Abstract The timely introduction and rapid development of precision medicine have provided strong theoretical support and technical support for tumor research. The treatment methods have been developed from single to multiple; the research technology has been transformed from macro to micro; the treatment drugs have been updated from systemic chemotherapy to targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and cancer has changed from a highly lethal disease to a "chronic disease". Based on the current international cancer research hotspots and treatment frontiers, this paper takes stock from five aspects, namely, treatment methods, detection technology, new drug research and development, information data and traditional Chinese medicine, with a view to "from the point to the surface", "from the outside to the inside", and "the combination of Chinese and western", so as to explore the overall picture of cancer treatment and research.

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doi: 10.12032/TMR20190225101
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Research hotspot and frontier progress of cancer under the
background of precision medicine
Highlights
This paper takes stock from five aspects, namely, treatment methods, detection technology, new drug
research and development, information data and traditional Chinese medicine, with a view to "from the
point to the surface", "from the outside to the inside", and "the combination of Chinese and western", so as
to explore the overall picture of cancer treatment and research.
Traditionality
Precision medicine is consistent with the treatment philosophy and thought of traditional Chinese medicine.
The three factors of "time, place and people" and the dialectical treatment thought of "different treatment
for different diseases and the same treatment for different diseases" all reflect the diagnosis and treatment
thought of precision medicine.
Precision
medicine for
tumor
Precision
treatment methods
Tumor immunotherapy
Tumor targeted therapy
Tumor hormone therapy
Stem cell transplantation therapy
Rapid detection and
analysis technology
Tumor screening technology
Liquid biopsy technique
Genome editing technology
Next generation sequencing
Biological
information
technology
Big data
Artificial intelligence
Mobile health
Indispensable
traditional Chinese
medicine
Prevention precancerous lesions
Regulation body immune
Reduce toxic side effects
Promoting rehabilitation process

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doi: 10.12032/TMR20190225101
Abstract
The timely introduction and rapid development of precision medicine have provided strong theoretical support and
technical support for tumor research. The treatment methods have been developed from single to multiple; the
research technology has been transformed from macro to micro; the treatment drugs have been updated from
systemic chemotherapy to targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and cancer has changed from a highly lethal
disease to a "chronic disease". Based on the current international cancer research hotspots and treatment frontiers,
this paper takes stock from five aspects, namely, treatment methods, detection technology, new drug research and
development, information data and traditional Chinese medicine, with a view to "from the point to the surface",
"from the outside to the inside", and "the combination of Chinese and western", so as to explore the overall picture
of cancer treatment and research.
Keywords: Precision medicine, Cancer, Treatment methods, Detection technology, Traditional Chinese
medicine
Abbreviations:
AI, artificial intelligence; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine.
Acknowledgments:
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.81673784, 81673783,
81520108031, 81830120), the Science Foundation for Shanghai Committee of Science Project
(Nos.18QA1404200, 17QA1404100), the Shanghai Health Bureau Science Foundation (No.ZY
(2018-2020)-FWTX-4026), and the Xinglin Young Scholar, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese
Medicine.
Competing interests:
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Citation:
Li-Hong Zhou, Yan Li, Qi Li. Research hotspot and frontier progress of cancer under the background of
precision medicine. Traditional Medicine Research, 2020, 5 (1): 22–33.
Executive Editor: Xing Zhao
Submitted: 9 June 2018, Accepted: 21 December 2018, Online: 26 January 2019.

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Background
In January 2015, the US government put forward the
"Precision Medicine Initiative", and the concept of
precision medicine quickly entered the public vision
and international stage, becoming a hot topic of
academic concern. Precision medicine is defined as "a
new approach to disease prevention and treatment that
takes into account differences in an individual's genes,
environment and lifestyle" by the National Institutes of
Health [1]. The purpose of the "Precision Medicine
Initiative" is to transform the concept of precision
medicine into scientific evidence for clinical practice,
thus ushering in a new era of medicine [1].
The proposal of "Precision Medicine Initiative" is
closely related to cancer. Cancer has the highest
case-fatality rate in the world, rising with age, and is
characterized by "unexplained drug resistance, genetic
heterogeneity of tumors, failure to adequately assess
efficacy and tumor recurrence.". Precision medicine is
a kind of individualized medicine, which can be based
on the characteristics of the cancer itself, through the
bio-information database, the patient's individualized
testing techniques, and the great data analysis
techniques, and the big data analysis, to create
individualized treatment programs for different
patients, which make the tumor treatment appear to be
"individualized", "precision" and "optimal".
