below with an example of seasonal differences in occurrence of non-target
species catch in mini-trawl caused by differences in water turbidity, wave action and currents.
1
Scientific Paper by Zainuri, M., presented at the 4th
National Conference of Coastal and Marine Resources,
Gran Senyiur Hotel, Balikpapan, 16th
September 2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% of bycatch
M A M J J A
Month (2004)
MAINCATCH
BYCATCH
Catch product of trawl in Senipah Waters
0
20
40
60
80
100
% of bycatch
M A M J J A
Month (2004)
Catch product of trammel net in
Senipah Waters
MAINCATCH
BYCATCH
21. 20
Figure : Catch of target species versus non-target species in 4 different gears per month.
VII BY-CATCH MITIGATION EFFORTS
Mitigation of by-catch needs more attention in Indonesia. What follows from the extensive search
into secondary information is that there are no clear data that allow for specification of
management regulations. Secondly, when information is available, and management measures are
designed for particular fisheries, enforcement of the regulations becomes the next weak point.
Having TED in a fishing vessel is obligatory but enforcement and control of the measure is not
sufficient. Finally, there is still a lot to be gained both for managers as well as for the industry
when positive supportive measures are applied to reduce waste from deteriorating product quality,
and the attention of subsidies in fisheries must be drawn more towards optimizing fisheries rather
than maximizing them.
From experience elsewhere, management measures include mostly a combination of
modifications of fishing gear, prohibition of fishing gear, adjustment of fishing seasons and areas
(closed season/areas) and building capacity to release in good health species such as turtles and
0
20
40
60
80
100
% of
Bycatch
M A M J J A
Month (2004)
Catch product of belat in Senipah
Waters
MAINCATCH BYCATCH
Catch product of belat in Balikpapan Bay
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
P M A M J J A
Month (2004)
%ofBycatch
MAINCATCH
BAYCATCH
22. 21
cetaceans caught and entangled. Additionally, to address by-catch resulting from discarding
derelict fishing gear, better management practices on-board must be promoted or regulated.
7.1 Modification of fishing gear
There are Indonesian fisheries regulations that address by-catch, especially for shrimp trawl:
In the Fisheries Decree No. IK.010/S3.8075/82 about shrimp trawls construction:
• Shrimp trawl must include installed fish separator2
• Maximum wide distance each bars filter is 3 inch
• Fish separator construction adjustment based on research result with better utilization
In the Fisheries Decree No. 868/Kpts/IK.340/II/ 2000 on fish separator construction and fishing
grounds of shrimp trawl:
• Fish separator is to ensure escape of turtle, big fish and marine mammals
• Fish separator must be installed among body and neck trawl.
Turtle Excluder Devices (TED) can be attached to a shrimp trawl net. With this device, sea turtles
will hit a grid before entering the main part of the net. Shrimp slip through the grid into the net,
but turtles slide along the bars and out a webbed flap. This device is reducing the numbers of
shrimps caught but can avoid turtle mortality by about 97%. “Nordmore grate” is another gear
that developed in Norway. This gear was designed to eliminate by-catch of small fish, such as
haddock, cod, and flounder, in shrimp net. With this gear, mesh funnels shrimp and fish to the
bottom of the net. Shrimp go through the grate; almost all fish escape through an opening in the
net above the grate. In Western Australia, the Department of Fisheries has been developing a by-
catch reduce device called the Super Shooter. This device will exclude large animals through an
escape opening in the cod-end (Eayrs et al. 1997). Since it was first introduced to US-fisheries
under formal regulation in late 1980s, research has been conducted by the US National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS) to improve release of turtles, retain shrimp and improve techniques to
handle the TED at sea.
Challenges to implement this regulation for Indonesia include:
• Monitoring, control and surveillance is very low so enforcement of the law is almost not
possible.
• Fishers claim the gear is difficult to operate and it decreases catch of shrimp
• TEDs or JTEDs application is still in the phase of demonstration, trial and socialization.
Training and research has been conducted that included:
• BPPP-Tegal with US expert team: training on utilization and Super Shooter TED
construction, October 1996.
