The vietnam war.pptx

DECADE OF THE 60’S
THE 60’S
FIFTH EDITION
TERRY H ANDERSON
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THE VIETNAM WAR BEGINS – THE WORLD’S FIRST TELEVISED WAR
• MAY 7, 1954: HO CHI MINH’S VIET MINH FORCES DEFEAT THE FRENCH AT THE BATTLE OF DIEN BIEN PHU, EFFECTIVELY
ENDING THE 7 ½-YEAR INDOCHINA WAR.
• JULY 1954: AT A CONFERENCE IN GENEVA, WORLD POWERS AGREE TO A DIVIDED VIETNAM.
• COMMUNISTS, LED BY HO CHI MINH, CONTROL THE NORTH. THE UNITED STATES EVENTUALLY SUPPORTS AN
ANTICOMMUNIST GOVERNMENT LED BY NGO DINH DIEM IN THE SOUTH.
• SEPT. 10, 1960: LE DUAN REPLACES HO CHI MINH AS FIRST SECRETARY OF THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNIST PARTY IN HANOI.
• NOV. 8, 1960: JOHN F. KENNEDY BEATS RICHARD NIXON IN THE U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION; LYNDON B. JOHNSON IS
VICE PRESIDENT.
• DEC. 20, 1960: SOUTHERN REVOLUTIONARIES, BACKED BY THE NORTH VIETNAMESE COMMUNIST PARTY, FORM THE
NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT, KNOWN IN SAIGON AND WASHINGTON AS THE VIET CONG.
• JUNE 11, 1963: SELF IMMOLATION OF BUDDHIST MONK THICH QUANG DUC IN SAIGON SPARKS OUTRAGE AROUND THE
WORLD AND BRINGS ATTENTION TO THE DEVELOPING CONFLICT.
• NOV. 1-2, 1963: PRESIDENT DIEM AND HIS BROTHER NGO DINH NHU ARE MURDERED DURING A COUP BY DISSIDENT
GENERALS OF THE SOUTH VIETNAMESE ARMY.

THE VIETNAM WAR
• NOV. 22, 1963: KENNEDY IS ASSASSINATED, AND JOHNSON IS SWORN IN AS PRESIDENT.
• AUG. 2-4, 1964: TWO SUPPOSED INCIDENTS IN THE GULF OF TONKIN LEAD JOHNSON TO
SEEK CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL FOR DIRECT U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN VIETNAM.
• MARCH 8, 1965: FIRST MARINES LAND IN DANANG.
• NOV. 14-18, 1965: IN THE IA DRANG VALLEY, AMERICAN TROOPS FIGHT THEIR FIRST
LARGE SCALE BATTLES AGAINST THE NORTH VIETNAMESE ARMY.
•

ASSASSINS
• LEE HARVEY OSWALD, (BORN OCTOBER 18, 1939, NEW
ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, U.S.—DIED NOVEMBER 24, 1963, DALLAS,
TEXAS), ACCUSED ASSASSIN OF U.S. PRES. JOHN F.
KENNEDY IN DALLAS ON NOVEMBER 22, 1963.
• HE HIMSELF WAS FATALLY SHOT TWO DAYS LATER BY JACK
RUBY (1911–67) IN THE DALLAS COUNTY JAIL. A SPECIAL
PRESIDENT’S COMMISSION ON THE ASSASSINATION OF
PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY, BETTER KNOWN AS
THE WARREN COMMISSION BECAUSE IT WAS HEADED BY
CHIEF JUSTICE EARL WARREN, INVESTIGATED FROM NOVEMBER
29, 1963, TO SEPTEMBER 24, 1964, AND CONCLUDED THAT
OSWALD ALONE HAD FIRED THE SHOTS KILLING KENNEDY
AND THAT THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE THAT EITHER OSWALD
OR RUBY HAD BEEN PART OF ANY CONSPIRACY.
• IN JANUARY 1979 A SPECIAL U.S. HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES ASSASSINATIONS COMMITTEE, AFTER A
TWO-YEAR INVESTIGATION, REPORTED THAT A SECOND
ASSASSIN MAY ALSO HAVE FIRED A SHOT AND THAT THERE
MAY HAVE BEEN A CONSPIRACY.
• THE EVIDENCE HAS REMAINED HIGHLY DEBATABLE.

GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION - AUGUST 7,
1964
• THE GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION AUTHORIZED PRESIDENT LYNDON
JOHNSON TO “TAKE ALL NECESSARY MEASURES TO REPEL ANY
ARMED ATTACK AGAINST THE FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES AND
TO PREVENT FURTHER AGGRESSION” BY THE COMMUNIST
GOVERNMENT OF NORTH VIETNAM. IT WAS PASSED ON AUGUST 7,
1964, BY THE U.S. CONGRESS AFTER AN ALLEGED ATTACK ON TWO
U.S. NAVAL DESTROYERS STATIONED OFF THE COAST OF VIETNAM.
• THE GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION EFFECTIVELY LAUNCHED
AMERICA’S FULL-SCALE INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIETNAM WAR.
• ACCORDING TO THE U.S. NAVY, BOTH MADDOX AND TURNER JOY
REPORTED BEING FIRED UPON BY NORTH VIETNAMESE PATROL
BOATS, BUT LATER DOUBTS SURROUNDING THE VERACITY OF THE
SECOND ATTACK, ON TURNER JOY, EMERGED.
US Maddox
• June 1970: Congress
repeals the Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution to reassert
control over the
president’s ability to use
force in the war.

BATTLE OF IA DRANG VALLEY
• NOVEMBER 1965: NEARLY 300 AMERICANS ARE KILLED AND HUNDREDS MORE
INJURED IN THE FIRST LARGE-SCALE BATTLE OF THE WAR, THE BATTLE OF IA
DRANG VALLEY.
• AT THE BATTLE, IN SOUTH VIETNAM’S CENTRAL HIGHLANDS, U.S. GROUND
TROOPS ARE DROPPED ONTO AND WITHDRAWN FROM THE BATTLEFIELD BY
HELICOPTER, IN WHAT WOULD BECOME A COMMON STRATEGY. BOTH SIDES
DECLARE VICTORY.
In the 43-day Ia Drang campaign, 545 Americans were
killed. Enemy deaths have been estimated at 3,561.