Precision and innovative tumor treatment
methods
In addition to the three main treatment methods of
operation, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the
treatment methods of immunotherapy, targeting
therapy, hormone therapy and stem cell transplantation
have emerged in recent years and has been developed
in a single, multi-directional, wide-ranging, and
all-round way, in the best of times.
Tumor immunotherapy
Tumor immunotherapy refers to the body by increasing
the role of immunity in tumor immune response. The
innate immune system produces direct immune cells,
which make the body resist tumors, inflammation or
other diseases and protect the human body. Adaptive
immune system resists specific threats through antigen
specific lymphocytes and forms immune memory [2].
Tumor cells can destroy the immune system and turn
immune regulation into a favorable mode for tumor
cells by influencing the antigen presentation process of
the body, destroying the pathways controlling T cell
inhibition and activation, collecting
immunosuppressive cells and releasing
immunosuppressive active factors and other
mechanisms [3, 4]. Tumor immunotherapy aims at
these mechanisms to develop drugs in the form of
antibodies, peptides, proteins, small molecules,
cytokines, oncolytic viruses, as well as bispecific
molecules and various cellular therapies.
Tumor targeted therapy
Tumor targeted therapy is targeted at specific
oncogenic sites at the cellular and molecular level and
can be a protein molecule (such as epidermal growth
factor receptor [6,7], human epidermal growth factor
receptor 2 [8], vascular endothelial growth factor [9–
11] and platelet derived growth factor receptor [12, 13]
inside tumor cells or a gene fragment (such as
cytospecific moroni leukemia toxin insertion site 1
[14]) to design relevant therapeutic drugs. When drugs
enter the body, they will specifically select the
carcinogenic site to combine with the effect, so that the
tumor cells will die specifically without affecting the
normal tissue cells around the tumor, thereby
improving the efficacy of colorectal cancer, lung
cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, melanoma,
lymphoma and other cancers [15] to reduce toxic and
side effects.
Tumor hormone therapy
Tumor hormone therapy (Hormone therapy also called
endocrine therapy) refers to a treatment method for
slowing or preventing tumor growth. The occurrence
and development of tumors are related to the
imbalance of hormone secretion in vivo. In the
treatment, some hormones or anti-hormone substances
can be applied to change the conditions on which
tumor growth depends, so as to inhibit the growth of
tumors. At present, the clinical application of more
hormone treatment options are: (1) thyroid cancer with
thyroxine treatment of thyroid cancer [16]; (2) sex
hormones and hormone resistance drugs in the
treatment of breast cancer [17], prostate cancer [18],
endometrial cancer [19]; (3) adrenal cortical hormone
and chemotherapy combined application to enhance
the effect of chemotherapy, reduce the toxic side
effects of chemotherapy. At the same time, endocrine
therapy for leukemia [20], malignant lymphoma [21],
malignant melanoma [22], ovarian cancer [23] and
kidney, seminal vesicle tumor has a certain therapeutic
effect.
Stem cell transplantation therapy
Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation has become
an effective method to treat solid tumors such as
malignant hematopathy, lymphoma and mammary
tumor, especially multiple myeloma [24], malignant
lymphoma [25] and breast cancer [26]. Stem cell
transplantation does not have a direct anti-tumor effect,
but can play an anti-tumor role by combining
radiotherapy, chemotherapy or concurrent radiotherapy
and chemotherapy [27, 28]. Stem cell transplantation
includes autologous stem cell transplantation and

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allogeneic stem cell transplantation [27]. Autologous
stem cell transplantation uses the patient's own bone
marrow or blood, while allogeneic hematopoietic stem
cell transplantation uses bone marrow or blood from a
relative donor.
Rapid detection and analysis technology
Clinical detection and analysis of tumors provides
strong support and help for the discovery, treatment
and prognosis of tumors. Conventional tumor detection
and analysis techniques include blood detection,
ultrasonic examination, X-ray scanning (including
molybdenum target), CT or MRI scanning, endoscopy,
radionuclide detection and others, which have been
able to provide a strong guarantee for the detection and
treatment of clinical tumors. More and more new
concepts, technologies and methods have been applied
in the detection and analysis of tumors, providing an
important technical guarantee for the early detection,
diagnosis and treatment of clinical tumors.
Tumor screening technology
Tumor screening refers to the screening of persons
with cancer who are actually diagnosed with the
disease through simple, convenient and
high-throughput screening methods in a large number
of "normal" people. Screening through further
examination and diagnosis provides information about
early clinical intervention and timely treatment.