• BPPL: Trawl trial that TED installed at Arafura sea, April 1997.
2
Fish Separators (BED, TED, JTEDs)
23. 22
• Directorate General of Catch Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries RI-FAO-
SEAFDEC: Introducing and Demonstration of BRDs at Sorong-Papua, September-
October 2002.
• Directorate General of Capture Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries RI-FAO:
Introducing and Demonstration of BRDs at Tual, October 2003.
• Directorate General of Capture Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries RI-FAO-
SEAFDEC: Introducing and Demonstration of BRDs at Tual, June 2003.
For other gear, mainly for long-line fisheries, research in other parts of the world indicates that
changing the design of the hooks can reduce by-catch or facilitate release of hooked animals. For
Indonesia there is no formal regulation for this yet.
A study by Watson et.al, (2004) on results of circle hook trials and bait trials in reducing by-catch
of turtles shows in the first phase of the 3-year research that there was no significant effect of blue
dyed squid on turtle capture rates and that there was an increase capture rate for leatherback
turtles on the hooks placed 20 fathoms from floats. A general linear model indicated that daylight
hook soak time (the amount of time the hooks are in the water during daylight hours) was the
only variable which effected loggerhead turtle capture rates, but there was no effect of daylight
soak time for leatherback turtle captures.
In 2002 the experimental design evaluated the effect of reducing daylight hook soak time, the use
of 18/0 circle hooks both offset and non offset with squid bait, and the use of mackerel bait on
both J hooks (control) and 18/0 circle hooks in reducing sea turtle interactions with pelagic long-
line gear. It was found that daylight soak time was not a significant variable in determining turtle
interactions with long-line gear. 18/0 circle hooks were found to significantly reduce both
loggerhead and leatherback interactions when compared to J hooks. 18/0 circle hooks with squid
bait reduced swordfish catch, but increased tuna catch. 18/0 circle hooks with mackerel bait had
the highest reduction in loggerhead turtle interactions and increased swordfish catch, but
decreased tuna catch. J hooks with mackerel bait significantly reduced both loggerhead and
leatherback interactions, increased swordfish catch, and reduced tuna catch.
Both loggerhead and leatherback turtle catch rates varied with the surface water temperature.
There was a dramatic increase in loggerhead catch rates for water temperature over 72 degrees
(F). There was also an increase in leatherback turtle catch rates for water temperatures over 68
degrees (F). This data indicates that turtle interaction rates can be reduced by fishing in cooler
water temperatures. From the other data indicates that fishing at water temperatures below 68
degrees (F) can significantly reduce loggerhead turtle interactions while increasing target catch
rates.
7.2 Prohibition of fishing gear
So far there is no gear prohibition in Indonesia related to mitigating by-catch. The trawl ban
imposed years ago was put in place following conflicts between fishers on fishing grounds. In
other parts of the world however, proposals for full ban of certain fishing gears to respond to
collapsing populations of already endangered marine species have been discussed
7.3 Closed seasons and closed areas
24. 23
Examples described above, both with limited data from Kalimantan about impacts on season on
by-catch and about impacts of vertical setting of long-lines indicate that mitigation efforts must
include regulations on seasonal and spatial (horizontal/vertical) placement of gear.
To conserve areas where endangered marine species and target fish species feed, mate, or
reproduce so that these biological processes are safe guarded for survival and replenishment of
the populations, establishment of no-take areas or Marine Protected Areas (MPA) are the
preferred management measure.
Pelagic MPAs can be based on both static bathymetric features such as banks and seamounts that
are oceanic features recently implicated as preferred pelagic spawning aggregations for several
commercial species (Boehlert and Sasaki, 1988; Klimley, 1993), as well as persistent
hydrographic features i.e. relevant fronts as identified from fisheries oceanography. Recent
advances in technology could aid in the design, implementation and enforcement of pelagic
MPAs for fisheries management.