FIRST HELICOPTER WAR
• 1 . BELL UH-1 IROQUOIS (HUEY) ARGUABLY THE MOST ICONIC HELICOPTER OF
THE VIETNAM WAR, THE BELL UH-1 IROQUOIS WAS FIRST USED BY THE UNITED
STATES MILITARY IN 1959.
• 2 . BELL AH-1 COBRA. ...
• 3 . BOEING CH-47 CHINOOK. ...
• 4 . KAMAN SH-2 SEASPRITE. ...
• 5 . SIKORSKY HH-3E JOLLY GREEN GIANT. HUEY
COBRA
CHINOOK
SEASPRITE
JOLLY GREEN
GIANT

OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER
• MARCH 1965: PRESIDENT JOHNSON LAUNCHES A THREE-YEAR CAMPAIGN OF
SUSTAINED BOMBING OF TARGETS IN NORTH VIETNAM AND THE HO CHI MINH TRAIL
IN OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER.
• THE SAME MONTH, U.S. MARINES LAND ON BEACHES NEAR DA NANG, SOUTH
VIETNAM AS THE FIRST AMERICAN COMBAT TROOPS TO ENTER VIETNAM.
• JUNE 1965: GENERAL NGUEN VAN THIEU OF THE ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF
VIETNAM GOVERNMENTAL MILITARY (ARVN), BECOMES PRESIDENT OF SOUTH
VIETNAM.
• JULY 1965: PRESIDENT JOHNSON CALLS FOR 50,000 MORE GROUND TROOPS TO BE
SENT TO VIETNAM, INCREASING THE DRAFT TO 35,000 EACH MONTH.

INCREASE IN US TROOPS
• • 1966: U.S. TROOP NUMBERS IN VIETNAM RISE TO 400,000.
• • JUNE 1966: AMERICAN AIRCRAFT ATTACK TARGETS IN HANOI AND HAIPHONG IN RAIDS
THAT ARE AMONG THE FIRST SUCH ATTACKS ON CITIES IN NORTH VIETNAM.
• • 1967: U.S. TROOP NUMBERS STATIONED IN VIETNAM INCREASE TO
500,000.
• • FEBRUARY 1967: U.S. AIRCRAFT BOMB HAIPHONG HARBOR AND NORTH VIETNAMESE
AIRFIELDS.
• • APRIL 1967: HUGE VIETNAM WAR PROTESTS OCCUR IN WASHINGTON, D.C., NEW
YORK CITY AND SAN FRANCISCO.

RESISTANCE TO THE WAR
• APRIL 15 AND OCT. 21, 1967: HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF ANTIWAR PROTESTERS GATHER FOR
DEMONSTRATIONS IN NEW YORK’S CENTRAL PARK AND IN WASHINGTON.
• SUMMER 1967 TO SPRING 1968: DURING A SERIES OF “BORDER BATTLES” IN THE REMOTE
LOCATIONS OF DAK TO, CON THIEN AND KHE SANH, U.S. ARMY AND MARINES FACE RELENTLESS
ONSLAUGHTS FROM NORTH VIETNAMESE.
• IN WASHINGTON, D.C. NEARLY 100,000 PEOPLE GATHER TO PROTEST THE AMERICAN WAR EFFORT IN
VIETNAM. MORE THAN 50,000 OF THE PROTESTERS MARCHED TO THE PENTAGON TO ASK FOR AN
END TO THE CONFLICT. THE PROTEST WAS THE MOST DRAMATIC SIGN OF WANING U.S. SUPPORT
FOR PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSON’S WAR IN VIETNAM. POLLS TAKEN IN THE SUMMER OF 1967
REVEALED THAT, FOR THE FIRST TIME, AMERICAN SUPPORT FOR THE WAR HAD FALLEN BELOW 50
PERCENT.

THE TET OFFENSIVE
• JAN. 31, 1968: DURING THE TET OFFENSIVE, NORTH VIETNAMESE AND
VIET CONG TROOPS LAUNCH SURPRISE ATTACKS AGAINST TARGETS
THROUGHOUT SOUTH VIETNAM.
• FEBRUARY 1968: IN THE ANCIENT IMPERIAL CAPITAL OF HUE, COMMUNIST
FORCES EXECUTE AT LEAST 2,800 PEOPLE, MOSTLY SOUTH VIETNAMESE
CIVILIANS.
As the celebration of the lunar new year, the Tet holiday is the most
important holiday on the Vietnamese calendar. In previous years, the holiday
had been the occasion for an informal truce in the Vietnam War between
South Vietnam and North Vietnam (and their communist allies in South
Vietnam, the Viet Cong).
The U.S. and South Vietnamese militaries sustained heavy
losses before finally repelling the communist assault.
The Tet Offensive played an important role in weakening
U.S. public support for the war in Vietnam.

KENT STATE SHOOTING
• KENT STATE SHOOTING, THE SHOOTING OF FOUR UNARMED COLLEGE
STUDENTS AT KENT STATE UNIVERSITY, IN NORTHEASTERN OHIO, BY THE
OHIO NATIONAL GUARD ON MAY 4, 1970, ONE OF THE SEMINAL EVENTS OF
THE ANTI-VIETNAM WAR MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES.
The Kent State killings spark
protests on college campuses all
over the country.

THE MY LAI MASSACRE
• MARCH 16, 1968: AT THE U.S. MASSACRE AT MAI LAI, MORE THAN 500 CIVILIANS
ARE MURDERED BY U.S. FORCES. THE MASSACRE HAPPENS AMID A CAMPAIGN
OF U.S. SEARCH-AND-DESTROY OPERATIONS THAT ARE INTENDED TO FIND
ENEMY TERRITORIES, DESTROY THEM AND THEN RETREAT. DURING THE WAR,
WITH 543 AMERICAN DEATHS.
The My Lai massacre was one of the most horrific incidents of violence committed during the
Vietnam War. A company of American soldiers brutally killed most of the people—women, children
and old men—in the village of My Lai on March 16, 1968.
- More than 500 people were slaughtered in the My Lai massacre, including young girls
and women who were raped and mutilated before being killed.
- U.S. Army officers covered up the carnage for a year before it was reported in the American
press, sparking a firestorm of international outrage.
- The brutality of the My Lai massacre and the official cover-up fueled anti-war sentiment
and further divided the United States over the Vietnam War.

