This study investigated the effect of four types of pediatric medications (analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, multivitamins) on the color stability of two restorative materials (composite resins and glass ionomer cements). Specimens of each material were exposed to solutions of each medication type and color changes were measured. Statistical analysis found significant color changes in both materials exposed to analgesics and anticonvulsants compared to controls. Exposure to antibiotics and multivitamins did not significantly affect color. The study suggests certain pediatric medications can influence the color stability of tooth-colored restorations over time.

1. GROUP 4
LIM SANTIAGO
FABIAN HERERRA
ARNIE ENRIQUEZ
JOEMARIE VICENTE
CARMINA GONZALES
KARL GUILLERMO
REGGELYNCOLON
RHYSMADERASO
JUDY ANN CAPULAN

2. experimental g i n g i v i t i s in women
u s i n g o r a l contraceptives
P.M. Preshawl, M.A. Knutsen, and A. Mariotti
Abstract
Oral contraceptives (OC) have historically been considered a risk factor for gingival
diseases. We set out to investigate this premise further, given that, over recent years,
hormone concentrations in OC have been substantially reduced. Using a prospective, split-
mouth, experimental gingivitis model, pre- menopausal women either taking (n =14)or not
taking (n =16)OC refrained from all oral hygiene practices in one maxillary (test) quadrant
while continuing to perform normal oral hygiene activities in the contralateral (control)
quadrant. Mean increases in plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival crevicular
fluid (GCF) volume from days 0 to 21 were significant in test quadrants (P <0.05) but did not
differ regardless of whether subjects received OC (P >0.05). PI, GI, and GCF volume did not
vary in control quadrants over the course of the study (P >0.05). Analysis of these data
suggests that current OC formulations do not affect the inflammatory response of the
gingiva to dental plaque.
Rhys Mader azo Dmd 4y2-1
P.M.Preshawl,M.A. Knutsen,and A. Mariotti (2003)ExperimentalGingivitisin WomenUsingOral Contraceptives,
Volume 80, Issue11. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00220345010800111201

3. Statistical testused:OneWayAnalysis Variance (ANOVA)
α = 0.05
Adjusted (ANOVA) meanday 14and day 21PI and GI scoresdid not
significantly differ whethersubjectswere takingoral contraceptivesor not.
(P>0.05)
No statistically significant associationsbetween Experimental
Gingivitis in womenand using contraceptives.
Do n o t reject H0

4. Pathogenesis of periodontitis
Max A. Listgarten
abstract
Abstract Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontium which is characterized by a progressive destruction of the tissues
supporting the tooth. Its primary etiology is an ill-defined series of microbial infections which may be composed of only some of the more than 300
species of bacteria currently recognized in the oral cavity. The disease is currently considered to progress as periodic, relatively short episodes of
rapid tissue destruction followed by some repair, and prolonged intervening periods of disease remission. Despite the apparent random
distribution of episodes of disease activity, the resulting tissue breakdown exhibits a symmetrical pattern of alveolar bone loss and pocket
formation which is common to several forms of periodontitis, although the distribution of the most affected teeth and surfaces may vary among
diseases (e. g., juvenile periodontitis versus adult periodontitis or rapidly progressive periodontitis). Several reports have indicated that bacterial
cells can be found in the pocket wall of periodontitis lesions. The translocation of bacteria into the tissues from the pocket environment is quite
common, as evidenced by the common occurrence of bacteremias in patients with periodontitis following relatively minor events such as chewing
and oral hygiene procedures. However, it is important to distinguish between the passive introduction of bacteria into periodontal tissues and frank
invasion as might occur in an acute infection, since the pathological implications may be quite different.
Listgarten, M. A. (1986). Journal Of Clinical Periodontology: Pathogenisis of Periodontitis, Volume 13,Pages 418-425.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01485.x

5. Chi-squared test
statistic, two-way
analysis
a = 0.05
( P < 0.081) episodic attachment loss include gingival redness, bleeding on probing,
suppuration, supragingival plaque, and darkfield microscopic bacterial counts
Reject Ho
Conclude: NO SIGNIFICANT
( P > 3 ) treatment for rapidly advancing periodontitis, 97.3% of inactive sites failed to
respond to therapy, whereas 37.3% of disease active sites gained 3 mm or more following
Widman flap therapy with systemic tetracycline
Do not reject Ho
Conclude: SIGNIFICANT
( P > 3-5% ) Its desirable that clinical trials of the future be conducted on periodontal sites
diagnosed as disease active.
Do not reject Ho
Conclude: SIGNIFICANT
5