Innovative fisheries control measures could include remote monitoring and offence detection of
vessels equipped with mandatory satellite transponders. The transponders in turn would be a
prerequisite to obtain approval for national fishing permits. Such a system would not only control
where fishing activities can be legally done, but when coupled with certain oceanographic
features this may reduce the volume of by-catch species. Fishing fleets are routinely using
commercially available analyses to locate the most productive fishing grounds and relevant
fisheries management restrictions on areas could be incorporated.
7.4 Improve on-board management practices
In Australia, discussions on discarding fishing gear at sea and impacts of solid waste on survival
of endangered marine species such as turtles and cetaceans are advanced. However, Indonesia has
not yet initiated steps to improve and regulate management practices on-board vessels that will
eradicate discarding gear. Recommendations have been provided through the Arafura Timor Seas
Expert Forum (ATSEF). Linking implementation of best management practices with an effective
observer program will be critical to address by-catch on large vessels.
7.5 Capacity building for effective release of captured turtles
Linked to training of observers in countries such as Papua New Guinea, Federal States of
Micronesia and others, training is provided on proper release of captured turtles in long-line
operations. For Indonesia this type of training has just been initiated and it will be proposed for
formal integration into the curriculum for fisheries academy and future observer programs.
7.6 WWF-Indonesia’s program for reducing by-catch
WWF oftenworks with the Indonesian government to influence policy and our recommendations
to transform or better implement policy and regulations must be supported by facts and good
researchon solutions. Law enforcement is important to implement regulations and policy but
Indonesia ’s archipelago is very large and there are big gaps in infrastructure to conduct effective
enforcement. Often times lack of political will, based on perceptions that stakeholders or public
does not care much about certain issues, hampers improvement of investment in enforcement and
regulations for responsible fisheries.
25. 24
WWF-Indonesia built a partnership with Indonesian stakeholders in fisheries (Indonesian
government, Fishery industries, Tuna Associations, Fishermen, Academism, NGOs) to help
change this. Industry and government will work together to conduct research for solutions and
quantification of the issue. Also, communications tools such as supportive campaigns will be used
to gain support for responsible fisheries. These efforts would strengthen possibly the position of
Indonesian fisheries products for the international public and markets.
There are 3 main components to the work in this partnership:
a. Initiation of action at local, national and regional level
As by-catch is a global issue and part of fisheries in many countries, it is important to work and
take action on reducing by-catch hand in hand with players at local, national and regional levels.
Locally, WWF started work with Sorong stakeholders in Papua to jointly find solutions for
reducing by-catch in their fisheries. The Sorong fleet is known for their big shrimp trawls and
close to Sorong is the major nesting beach for leatherback turtles. In the future WWF will expand
also to other areas such as East Kalimantan working with groups to mitigating turtle by-catch.
The 7th
of June 2005 was an important day as it initiated national action on reducing by-catch in
Indonesian tuna long-line fishery. A public consultation was held in Denpasar which resulted in a
joined declaration and national action plan for addressing by-catch in Indonesia tuna long-line
fishery. Under the coordinator of the Research Centre for Capture Fisheries of the Ministry of
Marine Affairs and Fisheries with support by Indonesian stakeholders including tuna associations
in Indonesia, the national action plan would be implemented (Annex D).
Regionally, WWF-Indonesia and the Indonesian government are joining regional meetings to
learn about ways to address by-catch.
Picture of the public consultation meeting gathering.
26. 25
b. Collecting more information on by-catch (Field assessments and trial Observer Program)
Validation and up-to-date information on occurrence of by-catch in Indonesia was needed to learn
about the importance of the issue and to find the best strategy for reducing by-catch.
In order to get the information, field assessments included interviews with crew and captains in
ports and on board student observers. The student observers collected records describing the by-
catch when it occurred and also strategies applied for release or reduced chance of occurrence.
WWF initiated collaboration with the fisheries academy in Sorong who became observers on
several vessels in Indonesia.