Screening has become an important method of early
detection of cancer. The United States recommends
screening for: cervical cancer [29], breast cancer [30],
colorectal cancer [31], prostate cancer [32]; Japan
leads the world in gastric cancer screening [33];
Screening for esophageal, hepatocellular and
nasopharyngeal cancers in China has been
characterized [34]. Currently, common and effective
tumor screening methods include: molybdenum target
screening for breast cancer; HPV detection and
screening for cervical cancer; screening colorectal
cancer with fecal occult blood and colonoscopy;
low-dose spiral CT screening for lung cancer; slpha
fetoprotein and abdominal ultrasound; screening for
liver cancer; gastroscope screening for gastric cancer
and esophageal cancer.
Liquid biopsy technique
Liquid biopsy is a kind of method to monitor the status
of the tumor in the body or organs for transplant
patients through gathering body fluids, including blood,
saliva, sweat, and discharge, etc. to analysis of
circulating tumor cells, plasma free DNA or exosome.
Liquid biopsy has the characteristics of non-invasive,
comprehensive, accurate and real-time, and plays an
important role in the clinical treatment and research
guidance of lung cancer [35], colorectal cancer [36],
gastric cancer [37], liver cancer [38], lymphoma [39],
myeloma [40] and other malignant tumors.
Next generation sequencing
The next generation sequencing is characterized by
high throughput, including whole genome sequencing,
whole exome sequencing and targeted region
sequencing, which have the advantages of high
throughput, high accuracy and abundant information. It
has been applied in noninvasive prenatal screening,
tumor gene testing, genetic disease diagnosis, drug
guidance and other clinical fields. The FDA had
approved Foundation One CDx47, Foundation Focus
™ CDx BRCA, Oncomine DX Target Test, Extended
the RAS Panel, MSKCC - IMPACT 5 NGS in vitro
diagnostic products, to keep up with the latest progress
in cancer research, to get more benefit from the latest
treatment approaches for patients with tumor.
Genome editing technology
Genome Editing Technology refers to the ability to
“edit” target genes by means of technical means and
methods to achieve knockout, addition and
transformation of specific gene DNA fragments. The
first generation of gene editing technology, represented
by ZFN (zinc-finger nucleases) and TALEN
(transcription activator-like effector nucleases), has
shown great potential in basic research, gene therapy
and genetic improvement. The second-generation gene
editing technology represented by CRISPR/Cas9 can
target and repair tumor suppressor genes, restore the
function and activity of tumor suppressor genes, inhibit
tumorigenesis, break immune tolerance, and increase
the ability of T cells to recognize tumor cells; It is
applied to the construction of gene-oriented knockout
animal models [53–56]. Gene editing technology has
broad prospects in the application, development,
treatment and prognosis of tumor treatment, and has
far-reaching implications for future cancer treatment
research.
Update iterative new drug for cancer
treatment
In recent years, a prominent feature of tumor research
field is that it is guided by clinical treatment and
patient demand. With the continuous update of tumor
treatment-related drugs and the continuous iteration of
similar drugs, it gradually forms a complete research
and development process of new tumor clinical drugs
for laboratory research and development, clinical trials,
department supervision and clinical application.
Monoclonal antibody-based drug
Antibody (Antibody), is produced by a single B
lymphocyte clone highly uniform, only for a specific
antigen epitope of Antibody, including monoclonal
Antibody and polyclonal Antibody. Clinically, the
antibody drugs for tumor treatment are mainly

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monoclonal antibody (also known as monoclonal
antibody), which has gone through four stages: mouse
monoclonal antibody, chimeric monoclonal antibody,
humanized monoclonal antibody and whole-human
monoclonal antibody. Currently, there are mainly
immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. Ipilimumab [57]
[58], Tremelimumab [59], Nivolumab [60],
Pembrolizumab [61]), epidermal growth factor
receptor inhibitors (cetuximab [62], gefitiinib [63],
erlotinib [64], etc.), vascular endothelial growth factor
and receptor inhibitors (bevacizumab [65], sunitinib
[66], sorafenib [67], etc.), human epidermal growth
factor 2 inhibitors (trastuzumab [47], partuzumab [15],
etc.), and CD20 inhibitors (rituximab [39], etc.) can be
directly used in the diagnosis, prevention, treatment
and immune mechanism research of human diseases. It
opens up a broad prospect for the immunological
diagnosis and treatment of human malignant tumor.