WILLIAM CALLEY
• ARMY COMMANDERS HAD ADVISED THE SOLDIERS OF
CHARLIE COMPANY THAT ALL WHO WERE FOUND IN THE SON
MY AREA COULD BE CONSIDERED VC OR ACTIVE VC
SYMPATHIZERS AND ORDERED THEM TO DESTROY THE
VILLAGE.
• WHEN THEY ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER DAWN, THE
SOLDIERS—LED BY LIEUTENANT WILLIAM CALLEY—FOUND
NO VIET CONG. INSTEAD, THEY CAME ACROSS A QUIET
VILLAGE OF PRIMARILY WOMEN, CHILDREN AND OLDER MEN
PREPARING THEIR BREAKFAST RICE.
• THE VILLAGERS WERE ROUNDED UP INTO GROUPS AS THE
SOLDIERS INSPECTED THEIR HUTS. DESPITE FINDING ONLY A
FEW WEAPONS, CALLEY ORDERED HIS MEN TO BEGIN
SHOOTING THE VILLAGERS.
What happened to Lieutenant Calley from the Vietnam War?
A court-martial in 1971 found Lt. Calley guilty of the murder of 22 South
Vietnamese civilians. He was sentenced to life in prison, but the sentence
was reduced. Calley was freed in 1974.
Though several of the men
involved faced courts-martial, only
one—1st Lieut. William Laws
Calley Jr.—was ever convicted.
He was found guilty in 1971 of
murder and sentenced to
life. (President
Nixon changed Calley’s sentence to
house arrest, and he served about
three years. He apologized in
2009.)

HAMBURGER HILL – 3RD WORST BATTLE IN
VIETNAM
• • NOVEMBER 1968: REPUBLICAN RICHARD M. NIXON WINS THE U.S.
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS ON THE CAMPAIGN PROMISES TO RESTORE “LAW
AND ORDER” AND TO END THE DRAFT.
• • MAY 1969: AT AP BIA MOUNTAIN, ABOUT A MILE FROM THE BORDER WITH
LAOS, U.S. PARATROOPERS ATTACK ENTRENCHED NORTH VIETNAMESE
FIGHTERS IN AN ATTEMPT TO CUT OFF NORTH VIETNAMESE INFILTRATION
FROM LAOS.
• U.S. TROOPS EVENTUALLY CAPTURE THE SITE (TEMPORARILY), WHICH WOULD
BE NICKNAMED HAMBURGER HILL BY JOURNALISTS DUE TO THE BRUTAL
CARNAGE OF THE 10-DAY BATTLE (HILL 937).
Ten more infantry assaults came during the next 10 days, but
Hill 937's North Vietnamese defenders did not give up their
fortified position until May 20. Almost 100 Americans were
killed and more than 400 wounded in taking the hill, amounting
to a shocking 70 percent casualty rate.

GRADUAL WITHDRAWAL
FROM VIETNAM
• 1969-1972: THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION GRADUALLY REDUCES THE
NUMBER OF U.S. FORCES IN SOUTH VIETNAM, PLACING MORE BURDEN
ON THE GROUND FORCES OF SOUTH VIETNAM’S ARVN AS PART OF A
STRATEGY KNOWN AS VIETNAMIZATION. U.S. TROOPS IN VIETNAM ARE
REDUCED FROM A PEAK OF 549,000 IN 1969 TO 69,000 IN 1972.
• FEBRUARY 1970: U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR HENRY
KISSINGER BEGINS SECRET PEACE NEGOTIATIONS WITH HANOI
POLITBURO MEMBER LE DUC THO IN PARIS.
• MARCH 1969-MAY 1970: IN A SERIES OF SECRET BOMBINGS KNOWN
AS “OPERATION MENU,” U.S. B-52 BOMBERS TARGET SUSPECTED
COMMUNIST BASE CAMPS AND SUPPLY ZONES IN CAMBODIA. THE
BOMBINGS ARE KEPT UNDER WRAPS BY NIXON AND HIS
ADMINISTRATION SINCE CAMBODIA IS OFFICIALLY NEUTRAL IN THE
WAR, ALTHOUGH THE NEW YORK TIMES WOULD REVEAL THE
OPERATION ON MAY 9, 1969.
• APRIL-JUNE 1970: U.S. AND SOUTH VIETNAMESE FORCES ATTACK
COMMUNIST BASES ACROSS THE CAMBODIAN BORDER IN THE
CAMBODIAN INCURSION.

PENTAGON PAPERS – MILITARY & PRESIDENT
EXPOSED
• JUNE 1971: THE NEW YORK TIMES PUBLISHES A SERIES OF ARTICLES
DETAILING LEAKED DEFENSE DEPARTMENT DOCUMENTS ABOUT THE WAR,
KNOWN AS THE PENTAGON PAPERS. THE REPORT REVEALS THE U.S.
GOVERNMENT HAD REPEATEDLY AND SECRETLY INCREASED U.S.
INVOLVEMENT IN THE WAR.
- THE PENTAGON PAPERS REVEALED THAT THE HARRY S. TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION GAVE
MILITARY AID TO FRANCE IN ITS COLONIAL WAR AGAINST THE COMMUNIST-LED VIET MINH,
THUS DIRECTLY INVOLVING THE UNITED STATES IN VIETNAM;
- THAT IN 1954 PRES. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER DECIDED TO PREVENT A COMMUNIST TAKEOVER
OF SOUTH VIETNAM AND TO UNDERMINE THE NEW COMMUNIST REGIME OF NORTH VIETNAM;
- THAT PRES. JOHN F. KENNEDY TRANSFORMED THE POLICY OF “LIMITED-RISK GAMBLE” THAT
HE HAD INHERITED INTO A POLICY OF “BROAD COMMITMENT”;
- THAT PRES. LYNDON B. JOHNSON INTENSIFIED COVERT WARFARE AGAINST NORTH VIETNAM
AND BEGAN PLANNING TO WAGE OVERT WAR IN 1964, A FULL YEAR BEFORE THE DEPTH OF U.S.
INVOLVEMENT WAS PUBLICLY REVEALED;
- AND THAT JOHNSON ORDERED THE BOMBING OF NORTH VIETNAM IN 1965 DESPITE THE
JUDGMENT OF THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY THAT IT WOULD NOT CAUSE THE NORTH
VIETNAMESE TO CEASE THEIR SUPPORT OF THE VIET CONG INSURGENCY IN SOUTH VIETNAM.
Defense worker Daniel
Ellsberg seeks to publish
a series of classified
government documents
detailing the true nature
of America's involvement
in the Vietnam War.