For more formal and structured onboard observer work in the future, WWF together with the
Indonesian government and the tuna associations in Indonesia will conduct observer trials in tuna
long-line vessels in 3 areas identified as major bases for tuna long-line (Benoa-Bali, Bitung-
North Sulawesi and Muara Baru-Jakarta), and will also conductobserver trials in Sorong for the
shrimp trawl fleet. The first stage will focus on providing information on by-catch in Indonesia,
and to provide recommendations on observer protocols that should be implemented by Indonesian
government.
c. Build capacity for mitigation of by-catch (training, gear adjustment, and technology transfer)
Capacity building for actors in fishing fleets, captains and crew is critically important to reduce
mortality from by-catch. Captains and crew need to know how to handle and avoid by-catch in
their operations. For example in the Indonesian tuna long-line fishery, some crew always release
turtles when caught accidentally, but knowle dge on handling of sea turtle before their release is
non-existing which affects their survival after being hooked or entangled. WWF with help of an
expert3
introduced to the importance of releasing turtles properly and trained captains and crew
on why by-catch should be reduced, how to handle turtles caught and how to release turtles. This
will enhance awareness and performance on responsible fishing.
New technologies or gear modification or adjustment in setting of fishing gear are needed to
reduce by-catch. Some research conducted elsewhere starts to provide input for this. In Indonesia,
similar work needs to be done for Turtle Excluder Devices in shrimp trawling, and for initiation
3
Separate report by Mike McCoy of Gillett Preston and Associates, Inc.
27. 26
of changing “J” hooks into “Circle Hooks” and setting of gear in the tuna long-line fishery. WWF
plans gear trials with the government research institute and the industry. It will be critical to think
from the beginning how research results will be transferred into applicable technology so it can be
adopted at scale.
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umum perencanaan pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan hasil tangkap sampingan pukat udang di laut Arafura.
Dinas Perikanan dan kelatuan Provinci Papua and Sucofindo. 68 pp.
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Balikpapan.
Annexes
31. 30
C. Graphs and tables with species composition (non-target)
Composition of non-shrimp by-catch in shrimp trawl of KM. Aru in Arafura Sea, Papua Province
in 40 times hauling.
Composition of non-shrimp by-catch in shrimp trawl onKM. Arafura Pearl in Arafura Sea, Papua
Province in 17 times hauling.
Nomei (10%)
Sotong &
Cumi (2%)
Tigawaja
(13%)
Gerot-gerot
(10%)Gambret (6%)
Lidah (6%)
Layur (3%)
Pari (1%)
Ikan campuran
(28%)
Gulamah
(22%)
Nomei (10%)
Sotong &
Cumi (2%)
Tigawaja
(13%)
Gerot-gerot
(10%)Gambret (6%)
Lidah (6%)
Layur (3%)
Pari (1%)
Ikan campuran
(28%)
Gulamah
(22%)
Mixed fish
(28%)
Ikancampuran
(41%)
Tigawaja(9%)
Sotong& Cumi
(2%)
Kepiting (9%) Layur(3%)
Gambret(7%)
Nomei(8%)
Gulamah(2%)
Lidah (10%)
Gerot-gerot
(3%)
Kuro
(8%)
Mix fish
(41%)
32. 31
Length frequency distribution of Croaker fish (Argyrosomus amoyensis) on shrimp trawl KM.
Aru in Arafura Seas.
Length frequency distribution of Bearded-croaker fish (Johnius dussumieri) caught as by-catch in
shrimp trawl KM. Aru in Arafura Seas.
Length frequency distribution of Sweet lips fish (Johnius sp.) caught as by-catch in shrimp trawl
KM. Aru in Arafura Seas.
Sebaran Frekuensi Panjang ikan Gulamah
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
102 - 118 119 - 135 136 - 152 153 - 169 170 - 186 187 - 203 204 - 220 221 - 237 238 - 255
Selang Kelas (mm)
JumlahIkan.
Amountof
Fish
Class Interval (mm)
Lengthfrequency distribution of Croaker fish
Sebaran Frekuensi Panjang ikan Tigawaja
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
110 - 122 123 - 135 136 - 148 149 - 161 162 - 174 175 - 187 188 - 200 201 - 213 214 - 226
Selang Kelas (mm)
JumlahIkan.
