4. • To state what genetic engineering is
• To explain the ways genetic engineering is carried out
• To describe some applications of genetic engineering
Learning Outcomes
5. Genetic engineering
code proteins DNA gene
____is the genetic material found in
every cell nucleus.
It contains the genetic ____ which
dictates all the inherited characteristics
of an organism.
It does this by controlling the
manufacture of ______.
Each ____ controls the instructions for
one protein.
6. Genetic engineering
DNA is the genetic material found in
every cell nucleus.
It contains the genetic ____ which
dictates all the inherited
characteristics of an organism.
It does this by controlling the
manufacture of ______.
Each ____ controls the instructions
for one protein.
Words: code proteins DNA gene
code proteins DNA gene
7. Genetic engineering
DNA is the genetic material found in
every cell nucleus.
It contains the genetic code which
dictates all the inherited
characteristics of an organism.
It does this by controlling the
manufacture of ______.
Each ____ controls the instructions
for one protein.
Words: code proteins DNA gene
code proteins DNA gene
8. Genetic engineering
DNA is the genetic material found in
every cell nucleus.
It contains the genetic code which
dictates all the inherited
characteristics of an organism.
It does this by controlling the
manufacture of proteins.
Each ____ controls the instructions
for one protein.
Words: code proteins DNA gene
code proteins DNA gene
9. Genetic engineering
DNA is the genetic material found in
every cell nucleus.
It contains the genetic code which
dictates all the inherited
characteristics of an organism.
It does this by controlling the
manufacture of proteins.
Each gene controls the instructions
for one protein.
Words: code proteins DNA gene
code proteins DNA gene
11. Genetic engineering
If something has been genetically modified, what does
that mean?
The g______ in an organism have been
c______ in some way, often to give the
organism more desirable c____________.
12. Genetic engineering
If something has been genetically modified, what does
that mean?
The genes in an organism have been
c______ in some way, often to give the
organism more desirable c____________.
13. Genetic engineering
If something has been genetically modified, what does
that mean?
The genes in an organism have been
changed in some way, often to give the
organism more desirable c____________.
14. Genetic engineering
If something has been genetically modified, what does
that mean?
The genes in an organism have been
changed in some way, often to give the
organism more desirable characteristics.
16. Genetic engineering
What does it look like
the scientist is doing?
Genetic engineering often
involves removing a gene
from one organism, and
inserting it into the DNA of
another. By doing this we
can alter the characteristics
of living things!
18. Genetic engineering
What do we call organisms
that receives the gene
from a different species?
This recombining of DNA
from two different organisms
produces recombinant DNA
and this is the basis of
genetic engineering.
21. • To state what genetic engineering is
• To explain the ways genetic engineering is carried out
• To describe some applications of genetic engineering
Learning Outcomes
22. Learning Outcomes
• To state what genetic engineering is
• To explain the ways genetic engineering is carried out
• To describe some applications of genetic engineering
25. Genetic engineering
Many organisms have been genetically engineered.
• Cotton – to produce high yields
• Corn – to produce toxins
(poison) that kill insects
26. Genetic engineering
Many organisms have been genetically engineered.
• Cotton – to produce high yields
• Corn – to produce toxins
(poison) that kill insects
• Bacteria – to produce
medicinal drugs.
27. Genetic engineering
The break through in being able to transfer DNA from cell to cell
came when it was found that bacteria have two sorts of DNA.
P______
B_______
c_________
28. Genetic engineering
The break through in being able to transfer DNA from cell to cell
came when it was found that bacteria have two sorts of DNA.
P______
Bacterial
chromosome
29. Genetic engineering
The break through in being able to transfer DNA from cell to cell
came when it was found that bacteria have two sorts of DNA.
Plasmid
Bacterial
chromosome
30. Genetic engineering
Scientists found ways of transferring plasmids from one bacterium
to another. The next stage was to find molecular “scissors” and
molecular “glue” that could cut out genes from one molecule of
DNA and stick them back into another.
Plasmid
Bacterial
chromosome
31. Genetic engineering
Scientists found a way of
cutting DNA using r________
e_____ (Restriction
endonucleases) which cut
DNA molecules at specific
points.
Different restriction enzymes
cut DNA at different places.
They can be used to cut out
specific genes from a
molecule of DNA.
Scientists also discovered
l_____ (or DNA ligases) that
join the cut ends of DNA
molecules.
32. Genetic engineering
Scientists found a way of
cutting DNA using restriction
enzymes (Restriction
endonucleases) which cut
DNA molecules at specific
points.
Different restriction enzymes
cut DNA at different places.
They can be used to cut out
specific genes from a
molecule of DNA.
Scientists also discovered
l_____ (or DNA ligases) that
join the cut ends of DNA
molecules.