• AUGUST 1974: PRESIDENT NIXON RESIGNS IN THE FACE OF LIKELY
IMPEACHMENT AFTER THE WATERGATE SCANDAL IS REVEALED. GERALD R.
FORD BECOMES PRESIDENT.
WATERGATE IMPACTS VIETNAM

THE FALL OF SAIGON
• APRIL 1975: IN THE FALL OF SAIGON, THE CAPITAL OF SOUTH VIETNAM IS
SEIZED BY COMMUNIST FORCES AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH VIETNAM
SURRENDERS. U.S. MARINE AND AIR FORCE HELICOPTERS TRANSPORT MORE
THAN 1,000 AMERICAN CIVILIANS AND NEARLY 7,000 SOUTH VIETNAMESE
REFUGEES OUT OF SAIGON IN AN 18-HOUR MASS EVACUATION EFFORT.

THE END OF
THE WAR
• THE WAR DEAD: BY THE END
OF THE WAR,
SOME 58,220 AMERICANS
LOSE THEIR LIVES.
VIETNAM WOULD LATER
RELEASE ESTIMATES THAT
- 1.1 MILLION NORTH
VIETNAMESE AND VIET
CONG FIGHTERS WERE
KILLED
- UP TO 250,000 SOUTH
VIETNAMESE SOLDIERS DIED
- AND MORE THAN 2 MILLION
CIVILIANS WERE KILLED ON
BOTH SIDES OF THE WAR.

SDS VS. SNCC
SDS (STUDENTS FOR A
DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY)
• STUDENTS FOR A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY (SDS),
OR NEW STUDENTS FOR A DEMOCRATIC
SOCIETY (NEW SDS) IS A UNITED STATES
STUDENT ACTIVIST ORGANIZATION FOUNDED
IN 2006 IN RESPONSE TO THE US INVASIONS OF
IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN WITH THE AIM TO
REBUILD THE STUDENT MOVEMENT.
SNCC (THE STUDENT
NONVIOLENT
COORDINATING
COMMITTEE)
• THE STUDENT NONVIOLENT
COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SNCC)
WAS FOUNDED IN 1960 IN THE WAKE
OF STUDENT-LED SIT-INS AT
SEGREGATED LUNCH COUNTERS
ACROSS THE SOUTH AND BECAME
THE MAJOR CHANNEL OF STUDENT
PARTICIPATION IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS
MOVEMENT.

THE 50’S
The 50’s
- Liberals call this the “dullest and
dreariest in all of history”.
- Conformity
- Women as homemakers
- Men as husband, father, and provider
- Levittown – one house completed every
15 minutes
- Boys have crew cuts
- Girls’ dress as their mother does
- Jim Crowe Laws
- US – defender of freedom
- Movie – ‘The Best Years of our Lives”’
- GI Bill
- Many attended college in record numbers.
- Marriage in record numbers – 1946 – increase
of 40%
- Babies in equally record numbers
- “The Baby Boom” – 1950 – 8 million more
children than demographers predicted.
- Housing doubled between 1946 – 1950
-
60,000 residents in
Levitown – all white.
White flight from the
cities.
The Great Migration

RUSSIA AND COMMUNISM
• JOSEPH STALIN BEGINS BREAKING AGREEMENTS.
• WON’T ALLOW DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS IN COUNTRIES HIS ARMY HAD LIBERATED
FROM NAZI GERMANY.
• RESULTS IN COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS THROUGHOUT EUROPE.
• IN TWO YEARS, COLD WAR BEGINS.
• “CONTAINMENT POLICY” – US WOULD KEEP OTHER COUNTRIES FROM BECOMING
COMMUNIST.
• TRUMAN DOCTRINE
• BERLIN AIRLIFT
• MARSHALL PLAN – GROUNDWORK FOR NATO
• KOREAN WAR BEGINS
• WE ARE FIGHTING IN KOREA SO THAT WE DON’T HAVE TO FIGHT IN OUR BACK YARD.
• US AND RUSSIA HAVE ATOMIC BOMB.
• AMERICANS FELT VULNERABLE TO ANNIHILATION BY NUCLEAR BOMBS.

COLD WAR, STALIN, AND BERLIN AIRLIFT

BERLIN AIRLIFT
At the end of the Second World War, U.S., British, and Soviet military forces
divided and occupied Germany. Also divided into occupation zones, Berlin was
located far inside Soviet-controlled eastern Germany. The United States, United
Kingdom, and France controlled western portions of the city, while Soviet troops
controlled the eastern sector. As the wartime alliance between the Western Allies
and the Soviet Union ended and friendly relations turned hostile, the question of
whether the western occupation zones in Berlin would remain under Western Allied
control or whether the city would be absorbed into Soviet-controlled eastern
Germany led to the first Berlin crisis of the Cold War. The crisis started on June
24, 1948, when Soviet forces blockaded rail, road, and water access to Allied-
controlled areas of Berlin. The United States and United Kingdom responded by
During the entire airlift, the U.S.
and U.K. delivered more than 2.3
million tons of food, fuel and
supplies to West Berlin via more
than 278,000 airdrops. American
aircrews made more than 189,000
flights, totaling nearly 600,000
flying hours and exceeding 92
million miles

COMMUNISM IN AMERICA
• MARCH 1947 – THE LOYALTY PROGRAM
• TRUMAN’S LOYALTY PROGRAM HAS ITS ORIGINS IN WORLD WAR II, PARTICULARLY IN
THE HATCH ACT (1939), WHICH FORBADE ANYONE WHO “ADVOCATED THE
OVERTHROW OF OUR CONSTITUTIONAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED
STATES” TO WORK IN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. AFTER THE WAR, TENSIONS BETWEEN
THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION GREW, AS DID SUSPICION OF WORKERS IN EVERY
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT.
• ONE HOMOSEXUAL CAN POLLUTE A GOVERNMENT OFFICE.
• MCCARRAN ACT
• CONGRESS PASSED THE MCCARRAN INTERNAL SECURITY ACT OF 1950 OVER THE VETO OF
PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN FOUR MONTHS INTO THE KOREAN WAR. CRITICS BELIEVED
THE ACT POSED A RISK TO FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND
ASSOCIATION.
• THE AUTHOR, SEN. PAT MCCARRAN, D-NEV., WAS A SUPPORTER OF SEN. JOSEPH MCCARTHY
AND CHAIRED THE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE DURING THE LATE 1940S AND EARLY 1950S,
WHEN FEAR OF COMMUNISM WAS PARTICULARLY RAMPANT.