Amountof
Fish
Class Interval (mm)
Length frequency distribution of Bearded-croaker fish
SebaranFrekuensiPanjangikanGerot-gerot
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
110-129 130-149 150-169 170-189 190-209 210-229 230-249 250-269 270-290
SelangKelas(mm)
JumlahIkan.
Length frequency distribution of Sweet lips
Class Interval (mm)
AmountofFish
33. 32
Length frequency distribution of Bombay duck, Saury fish (Harpadon micropectoralis) caught as
by-catch in shrimp trawl KM. Aru in Arafura Seas.
Length frequency distribution of Batavia batfishfish (Platax batavianus) length on shrimp trawl
by-catch dominant at KM. Aru in Arafura Seas.
SebaranFrekuensiPanjangikanNomei
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
150-183 184-217 218-251 252-285 286-319 320-353 354-387 388-421 422-455
SelangKelas(mm)
JumlahIkan.AmountofFish
Class Interval (mm)
Length frequency distribution of Bombay duck Fish
SebaranFrekuensiPanjangikanGampret
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
102-110 111-119 120-128 129-137 138-146 147-155 156-164 165-173 174-183
SelangKelas(mm)
JumlahIkan.
Length frequency distribution ofBatavia batfish
fish fish
Class Interval (mm)
AmountofFish
34. 33
Lintang (LS) Bujur (BT) Lintang (LS) Bujur (BT) Setting Hauling Udang HTS Total Udang HTS
1 21/08/2004 07° 35' 137° 20' 07° 33' 137° 25' 05.15 07.47 150 850 1000 1 6
2 21/08/2004 07° 35' 137° 28' 07° 34' 137° 23' 08.00 10.20 100 900 1000 1 9
3 21/08/2004 07° 34' 137° 22' 07° 32' 137° 20' 10.50 12.10 90 910 1000 1 10
4 21/08/2004 07° 31' 137° 20' 07° 27' 137° 19' 12.30 14.45 90 910 1000 1 10
5 21/08/2004 07° 26' 137° 19' 07° 29' 137° 19' 15.10 17.17 50 950 1000 1 19
6 21/08/2004 07° 30' 137° 27' 07° 35' 137° 18' 17.35 19.52 80 920 1000 1 12
7 22/08/2004 07° 25' 137° 27' 07° 35' 137° 26' 06.11 08.04 85 915 1000 1 11
8 22/08/2004 07° 24' 137° 23' 07° 24' 137° 19' 08.27 10.30 65 935 1000 1 14
9 22/08/2004 07° 24' 137° 20' 07° 26' 137° 20' 10.50 13.12 70 930 1000 1 13
10 22/08/2004 07° 25' 137° 19' 07° 25' 137° 17' 13.33 15.47 60 940 1000 1 16
11 22/08/2004 07° 25' 137° 18' 07° 23' 137° 15' 16.03 18.14 70 930 1000 1 13
12 22/08/2004 07° 23' 137° 19' 07° 26' 137° 21' 18.42 21.05 30 970 1000 1 32
13 23/08/2004 07° 37' 137° 17' 07° 37' 137° 20' 07.20 09.35 50 950 1000 1 19
14 23/08/2004 07° 37' 137° 21' 07° 35' 137° 23' 09.57 12.23 40 960 1000 1 24
15 23/08/2004 07° 35' 137° 24' 07° 32' 137° 24' 12.45 14.52 75 925 1000 1 12
16 23/08/2004 07° 32' 137° 25' 07° 30' 137° 27' 15.15 17.27 55 945 1000 1 17
17 23/08/2004 07° 29' 137° 28' 07° 26' 137° 31' 17.51 20.24 45 955 1000 1 21
71 929 1 15
14 - 50 m
13 - 50 m
14 - 50 m
RatioPosisi Hauling
d (m)
Waktu Hasil Tangkapan (kg)
No. Tanggal
Posisi Setting
Rataan
Length frequency distribution of tongue /sole fish (Cynoglusus sp) caught as by-catch in shrimp
trawl KM. Aru in Arafura Seas.
Shrimp weight ratio towards by-catch for 17 times trawling in KM. Aru in Arafura Seas.