6. Assessment of caries on the first permanent
molars in a group of seven- to thirteen year old school children: Comparison of DMF and IDCAS
caries status of the first
Chedid et. Al (2022)
ABSTRACT:
Objectives:
The objective of this study was to compare ICDAS and DMFT/S in the evaluation of
permanent molar in 200 children aged 7 to 13 years.
Methods:
This was a cross-sectional design study. Participants were selected from two private schools in Lebanon. The examinations were
performed by two trained and calibrated examiners using a dental mirror and a WHO probe. The number of decayed (D), missing (M)
and filled (F) teeth was recorded in DMFT/S form, and the numbers related to D, M and F were then added to record the DMFT/S
value (D1MFT/S, D2MFT/S and D3MFT/S). In the ICDAS, the assessment of caries associated with restorations and sealant was
recorded. Student t tests/and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the continuous variables. Chi-square tests and Fisher exact
tests were used to compare the categorical variables.
Results:
The average age of the participants was 9.21 ± 1.927 (7-13 years old). No significant difference was found between the mean time
to score DMFT, DMFS and ICDAS indices (-p-value > 0.05). The prevalence of caries with D1MFS, D2MFS and D3MFS was
80.5%, 54% and 30.5%, respectively. However, the prevalence of caries with ICDAS II was 77.5%.
REFERENCES:
Houchami et. Al (2022). assesment of caries on the first permanent
molars in a group of seven- to thirteen year old school children:
Comparison of DMF and IDCAS systems.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/idh.12455
https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12455
LIM, SANTIAGO E.

7. Statistical tests used: Chi-squared test and fisher test.
a=0.050
(P> 0.050) no significant difference was found between the mean time to score
DMFT,DMFS and IDCAS indices.
Do not Reject Ho
Conclusion:
The test result are not statistically significant at the
(a) level.
LIM, SANTIAGO E.

8. FIT, PRECISION AND TRUENESS OF 3D-PRINTED ZIRCONIA CROWNS
COMPARED TO MILLED COUNTERPARTS
By: Reem Abualsaud and Haidar Alalawi
ABSTRACT
Precise fit of a crown and accurate reproduction of the digital design are paramount for successful treatment outcomes and preservation of clinician
and technician time. The study aimed to compare the internal fit, marginal adaptation, precision, and trueness of 3D-printed zirconia crowns
compared to their milled counterpart. A total of 20 monolithic 3mol% yttria stabilized-zirconia crowns (n = 10) were made using computer-assisted
design (CAD) followed by additive (3D- printed) and subtractive (milled) manufacturing. Digital scanning of the master die with and without a fit
checker followed by image superimposition, and analysis was performed to evaluate internal and marginal adaptation in four areas (occlusal, axial,
marginal, and overall). ISO 12836:2015 standard was followed for precision and trueness evaluation.
Statistical analysis was achieved using a t-test at α = 0.05. Internal fit and marginal adaptation revealed no significant
difference between the two test groups (p > 0.05). The significant difference in trueness (p < 0.05) was found between the two groups in three areas
(occlusal, axial, and internal). The best and worst trueness values were seen with 3D-printed crowns at occlusal (8.77 ± 0.89 µm) and Intaglio (23.90
± 1.60 µm), respectively. The overall precision was statistically better (p < 0.05) in the 3D-printed crowns (9.59 ± 0.75 µm) than the milled (17.31 ±
3.39 µm). 3D-printed and milled zirconia crowns were comparable to each other in terms of internal fit and marginal adaptation. The trueness of the
occlusal and axial surfaces of 3D-printed crowns was better, whereas the trueness of fitting surface of milled crowns was better. 3D-printed crowns
provided a higher level of precision than milled crowns. Although the internal and marginal fit of both production techniques were comparable, 3D
printing of zirconia produced more precise crowns.
References:
Mazza, L.C.; Lemos, C.; Pesqueira, A.A.; Pellizzer, E.P. Survival and complications of monolithic ceramic for tooth- supported fixed dental
prostheses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2022, 128, 566–574. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Cagidiaco, E.F.; Discepoli, N.;
Goracci, C.; Carboncini, F.; Vigolo, P.;Ferrari, M. Randomized clinical trial on single zirconia crowns with feather-edge vs chamfer finish lines:
Four-year results. Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent. 2019, 39, 817–826. [CrossRef][PubMed]
Mühlemann, S.; Lakha, T.;Jung, R.E.; Hämmerle, C.H.; Benic, G.I. Prosthetic outcomes and clinical performance of CAD-CAM monolithic
zirconia versus porcelain-fused-to-metal implant crowns in the molar region: 1-year results of a RCT. Clin. Oral. Implant. Res. 2020, 31, 856–864.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
Mangano, F.;Veronesi, G. Digital versus analog procedures for the prosthetic restoration of single implants: A randomized controlled trial
with 1 year of follow-up. BioMed Res. Int. 2018, 18, 5325032. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
ENRIQUEZ, ARNIE V
.