MYCARTHISM
MCCARTHY GIVEN A LOW-LEVEL SPEECH.
- SENT WHEELING, WV
- SAYS HE HAS A LIST OF 205 PEOPLE.
- PRESS ATTENTION IS IMMEDIATE – HE REVELED IN THE ATTENTION.
- NORTHERN KOREA ATTACKS SOUTH KOREA
- PRESENTS MCCARTHY FOR THE IMMEDIATE NEED TO DEPORT COMMUNIST IN
AMERICA.
- THE FEAR COMMUNISM IN THE US DROVE THE PRESIDENT TO ESTABLISH MORE
SEVERE QUOTES ON THOSE IN THE US.
- MCCARTHY IMPLICATES DEAN ACHESON
- AS SECRETARY OF STATE, ACHESON PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SHAPING U.S. POLICY DURING
THE EARLY COLD WAR. ACHESON ENJOYED A GOOD WORKING RELATIONSHIP WITH PRESIDENT
HARRY S. TRUMAN, WHO OFTEN ALLOWED ACHESON TO BE THE FIRST OFFICIAL TO SPEAK ON
RECORD ABOUT U.S. FOREIGN POLICY DECISIONS.

FBI INVOLVEMENT
• 25,000 FULL SCALE INVESTIGATIONS
• ” BETTER DEAD THAN RED”
• INCLUDES ACADEMICS AND HOLLYWOOD, BANNED “RADICAL” SPEAKERS
• A PURGE – DURING 1940
• DOMINO THEORY - THE THEORY THAT A POLITICAL EVENT IN
ONE COUNTRY WILL CAUSE SIMILAR EVENTS IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES,
LIKE A FALLING DOMINO CAUSING AN ENTIRE ROW OF UPENDED DOMINOES
TO FALL.
• BRINKMANSHIP POLICY
• BRINKMANSHIP, FOREIGN POLICY PRACTICE IN WHICH ONE OR BOTH PARTIES FORCE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THEM
TO THE THRESHOLD OF CONFRONTATION IN ORDER TO GAIN AN ADVANTAGEOUS NEGOTIATION POSITION OVER THE
OTHER. THE TECHNIQUE IS CHARACTERIZED BY AGGRESSIVE RISK-TAKING POLICY CHOICES THAT COURT POTENTIAL
DISASTER.
• NUCLEAR WEAPONS GREW FROM 1,200 TO 22,000.
• NATO ESTABLISHED TO KEEP EUROPE SECURE
• BY THE 1960’S US HAD MILITARY COMMITMENTS TO 47 NATIONS – MOST NEW ALLIANCES WERE WITH DICTATORSHIPS.

CONFORMITY AND SECURITY IN THE 50’S
EARLY 50’S
 THREATS FROM ABROAD AND WITHIN CREATES FEAR.
- THIS DEMOGRAPHIC – CONFORMITY IS VITAL
THE MAN IN THE GREY FINAL SUIT. CLEAN CUT, SUIT AND TIE
HIGH SCHOOLS HAVE A UNIFORM CODE OF DRESS.
BE ON A SPORTS TEAM OR BE SUSPECT OF BEING HOMOSEXUAL.
HAPPY DAYS
The 1950s is often viewed as a
period of conformity, when both
men and women observed strict
gender roles and complied with
society's expectations. After the
devastation of the Great Depression
and World War II, many Americans
sought to build a peaceful and
prosperous society.

SPACE RACE & WOMEN’S PLACE
• 1957 – RUSSIANS LAUNCH THE SPUTNIK
• ATOMIC FEAR PREDOMINATES
• FOR WOMEN
• NOW STAY AT HOME MOMS
• BETTY FRIEDAN – “THE PROBLEM THAT HAS NO NAME
• MOTHERS FELT TRAPPED
• BIRTHS SOARED FROM 2.8 MILLION IN 1945 TO OVER 5 MILLION
• BY 1950.
• BOOMERS ARRIVE TO CHANGE CONSUMER SPENDING, SCHOOL SIZES.
• KINSEY REPORT SHOCKS THE US WITH ACTIVITIES OF MEN AND WOMEN BEHIND
CLOSED DOORS.
• ALABAMA – CRIMINAL TO PARTICIPATE IN CONSENSUAL SEX IF NOT MARRIED.

NUCLEAR WAR FEARS
The six most likely target cities in the US are as
follows: New York, Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington,
DC. These countries will stay prepared to
combat any type of nuclear attack shortly. The
nuclear impact could destroy the city and this
will lead to a disaster. CT 20, 2022
What is the death radius of a nuclear bomb?
Death is highly likely and radiation poisoning is almost certain if one is caught in the open with no
terrain or building masking effects within a radius of 0–3 km from a 1 megaton airburst, and the
50% chance of death from the blast extends out to ~8 km from the same 1 megaton atmospheric
explosion.

MOVIES AND BOOKS INSPIRED BY NUCLEAR
FEAR
• A CANTICLE FOR LIEBOWITZ DR. STRANGELOVE
• FAILSAFE
• ON THE BEACH

REPRESSION OF MINORITY
GROUPS
• “CURES” FOR HOMOSEXUALS- HORMONE
INJECTIONS AND HYSTERECTOMIES FOR WOMEN,
CASTRATION OR LOBOTOMY
• LGBTQ RIGHTS – PREVIOUSLY IN THE CLOSET.
• CHRISTINE JORGENSEN
• JIM CROWE SOUTH
• 4000 LYNCHINGS

PLESSY VS. FERGUSON – SEPARATE BUT
EQUAL
• HOSPITALS, JAILS, AND HOMES FOR THE INDIGENT, DEAF, DUMB AND BLIND –
SEGREGATED
• BLACK CODES
• POLL TAXES
• WHITES ONLY – WATER FOUNTAINS, HOTELS, SCHOOLS

EDUCATIONAL DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN
WHITES AND BLACKS
Clarendon County, SC - $ 179 per white student, $ 43,00 on each black
student.
Mississippi - $ 123 per white student, $33.00 on black students.