SebaranFrekuensiPanjangikanLidah
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
124-139 140-155 156-171 172-187 188-203 204-219 220-235 236-251 252-267
SelangKelas(mm)
JumlahIkan.AmountofFish
Class Interval (mm)
Length frequency distribution ofLong-tongue sole fish
Latitude (SL) Longitude
(EL)
Latitude (SL) Longitude
(EL)
Setting Hauling Shrimp bycatch Total Shrimp bycatchDate
Setting Position Hauling position
N o d(m)
Time Fishing Product Ratio
36. 35
Percentage of main fishing target and by-catch from various fishing gears operated along East
Kalimantan coasts (Zainuri, 2004).
No. Main Target By-catch Fishing Gear Remark
1 Shrimp = 369
(77,0%)
Non Shrimp =
110 kg (22,9%)
Trammel net Rahmat Taufik
Location:Muara
Badak, 1998
2 Shrimp = 1809
(18,1%)
Non Shrimp = 8132
(81,8%)
Minitrawl Agus Setiawan
Location:Muara
Badak, 1997
3 Shrimp = 307
(6,18%)
Non Shrimp = 4658
(93,8%)
Minitrawl Rubiyani
Location:
Penajam Pasir
Utara, 2000
4 Shrimp= 210
(41,6%)
Non shrimp = 294
(58,3%)
Trammel net Wakhidin
Location:
Muara Badak,
2004
5 Shrimp= 401
(57,6%)
Non Shrimp = 295
ekor (42,3%)
Trammel net
(Modification)
Wakhidin
Location:
Muara Badak,
2004
6 fish = 292
(24,2%)
Non Commercial
fish = 912 fishes
(75,7%)
Belat Fauzie
Location:
Panajam Pasir
Utara, 2000
7 fish = 454
(36,8%)
Non Commercial
fish = 777 fishes
(63,1%)
Belat Novita Aryani
Location:
Teluk
Balikpapan,
2000
8 Squid and tiny fish
= 12 360 (3,7%)
other fish= 321 990
gr (96,3%)
Lift net Budi Utomo
Location:
Senipah, 2001
9 Squid and tiny fish
= 381 983 gr
(24,8%)
other fish =
1157395gr (75,1%)
Lift net Nurul Atikah
Location:
Karangtigau
(Bulungan),
2004
37. 36
Annex D:
JOINT DECLARATION
Indonesia Tuna Longline Fishery
Public Consultation
Denpasar
7 June 2005
As a concrete action to ensure and promote responsible tuna longline in Indonesia, and to support
the sustainable use of Indonesian tuna resources according to the national and international
mandate, participants of the Indonesian Tuna Longline Fisheries Public Consultation in “Status
and Effort to Minimize Impacts From Sea Turtle and Fisheries Interaction, Specifically the Tuna
Long Line Fishery in Indonesia, as an Effort to Strengthen the Bargaining Position of Indonesian
Fishery Products and to Implement Responsible Fishery in Indonesia” agreed to jointly and
cooperatively declare the following actions:
• To work for the establishment and implementation of proper conservation and management
measures according to the relevant national and regional tuna fishery management
organizations, based on the most recent status of tuna resources.
• To voice the opinions and concerns of Indonesian tuna longline stakeholders on international
fishery issues.
• To ensure and promote valid data production and exchange of information on landing and
statistical documents so as to ensure compliance to relevant with national and international
tuna conservation and management measures.
• To raise unanimous voice from Indonesia in supporting responsible tuna longline fishery in
every relevant international arena, against the biased unscientific accusation to attack
legitimate fishing activities.
• With respect to the incidental catch of sea turtles and other marine species protected by law
(marine mammals, sea birds) due to the tuna longline practice, to work together continuously
in:
a. Supporting research for data and information collection to solve the problem of incidental
catch of sea turtle and marine species protected by law in tuna longline fishery which will
be agreed by accepted by stakeholders.
b. Initiating and implementing observer programs as a monitoring and evaluating tool to
establish a management strategy (develop a suitable method, develop a mechanism of
implementation, mechanism for observation, compile and analyze data, and
communicating results)
c. Studying and using various tools and techniques to minimize interaction with those
species, and
d. Reporting the results of the above action to the relevant international organizations
• To initiate a forum for information exchange and problem solving.