33. Genetic engineering
Scientists found a way of
cutting DNA using restriction
enzymes (Restriction
endonucleases) which cut
DNA molecules at specific
points.
Different restriction enzymes
cut DNA at different places.
They can be used to cut out
specific genes from a
molecule of DNA.
Scientists also discovered
ligases (or DNA ligases) that
join the cut ends of DNA
molecules.
36. Genetic engineering
Other restriction
enzymes make a
staggered cut. These
produce fragments of
DNA with overlapping
ends with
complementary
bases. These
overlapping ends are
called “s____ e___”
because fragments of
DNA with exposed
bases are more easily
joined by ligase
enzymes.
37. Genetic engineering
Other restriction
enzymes make a
staggered cut. These
produce fragments of
DNA with overlapping
ends with
complementary
bases. These
overlapping ends are
called “sticky ends”
because fragments of
DNA with exposed
bases are more easily
joined by ligase
enzymes.
38. Genetic engineering
Biologists now had a
method of
transferring a gene
from any cell into a
bacterium. They
could insert the gene
into a p_____ and
then transfer the
plasmid into a
bacterium.
The plasmid is called
a v____ because it is
the means of
transferring the gene.
39. Genetic engineering
Biologists now had a
method of
transferring a gene
from any cell into a
bacterium. They
could insert the gene
into a plasmid and
then transfer the
plasmid into a
bacterium.
The plasmid is called
a v____ because it is
the means of
transferring the gene.
40. Genetic engineering
Biologists now had a
method of
transferring a gene
from any cell into a
bacterium. They
could insert the gene
into a plasmid and
then transfer the
plasmid into a
bacterium.
The plasmid is called
a vector because it is
the means of
transferring the gene.
42. Genetic engineering
Another vector that has
been used to introduce
foreign DNA into bacterial
cells is the b__________.
A bacteriophage, or phage, is
a v___ that attacks a
bacterium. It does this by
attaching to the cell wall of
the bacterium and injecting
its own D__ into the
bacterial cell. This DNA
becomes incorporated into
the DNA of the b______ cell,
and eventually causes the
production of many virus
particles.
43. Genetic engineering
Another vector that has
been used to introduce
foreign DNA into bacterial
cells is the bacteriophage.
A bacteriophage, or phage, is
a v___ that attacks a
bacterium. It does this by
attaching to the cell wall of
the bacterium and injecting
its own D__ into the
bacterial cell. This DNA
becomes incorporated into
the DNA of the b______ cell,
and eventually causes the
production of many virus
particles.
44. Genetic engineering
Another vector that has
been used to introduce
foreign DNA into bacterial
cells is the bacteriophage.
A bacteriophage, or phage, is
a virus that attacks a
bacterium. It does this by
attaching to the cell wall of
the bacterium and injecting
its own D__ into the
bacterial cell. This DNA
becomes incorporated into
the DNA of the b______ cell,
and eventually causes the
production of many virus
particles.
45. Genetic engineering
Another vector that has
been used to introduce
foreign DNA into bacterial
cells is the bacteriophage.
A bacteriophage, or phage, is
a virus that attacks a
bacterium. It does this by
attaching to the cell wall of
the bacterium and injecting
its own DNA into the
bacterial cell. This DNA
becomes incorporated into
the DNA of the b______ cell,
and eventually causes the
production of many virus
particles.
46. Genetic engineering
Another vector that has
been used to introduce
foreign DNA into bacterial
cells is the bacteriophage.
A bacteriophage, or phage, is
a virus that attacks a
bacterium. It does this by
attaching to the cell wall of
the bacterium and injecting
its own DNA into the
bacterial cell. This DNA
becomes incorporated into
the DNA of the bacterial cell,
and eventually causes the
production of many virus
particles.
47. • To state what genetic engineering is
• To explain the ways genetic engineering is carried out
• To describe some applications of genetic engineering
Learning Outcomes
48. Learning Outcomes
• To state what genetic engineering is
• To explain the ways genetic engineering is carried out
• To describe some applications of genetic engineering
49. Genetic engineering
Bacteria can be
genetically
engineered to
produce many useful
chemicals including
hormones, vaccines
and antibiotics.
50. Genetic engineering
Insulin, needed to treat
Type 1 diabetes, used to
be extracted from dead
pigs and cows but was not
compatible with some
people and there were
religions which could not
use it.
51. Genetic engineering
Insulin, needed to treat
Type 1 diabetes, used to
be extracted from dead
pigs and cows but was not
compatible with some
people and there were
religions which could not
use it.
52. Genetic engineering
Insulin, needed to treat
Type 1 diabetes, used to
be extracted from dead
pigs and cows but was not
compatible with some
people and there were
religions which could not
use it.
GM bacteria can be used
to produce insulin.