VOTING RIGHTS AND
DEROGATORY NAMES
• POLL TAXES - A TAX OF A FIXED AMOUNT PER PERSON’
LEVIED ON ADULTS AND OFTEN LINKED TO THE RIGHT TO VOTE.
• LITERARY TESTS - DESCRIPTION. AFTER THE CIVIL WAR, MANY STATES ENACTED LITERACY TESTS AS A VOTING
REQUIREMENT. THE PURPOSE WAS TO EXCLUDE PERSONS WITH MINIMAL LITERACY, IN PARTICULAR, POOR AFRICAN
AMERICANS IN THE SOUTH, FROM VOTING.
• EXAMPLE: HOW MANY BUBBLES IN A BAR OF SOAP?
• IN MISSISSIPPI, APPLICANTS WERE REQUIRED TO TRANSCRIBE AND INTERPRET A SECTION OF THE STATE
CONSTITUTION AND WRITE AN ESSAY ON THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENSHIP. REGISTRATION OFFICIALS
SELECTED THE QUESTIONS AND INTERPRETED THE ANSWERS, EFFECTIVELY CHOOSING WHICH APPLICANTS TO
PASS AND WHICH TO FAIL.
• LOUISIANA - AMONG OTHER REQUIREMENTS, THE LOUISIANA VOTER REGISTRATION LAWS
RESTRICTED REGISTRATION TO CITIZENS OF "GOOD CHARACTER." DISQUALIFIERS INCLUDED
(BUT WERE NOT LIMITED TO) LIVING IN A COMMON-LAW MARRIAGE OR HAVING AN
"ILLEGITIMATE" CHILD. THE DETERMINATION OF WHO WAS OR WASN'T OF "GOOD CHARACTER"
(OR "ILLEGITIMATE") WAS LEFT UP TO THE LOCAL REGISTRAR OF VOTERS

• BETWEEN 1890 AND 1902, ALL ELEVEN FORMER CONFEDERATE STATES IMPOSED SOME FORM
OF A POLL TAX TO DETER BLACK AMERICANS FROM VOTING. THE TAX, WHICH RANGED FROM $1
TO $2, WAS PROHIBITIVELY EXPENSIVE FOR MOST BLACK SHARECROPPERS, WHO EARNED
THEIR WAGES IN CROPS, NOT CURRENCY

DAYS OF DECISION – 1965 - 1967
A “Decade of Tumult and Change”
HIS 220 – 001 – American Studies
Lucy Beam Hoffman - Instructor

WATTS RIOT
 White policeman stops a young black
⚫ Arrested for speeding and intoxication
 “We’ve got no rights at all! It’s just like Selma!”
 Riot – rocks, bottles, angry mob attacking white drivers,
burning cars
 National Guard is called
 15,000 Troops called – some killed and injured “by mistake”
 6 days – 4,000 arrested, 1,000 injured, 34 dead.
 Marked the “dividing line” of the 60’s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Au9oohI1MuM

WHITE BACKLASH
 CONSERVATIVES – “WHATEVER FORCE IS
• NECESSARY”
⚫ STATES RIGHTS VS. FEDERAL RIGHTS
 LBJ SENT OFFICIALS – SEEKING REASON FOR
RIOTS
⚫ WHITE BELIEF THATAF AM HAD BETTER OPPORTUNITIES
– AFTER BROWN, WHITES STILL DREW SCHOOL
DISTRICTS.
⚫ BETWEEN 1950 – 1965 – SEGREGATION ROSE IN
• 15 LARGE NORTHERN CITIES.
⚫ WATTS – BLACK UNEMPLOYMENT 30%
⚫ 40% OF NONWHITES BELOW THE POVERTY LINE
⚫ FEW BLACKS COULD ESCAPE THE GHETTO
⚫ SUBURBS FOR WHITES, RUNDOWN DISTRICTS FOR
“COLOREDS”
⚫ KEY TO AMERICAN SUCCESS – HARD WORK – HAD
LITTLE MEANING.
 NO POLITICAL CLOUT.
 AGAIN, RIOTS BLAMED ON “COMMUNIST AGITATION.”
 CHIEF OF POLICE REFERRED TO BLACKS AS “MONKEYS” AND
“THE CRIMINAL ELEMENT.”
 POLICE ALMOST TOTALLY WHITE.
• Roger Wilkins – culture of the
ghetto – “the poor people, the
voiceless people, the invisible
people.”
• LBJ – Model Cities Act – urban
renewal; Open Cities Act – to end
segregation. First – ineffective, 2nd
– debated for years in Congress.
• Whites saw this as social programs
helping minorities.

LBJ LIBERALISM FADES - INTERNATIONAL DAYS OF
PROTEST
 International Days of Protest (October 1965)
 An invitation from the Berkeley Vietnam Day Committee to the faculty of the
University of Michigan, as well as a schedule of events.
 The International Days of Protests, an idea for protests from the University of
California-Berkeley, set the stage for draft protests to occur across the United
States and the University of Michigan. Students began to take a more radical
stance following the teach-in. Throughout May, there were several events where
students at Berkeley participated in the burning of draft cards.
 Students marched to the Local Draft Board to present a black coffin to the staff to
protest the United States Invasion of the Dominican Republic.
 The largest teach-in at Berkeley on May 21-23, 1965, concluded with students
marching to the Draft Board once again to “hang” Lyndon Johnson, as well as
participate in the burning of more draft cards.
 In an event leading up to the International Days of Protest, by the Berkeley
Vietnam Day Committee, several hundred students attempted to stop trains
carrying Armed Forces troops. The students received an outcry from faculty, as
well as the government, with Ronald Reagan, saying “the manner in which these
people protest is tantamount to treason."

THE IA DRANG VALLEY
 NVAand Vietcong attempt to divide S. Vietnam in half
⚫ Westmoreland sends in troops – outnumbered 7 to 1 (We Were
Soldiers Once, and We Were Young).
 2,000 – 3,000 enemies dead, 240Americans dead
 NVAshifts back to guerilla warfare – no direct warfare until
1/68 – TET offensive
⚫ Westmoreland cabled LBJ – way to win was more troops. “Policy of
attrition”
 S. Vietnam – WHAM – Win Hearts and Minds
Building irrigation canals,
⚫ 375,000 more troops
⚫ Ia drang – Resounding success! Rallied the American people.
⚫ 65% approval of LBJ.

• First Autumn of war – 75% of 20 somethings favored the war.
• Lined up to donate blood for casualties in Vietnam.
• Who were the later dissidents? Communists who favored the victory of the
Vietcong.
• Truth? No one person was ever in control of anti-war protests.
• Most citizens believed protestors to beatniks, subversives, commies
• John Wayne soldiers would win.
• Johnson continued string of lies to American people.
• Once compared Vietnam to the Alamo.
• 1966 – US sank deeper into VN quagmire.

LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON – “THE JOHNSON TREATMENT”

LBJ
QUOTES
 “Yesterday is not ours to recover, but tomorrow is
ours to win or lose.”
 “I once told Nixon that the Presidency is like being a
jackass caught in a hail storm. You've got to just
stand there and take it.”
 “If one morning I walked on top of the water across
the Potomac River, the headline that afternoon
would read: 'President Can't Swim.‘”
 “You might say that Lyndon Johnson is a cross
between a Baptist preacher and a cowboy.”
 “[T]he vote is the most powerful instrument ever
devised by man for breaking down injustice and
destroying the terrible walls which imprison men
because they are different from other men.”

BLACK POWER!
• James Meredith – “Walk against fear” – June, 1966 – 225 miles
• Encouraged AF AM’s to take advantage of Voting Rights Act.
• Major civil rights workers refused to take part.
• 10 miles into walk – shot by a white man (100 pellets – legs, back, head)
• Major activists continue the walk – new leadership.
• “Walk” marks emergence of black power.
• Disillusionment with white liberals, moderate black civil rights workers,
resentful of Johnson administration
• Tired of violence, beatings, turning the other cheek.
Sammy Younge – shot in the head in
AL for demanding to use a white
restroom.

MALCOLM X
 Believed Christianity hypocritical
 Became leader of Black Muslims in Harlem
 Believed blacks had no future in America – theAmerican Nightmare
 UN should create separate black states.
 MLK was a modern day Uncle Tom.
 Same style as earlyAmericans.
 Bold black man demanding self-determination and self-defense.
 Time Magazine: “a spiritual desperado…a demagogue who titillated slum Negroes and
frightened whites.”
 1964 – became famous inAfrica – Pan Africa Movement.
 On February 21, 1965, one week after his home was firebombed, Malcolm X was shot to death
by Nation of Islam members while speaking at a rally of his organization in New York City.

BLACK IS BEAUTIFUL
https://ww
w.youtube.
com/watch
?v=9bJA6
W9CqvE
Stokely Carmichael
 Young Activists arrive in Memphis – Civil Rights movement in disarray
⚫ Older Leaders want another “Selma,” younger want a Black march.
 Want Deacons for Defense for protection – older leaders refuse and leave.
 King received warmly, but mood had changed – “I’m not for that nonviolence stuff anymore.”
 Song changes from “We Shall Overcome,” to “We Shall Overrun”
 Carmichael – arrested 27 times – no more!
 Willkins (NAACP) – new creed is dangerous and will cause more black deaths.
 A reverse KKK
 Violence escalates.
 Chant changes from “Freedom Now!” to “Black Power!”
 MuhammadAli refuses to register for the draft – stripped of heavy-
weight crown.

RIOTS, REBELLION AND RESPONSES – SUMMER RIOTS OF 1966
 Years of discrimination, frustration with white police
 Ghetto riots – Cleveland, Dayton, Milwaukee, San Francisco
 75% of whites felt civil rights was being harmed by black power
⚫ Chicago – attempt to desegregate neighborhoods met with vicious violence.
⚫ MLK attacked during march with bottles and rocks.
 “I have never seen such hate, not in Mississippi or Alabama as I see here in Chicago.”
 Blacks planned march through Cicero – Suicidal
 Only 200 blacks accompanied by 700 police and 3,000 National Guardsman
 40 arrests, a dozen injuries
 LBJ responds with EEOC and hiringAF AM’s –
 Thousands of job discrimination complaints received.
 Most from women – ignored. Focus on AFAM’s.

“DE-SEXING THE JOB MARKET”
 “Federal officials wrestling with the problem of enforcing the ban on
discrimination in employment for reasons of sex, under the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, may find it would have been better if Congress
had just abolished sex itself.”
 Above not allowed to recommend policy – “Fighting mad”
 NOW formed. LBJ began to listen.
 End “Stag government.”
⚫ Amended 1965 executive order – Federal contractors now must hire “without
discrimination because of ‘race, color, religion, sex or national origin.”
⚫ Backlash from white men.
 Continued movement away from liberalism.
Betty
Frieden
Pauli
Murray
Mary
Eastwood

MY COUNTRY – RIGHT OR WRONG?
 Unhappiness about money being spent on the war when we had so
many pressing needs at home.
 Carmichael – White/Black/Yellow/Red Quote
 Draft unfair – minorities didn’t go to college
⚫ Draft boards manned by whites
 Deferments for fathers, some hardship cases, and college students
 Till summer of ’68 – graduate school, teaching assistants, public school teachers
 Service jobs – Lockheed, Dow (largest manufacturer of napalm), Honeywell
 Living outside the country
 30,000 male graduates from Harvard, Princeton, MIT – 20 died in Vietnam while ghetto
Newark lost 11.
⚫ Low skills – went into the infantry
⚫ Higher percentage of whites in rear positions.

BLACKS OPPOSED TO VIETNAM WAR
 King – “the Great Society has been shot down on the battlefields of Vietnam.”
 More student protesters emerge in ’67.
 Questions – should those conducting the war hold job interviews on campus? Should male students have to
go to Reserve Officer Training Corps?
 Univ of Chicago revealed grades to Selective Service
 2-S – deferred, 1-A – ready for military induction.
⚫ For the first time in its history, SDS went up directly against a university administration
in open confrontation. “SDS had successfully taken over the administration building of
a major university, it had taken direct action without any punishment, and it had
publicized its cause.”
 Univ of Wisconsin – police called in during a protest against Dow – riot gear,
tear gas, and billy clubs.