• To periodically meet at least once a year to review progress of the cooperative works.
• To inform other countries who have tuna longline fishery of the result of the meeting and if
necessary invite them to participate in future meetings.
Facilitating Team (endorsed by all participant) :
a. Dr. Subhat Nurhakim (PRPT-BRKP-DKP)
b. Dr. Sam Wouthuyzen (P2O-LIPI)
c. Dr. Ngurah N. Wiadnyana (PRPT-BRKP-DKP)
d. Ir. Mohammad Billahmar (ASTUIN)
e. Boyke Lakaseru (WWF-Indonesia)
f. Imam Musthofa Zainudin (WWF-Indonesia)
38. 37
ACTION PLAN MATRIX OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION
Status and Effort to Minimize Impacts From Sea Turtle and Fisheries Interaction, Specifically the Tuna Long Line Fishery in Indonesia, as an Effort to
Strengthen the Bargaining Position of Indonesian Fishery Products and to Implement Responsible Fishery in Indonesia
NO Background / Issues concerned Action Plan Leading agency
supporting
agency timeline
Lack of Data and Information Assess the status of interaction of fisheries with sea turtles
1) Assesment on the profile of Tuna Fisheries in Indonesia
2) Field assessment on potential interaction
a) International concerns on the implementation of code of
conduct on responsible fiesheries in Indonesia
A.
3) Studies on spatial and temporal distribution of Tuna
fishing grounds and Tuna Migration patterns and potential
overlapped with migration patterns of sea turtles
PRPT-BRKP DKP Semua Peserta June 2005-June
2006
b) Contraversion of anecdotal information from longline
industries regarding interaction of turtle and fisheries and
the current fact findings from field assessments.
I
c) A need of scientific and liable information on the fisheries
interaction with turtles
B. To initiate an implementation of formal observer program a
tool to monitor and evaluate management and mitigation
measures ( development of appropriate method, worki ng
mechanisms, on-board observer implementation, data
compilation, analysis as well as dissemination and
distribution of information. compilation and result analyses,
result socialization)
PRPT-BRKP/ SDI
DJPT
Semua Peserta
June 2005-June
2006
Potential Interaction of Sea Turtle and Fisheries
a) High number of tuna longliners operating in Indonesia
A. Training on on-board mitigation handling to reduce
mortality.
SDI-DITJEN
TANGKAP DKP
Semua Peserta Jun--September
2005
b) Indonesian waters serves migration corridors for marine
endangered and protected species. B. study on the effectiveness of gear modification (e.g. circle
hooks trial) PRPT-BRKP DKP Semua Peserta
January -June
2006c) Potential overlapping of migration routes of marine
endangered speies and fishing grounds
II
d) Information existence of sea turtle caught by tuna longline
C. Develop campaign materials
PRPT-BRKP DKP Semua Peserta
June 2005 -
June 2006
III Strengthening the bargaining position of Tuna A. Initiate multi stakeholder forum for information exchange Direktorat KTNL -Ditjen Semua peserta June 2005 -
39. 38
products at international market and consultations KP3K- DKP/ SDI DJPT June 2006
a) Lack of communication and coordination among fisheries
related stakeholders
B. Conduct Regular meeting (e.g. annual meeting) to review
progress. Direktorat KTNL -Ditjen
KP3K- DKP/ SDI DJPT
Semua peserta June 2005 -
June 2006
b) Recognition on the importance of proving industry
concerns towards global issues related to fisheries
c) International concerns on the implementation of code of
conduct on responsible fiesheries in Indonesia
d) Lack of knowledge on turtle conservation efforts in
Indonesia
C. compose joint declaration to express commitment and
concerns of tuna longline industries towards international
fisheries related issues.
Direktorat KTNL -Ditjen
KP3K- DKP/ SDI DJPT Semua peserta
June 2005 -
June 2006
Note: detailed plan will be done by leading agency/ coordinator