9. ENRIQUEZ, ARNIE V
.
STATISTIC TEST USED:
t-test
α: (0.05)
(p > 0.05)
The results revealed no significant difference between 3D-printed and milled crowns for any of the
measured areas for internal fit and marginal adaptation.
-Do not reject Ho
-the test result are not statistically significant at the (a) level
(p > 0.05)
Internal fit and marginal adaptation revealed no significant difference between the two test groups
-Do not reject Ho
-the test result are not statistically significant at the (a) level
(p < 0.05)
The significant difference in trueness was found between the two groups in three areas (occlusal,
axial, and internal)
-Reject Ho
-the test result are statistically significant at the (a) level

10. Statistical results on restorative dentistry experiments: effect
of the interaction between main variables
calvacanti et.al (2010)
ABSTRACT
Statistical analysis interpretation is a critical field in scientific research. When there is more than one
main variable being studied in a research, the effect of the interaction between those variables is
fundamental on experiments discussion. However, some doubts can occur when the p-value of the
interaction is greater than the significance level
METHODS
The p-values of the interactions found in two restorative dentistry experiments (0.053 and 0.068)
were interpreted in two distinct ways: considering the interaction as not significant and as
significant.s
References:
Calvacanti, A.N.(2010). information j appl oral sci. Volume 18, pages 255-258
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349049/# ffn_sectitle KARL GUILLERMO

11. Statisical analysis used: TWO WAY ANOVA
a (0.050)
P= 0.053
not significant, only the factor bonding system presented a statistical significance, and the Clearfil SE Bond
system presented bond strength means significantly lower than the other systems. even though the effect
of the aging procedure on restorations bond strength seemed clear when Single Bond means were
observed, this effect was not statistically significant
-do not reject
conclude: the test result are not statistically significant at the ‘’a’’ level
P= 0.068
When this interaction was considered not significant, the hybrid composite presented significantly higher
KHN compared to the other composites . However, the levels of the factor curing time were statistically
similar, meaning that composites presented the same behavior at the two curing times.
- do not reject
conclude: the test result are not statistically significant at the ‘’a’’ level

12. Title: Quantitative analysis of tooth surface loss associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease
Author: DaraneeTantbirojn,DDS, MS, PhD; Maria R.Pintado,MPH;AntheunisVersluis,PhD; Carol Dunn, RDA,
CCRP; Ralph Delon DDS, MS, PhD
Abstract: The oral cavity is the gateway to the gastrointestinal tract.Although usually viewed independently, they
are connected.
A Global Consensus Group defined gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as a“condition that develops when
the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications.”1 The group recognized
dental erosion as apossible GERD syndrome.1 Gastroesophageal reflux is the passage of gastric contents into
the esophagus,2 which eventually reach the oral cavity.Theacidic stomach content refluxed into the oral cavity
can dissolve tooth structures and ultimatelycause erosive
tooth wear
.3Dental erosion is aform of tooth surface loss resulting from the chemical process of acid dissolution
not involving acids of bacterial origin.4 GERD is a common condition, with a prevalence ranging from 10 to 20
percent of the population in Western countries.5,6 Pace and colleagues7 conducted a systematic review, the
results of which showed a24 percent median prevalence of dental erosion in patients with GERD; consequently, a
large number of people in the population have dental erosion as a manifestation of GERD. Although the
association between GERD and dental erosion is well documented, the erosive tooth wear usually is described in
qualitative terms and evaluated at one point in time.8-10 To understand the pattern and progress of erosive tooth
wear
,quantitativemeasurement involving the use of a longitudinal study design is necessary.In this clinicalstudy,we
measured tooth surface loss during a six-month period in participants with GERD.We used a three-dimensional
digitaltechnique to identify the pattern of and quantify localized erosive tooth wear
.
Tantbirojn, D., Pintado, M. R., Versluis, A., Dunn, C., & Delong, R. (2012). Quantitative analysis of tooth surface loss associated
with gastroesophageal reflux disease. The Journal of the American

13. Statistical test used: t-test
a = 0.05
(P< .013) there is a statistically significant association between tooth surface loss in those
who have gastroesophageal reflux disease and those who do have not gastroesophageal
reflux disease.
Reject Ho
Conclusion: Tooth surface loss in participants with GERD was significantly greater than
that in control participants.The pattern of surface loss was characteristic of erosion in
noncontact areas and around contact areas.
Colon, Reggelyn Mae G.