INCREASED PROTEST AGAINST THE WAR –
JAIL VS. ARMS
 100 College newspaper editors and student body presidents send
letter to LBJ – Deeply troubled about war.
 By 1967 – 500,000 troops in Vietnam – aggressive war for 2 years –
where is victory?
 May – 200,000 more troops privately requested by Westmoreland.
McNamara disillusioned.
 NVAconfident of what they were doing – wear out theAmericans.
 LBJ – 1) Send more troops? What about China and Soviets?
 2) Limit troops – prolong war.
 3) Demobilize – political suicide
 Cold War mentality from Kennedy to Ford

VIETNAM CASUALTIES
 1965 – fewer than 1,400
 1966 – 5,000+
 1967 – 9,000+
 Massive federal expenditures, deficits, and inflammatory
pressures.
 Human Cost: Among all the wars the United States had fought, Vietnam War is ranked
4th in casualties just below the Civil War and the two World Wars. Out of 2,594,000
personnel who served in Vietnam, there were 58,220Americans dead, 153,303 wounded
and 1,643 missing. More than 23,214 soldiers suffered one hundred percent disabled.
Even when it already ended, the war continued to cost manyAmerican lives. It’s estimated
that 70,000 to 300,000 Vietnam Veterans committed suicide and around 700,000 veterans
suffered psychological trauma.
 Economic Cost: The Department of Defense (DOD) reports that the United States
spent about $168 billion (worth around $950 billion in 2011 dollars) in the entire war
including $111 billion on military operations (1965 – 1972) and $28.5 billion on economic
and military aid to Saigon regime (1953 – 1975).At that rate, the United States spent
approximately $168,000 for an “enemy” killed. However, $168 billion was only the direct
cost.According to Indochina Newsletter ofAsia Resource Center, the United States spent
from $350 billion to $900 billion in total including veterans’ benefits and interest.

“ALBATROSS”-
TREASON OR
PATRIOTISM?
 More protests – Coretta Scott King – 1967 (50,000 – San Francisco)
 Senator William J Fulbright stated that dissent “is more than a right; it is an
act of patriotism, a higher form of patriotism.”
 Politicians continue to act with Cold War mentality.

SUMMER OF DISCONTENT – 1967
• HUEY NEWTON
• BOBBY SEALE
 BLACK PANTHER PARTY FOR SELF DEFENSE ARRIVE AT CAPITOL AT SACRAMENTO TO PROTEST
BILL RESTRICTING CITIZENS FROM CARRYING LOADED WEAPONS IN CITY LIMITS.
 BLACK BERETS, BLACK GLOVES, FIST WITH EXTENDED ARM.
 10 POINT PROGRAM.
 AGGRESSION OF VIETNAM, ESCALATION OF POLICE BRUTALITY, CONSEQUENTLY, BLACK PEOPLE M
ARM THEMSELVES.
 VIOLENCE IS NECESSARY. STILL, MLK IS SUPPORTED BY MOST.
 MORE RIOTS – BOSTON, TAMPA, BUFFALO, WILMINGTON, NEWARK.
⚫ NEWARK: NATIONAL GUARD FIRED 150,000+ ROUNDS OF AMMO; 1,200 WOUNDED, 25 KILLED;
• LBJ SENT THE US ARMY WITH TANKS, MACHINE GUNS, HELICOPTERS
• HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=2N0E3_VD-XE

RIOTS IN 1967 PROVE LBJ’S POLICIES AREN’T WORKING
 ADMIN SPENT $300,000 TO KILL ONE VIETCONG; $50.00 TO HELP AN AMERICAN
OUT OF POVERTY. WHAT???
 LBJ APPOINTED GOV OTTO KERNER TO INVESTIGATE RIOTS (SURVEYED 20 CITIES)
⚫ GRIEVANCES: POLICE BRUTALITY, UNEMPLOYMENT OR UNDEREMPLOYMENT, DISCRIMINATION
IN HOUSING AND EDUCATION.
⚫ IN REGARDS TO GHETTO LIVES, “WHITE INSTITUTIONS CREATED IT, WHITE INSTITUTIONS
MAINTAIN IT, AND WHITE SOCIETY CONDONES IT.”
 GLOW OF LIBERALISM SNUFFED OUT BY ARGUMENTS OVER RACE AND WAR.
 DOVES – “PEACE NOW!”; HAWKS – “BOMB HANOI!”

SUMMER OF LOVE
 Dropping out – rejecting war, racism, and the American way
 The Hippies – A wholly new subculture, a bizzare permutation of the middle
class American Ethos.”
 Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco
 Fashion of hippies
 Smoked and sold mj, did LSD, went to the “happenings”
 Generation felt alienated
 Police harrassed anyone with long hair.
 Journalist called mj the “killer drug” – led to delirious rage.
 From Acid to Zen – peaceful and honest.
 Human “be-in” – Turn on, Tune in, Drop out

MUSIC OF THE SUMMER
 The Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Jefferson Airplane, and
the Doors.
 Monterey Pop – first major music festival
⚫ 30,000 to 60,000 by Sunday
⚫ New batch of LSD – Purple Haze
⚫ Peaceful – no police issues
 Haight – trouble brewing – new drugs, too many people, no support,
 Hippie enclaves in every town.

AUTUMN OF ANGUISH
 Stop the Draft Week
⚫ Confront the war makers
⚫ Anti-war reached its peak – March on the Pentagon
 Includes middle class liberals, religious leaders, students, hippies, civil rights
moderates, black power advocates, Vietnam Vets, federal government workers,
business executives.
 50,000 – listened to Peter, Paul, & Mary
 Philip Ochs – “Days of Decision”
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAHZV9VgxHc
 Nationally, 1400 men returned their draft cards
⚫ 2nd time Feds armed forces to protect nation’s capital
⚫ Midnight – paratroopers attacked brutally
⚫ LBJ believed peace movement was turning citizens against the war.
 Took the offensive

LBJ TAKES THE OFFENSIVE
 Instructed FBI to watch antiwar leaders and investigate
⚫ CIAAgents infiltrated CORE, Women Strike for Peace
⚫ LBJ & aides leaked lies
 Again, communism to blame for the March on the Pentagon
 Had not wanted war, but couldn’t back away.
 Failure or defeat – not an option – matter of pride.
 Sell the “product” to theAmerican people.
 “We’re winning the war!”
 Autumn – officials fudged numbers.
 Enormous pro-American kill and body counts announced on tv.
 We were “winning a war of attrition”
 Westmoreland – “significant that the enemy hasn’t won a major battle in over a year.”
⚫ First casualty of war – TRUTH
⚫ LBJ’s approval rate declined rapidly

WHY WERE WE THERE?
 New York Times Poll – ½ of respondents don’t know why we were
there.
 By end of 1967 - What happened to the liberalism and optimism of 2
years earlier?
⚫ Escalation in Vietnam, civil rights marches, shouts for black power, endless
urban riots, angry white backlash, mounting campus protests, weird kids
flaunting mainstream values, television – fire in the streets, napalm in Vietnam

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