60. Study each picture carefully. They show the
process of genetically engineering bacteria to
produce human insulin.
61. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The human insulin
gene has to be
located in the
human genome.
62. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The human insulin
gene has to be
located in the
human genome.
63. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The human insulin
gene has to be cut
out of the
chromosome using
enzymes.
64. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The human insulin
gene has to be cut
out of the
chromosome using
enzymes.
65. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
Enzymes also cut
open bacterial DNA,
to make room for
the insulin gene.
66. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
Enzymes also cut
open bacterial DNA,
to make room for
the insulin gene.
67. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The insulin gene is
inserted in to the
bacterial plasmid.
68. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The insulin gene is
inserted in to the
bacterial plasmid.
69. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The new DNA,
containing the
insulin gene, is
inserted back into
the bacteria.
70. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The new DNA,
containing the
insulin gene, is
inserted back into
the bacteria.
71. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The bacteria is then
allowed to multiply.
It will start
producing the
insulin protein.
72. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The bacteria is then
allowed to multiply.
It will start
producing the
insulin protein.
73. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The pure insulin is
extracted and
distributed.
74. Match up the description
to the correct picture.
The pure insulin is
extracted and
distributed.
75. Haemophilia is a disease that prevents blood from clotting.
Sufferers of this disease are unable to produce Factor VIII, a
chemical that clots blood. Describe how bacteria can be genetically
engineered to produce large quantities of Factor VIII for the
treatment of haemophilia.
Genetic engineering
76. Haemophilia is a disease that prevents blood from clotting.
Sufferers of this disease are unable to produce Factor VIII, a
chemical that clots blood. Describe how bacteria can be genetically
engineered to produce large quantities of Factor VIII for the
treatment of haemophilia.
Genes that code for Factor
VIII are isolated and removed
from an organism.
Genetic engineering
77. Haemophilia is a disease that prevents blood from clotting.
Sufferers of this disease are unable to produce Factor VIII, a
chemical that clots blood. Describe how bacteria can be genetically
engineered to produce large quantities of Factor VIII for the
treatment of haemophilia.
Genes that code for Factor
VIII are isolated and removed
from an organism.
Gene for Factor VIII is
inserted into bacteria.
Genetic engineering
78. Bacteria now produce Factor
VIII. Bacteria multiply many
times and produce large
amounts of clotting factor.
Haemophilia is a disease that prevents blood from clotting.
Sufferers of this disease are unable to produce Factor VIII, a
chemical that clots blood. Describe how bacteria can be genetically
engineered to produce large quantities of Factor VIII for the
treatment of haemophilia.
Genes that code for Factor
VIII are isolated and removed
from an organism.
Gene for Factor VIII is
inserted into bacteria.
Genetic engineering
79. Factor VIII is extracted,
purified and given to
patients.
Bacteria now produce Factor
VIII. Bacteria multiply many
times and produce large
amounts of clotting factor.
Haemophilia is a disease that prevents blood from clotting.
Sufferers of this disease are unable to produce Factor VIII, a
chemical that clots blood. Describe how bacteria can be genetically
engineered to produce large quantities of Factor VIII for the
treatment of haemophilia.
Genes that code for Factor
VIII are isolated and removed
from an organism.
Gene for Factor VIII is
inserted into bacteria.
Genetic engineering
80. This picture shows how a tomato plant can be
genetically modified to introduce a gene from a
carrot plant that codes for beta-carotene.
Genetic engineering
82. What is a GM crop?
Genetically modified crops
have had f_____ g___ (from
other organisms) inserted
into their genetic codes
(DNA) in order to give them
desired c___________.
Genetic engineering can be
done with plants, animals,
bacteria and other
microorganisms.
Genetic engineering
83. What is a GM crop?
Genetically modified crops
have had foreign genes
(from other organisms)
inserted into their genetic
codes (DNA) in order to give
them desired
c___________. Genetic
engineering can be done
with plants, animals,
bacteria and other
microorganisms.
Genetic engineering
84. What is a GM crop?
Genetically modified crops
have had foreign genes
(from other organisms)
inserted into their genetic
codes (DNA) in order to give
them desired
characteristics. Genetic
engineering can be done
with plants, animals,
bacteria and other
microorganisms.
Genetic engineering
85. Bt corn is an example of a
genetically modified crop.
Scientists isolated a gene
from a type of soil bacteria
which codes for a toxin
that kills insects to put into
corn. This means that
insecticides are not
needed for this crop.
Genetic engineering
86. • To state what genetic engineering is
• To explain the ways genetic engineering is carried out
• To describe some applications of genetic engineering
Learning Outcomes
87. Learning Outcomes
• To state what genetic engineering is
• To explain the ways genetic engineering is carried out
• To describe some applications of genetic engineering