14. “Anexperimental study on of four
the effect
color
pediatric drug types on
stability in different tooth-colored restorative materials.”
Dent Res J (Isfahan).2021
ABSTRACT
One of the drawbacks of tooth-colored dental restorations is their discoloration over time. The present study aimed to determine the effect of four categories of
pediatric medications, including analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and multivitamins, on two types of tooth-colored dental materials, namely, composite
resins and glass ionomer cements. In this in vitrostudy, a total of 40 specimens with disc shapes (with a diameter of 5 mm and thickness of 2 mm) were prepared
from each material and immersed in eight different drugs for 2 min three times a day for 1 week. The values of the baseline color were calculated based on the
CIE (International Commission on Illumination) L*a*b* system. After 7 days, ΔE values were calculated. Two-way analysis of variance was employed for
statistical analysis.Statistical significance was defined at0.05.
Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between ΔE and different restorative materials as well as ΔE and drug types (P < 0.001).
According to the results of this in vitrostudy, all the four types of drugs caused the discoloration in all the restorative materials, and
the color change values were affected by the type of used drug and restorative material. Despite the limitations of the current study, color
changes were observed in all restorative materials after immersion in drugs. In addition, GIC had a greater color change in comparison to nanohybrid composite
resins.
Kale YJ, Nalwade A
V
,Dahake PT, Dadpe MV
,Kendre SB. Effect of different pediatric drug formulations on color stability of composite, zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer cement, and glass ionomer
cement. JIndianSocPedodPrevDent.2019;37:151–6.[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Lepri CP,Ribeiro MV
,Dibb A, Palma-Dibb RG. Influence of mounthrinse solutions on the color stability and microhardness of a composite resin. Int JEsthet
Dent.2014;9:238–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
CAPULAN, JUDYANN E.

15. 1. Statistical test/s used: Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was utilized to assess the normal distribution of the
collected data. Two-wayanalysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to assess the type of material and
effect of the staining agent on color change. The SPSS software (version 23; SPSS, Chicago, Ill., USA)
was used for data analysis.
2. a= 0.05
P= < 0.001
There were significant between different restorative materials and drug types used on tooth colored
stability.
Rejected HO
CAPULAN, JUDYANN E.

16. TITLE: Tooth Wear Epidemiology and Its Associated Periodontal Health and Sociodemographic
Factors in a Cluster of Senior Citizens in Northern Greece
AUTHORS: Charis Theodiridis, George Menexes, Vasiliki Topitsoglou, Sotirios Kalfas
ABSTRACT: Tooth wear (TW) is an irreversible and cumulative phenomenon causing aesthetic and
functional compromise. Increasing wear has been associated with age, and various other factors have been reported to
influence its type and/or severity both in individuals and groups. Increased TW may constitute a major future
problem for the elderly. The present cross-sectional study aims at determining the prevalence of TW in senior
citizens from Northern Greece and evaluating the patient-level associations between TW, periodontal condition, and
sociodemographic factors. A sample of 363 dentate individuals, aged between 65 and 74 years, was
considered according to the WHO guidelines for national pathfinder surveys and three different dentists examined the
representative population groups from different urban and rural areas in Northern Greece. The examiners
were calibrated prior to the survey, with an interexaminer agreement of over 85%. The simplified TWI, community
periodontal index (CPI), attachment loss (AL), plaque index (DI), calculus index (CI), and sociodemographic
factors were detected and measured. TW is very prevalent among senior citizens in Northern Greece, with males
having been found to experience more wear. Age and oral health status, when measured by the periodontal indices AL, DI,
and CI, are significantly combined with TW in both urban and rural areas.
REFERENCE: Theodoridis et.al (2022). Tooth Wear Epidemiology and Its Associated Periodontal Health and
Sociodemographic Factors in a Cluster of Senior Citizens in Northern Greece. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6767/10/11/216/htm

17. Statistical Test: Kruskal-Wallis (KW), Mann-Whitney
(MW) Test and Monte-Carlo Simulation method
P-value and α = 0.05 (p ≤ 0.05).
(P ≤ 0.05) A significant difference in the tooth wear index scores was detected, referring to
sociodemographic factors, such as the age and gender of the participants. Ho Reject
(P < 0.24) A significant association between the index and pain during cold diet uptake and
unconscious tooth grinding or clenching was revealed when 24% of the respondents agreed
that they had discomfort on the uptake. Ho reject
(P < 0.001) Periodontal status, expressed in terms of loss of attachment, as well as the
presence of plaque and calculus, were significantly associated with tooth wear in the
examined individuals. Ho reject
Herrera, FabianF.

19. VICENTE JOEMARIE