CAR-T based drugs
Chimeric Antigen Receptor t-cell immunotherapy
(CAT-T) is a method for the treatment of tumor cells
by artificially synthesizing T cells to express Chimeric
proteins which can recognize tumor antigens and then
delivering them back to the patient for the elimination
of tumor cells after in vitro amplification.CAT-T
immunotherapy experienced the first generation (with
CD8/CD3γ as the extracellular domain) in 2006 [68],
the second generation (adding a CD28 or 4-1BB
co-stimulation signal on the basis of CD8/CD3 gamma
activation) in 2009 [69] and the third generation (more
than or equal to three stimulus signals) currently in
clinical use [70]. In 2017, as a treatment drug for
CAT-T therapy, FDA approved novartis's Kymriah
(tisagenlecleucel-T, CTL019) for children and
adolescents with recurrent or refractory acute B
lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL). Gilead's Yescarta
(Axicabtagene Ciloleucel) was used in adult patients
with recurrent or refractory large b-cell lymphoma
(LBCL) who had previously received second-line or
multiline systemic therapy. Car-t therapy has been
widely studied in hematologic tumors, but its
application and research in solid tumors are few [71–
74]. Therefore, CAT-T therapy has great potential and
broad application prospects.
TCR-T based drugs
T Cell Receptor chimeric T Cell therapy (tcr-t) is to
transfer tumor antigen-specific TCR genes into
autologous lymphocytes through the carrier and then
back into the patient's body to kill tumor cells. This
TCR chimeric t-cell can produce a large number of
tumor antigen-specific CTL cells in vitro culture, exert
cytotoxic effects, and enhance the elimination of tumor
cells mediated by the immune system after being
returned to the body, targeting and killing tumor cells
specifically. In 2006, the first clinical trial of tcr-t for
melanoma was conducted [75], followed by clinical
trials for melanoma [76], colorectal cancer [77],
synovial sarcoma [78], metastatic cervical cancer,
esophageal cancer and urinary tract epithelial cancer
[79], and the rapid progression of tcr-t-cell therapy,
could be an important way to treat malignant tumors.
Cancer vaccines
Cancer Vaccines introduce tumor antigens or genes
expressing tumor antigens into a patient to activate the
immune system and induce cellular and humoral
immune responses to control or eliminate tumors [80].
Tumor vaccine includes tumor therapeutic vaccine [81]
and preventive vaccine [78]. Provenge was approved
by FDA for treatment of advanced prostate cancer in
2010, which is an important milestone in the
immunotherapy of tumor vaccines [82] and provides
reference for the development of other tumor vaccines
[83, 84]. In 2017, Catherine Wu's team at the
dana-farber cancer research institute in the United
States developed a personalized cancer vaccine that
can mobilize the immune system to target tumor
mutated proteins in patients, successfully preventing
the risk of cancer recurrence in patients with skin
cancer [85]. A team of Ugur Sahin, a professor at the
university of Johannes Gutenberg medical center in
Germany, found similar results in patients with
advanced melanoma [86, 87].
Leading the forefront of biological
information technology
Cancer research has become an important topic in the
field of natural science. Scientists from various fields
such as medicine, biology, pharmacy, information
science and statistics have conducted a large number of
interdisciplinary studies, ranging from animal tissue
level to cellular and molecular level, from the stage of
clinical treatment to the stage of basic mechanism,
from small-scale individual exploration to big data
platform analysis. With the highly developed
information society and science and technology,
various new bioinformatics means and concepts have
been gradually introduced into tumor research and
treatment application, providing important support and
rich connotation for tumor treatment.
Big data
The popularization of the internet leads human beings
into the era of big data. The information storm brought
by the internet is changing our life, work and thinking.
In the field of biomedicine, big data is abstractly
defined as "biomedical big data", "health and medical
big data", "medical big data" [88]. It provides an
important platform for cancer prevention and treatment
research, such as "Human Genome Project" [89–90],
"Human Proteome Project (HPP)", "Cancer Genome
Atlas" [91] and "The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and
End Results of the US national cancer institute" [92]

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and others. Big data can not only strengthen the
integration of clinical information with molecular
biology, genomics, metabolomics and other disciplines
[93], but also help people discover the secrets behind
diseases, improve the research efficiency of targeted
drugs, immunotherapy and comprehensive treatment
[94], and achieve "same disease but different
treatment" and "same treatment of different diseases"
for tumors.
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the intelligence
shown by machines made by human beings, which
enables computers to simulate certain thinking
processes and intelligent behaviors of human beings. It
has wide applications in psychology, philosophy,
linguistics, biomedical fields and other disciplines.
IBM's Deep Blue, Google's AlphaGo and IBM's
Watson are all applications of artificial intelligence in
various aspects. In the field of tumor research, AI
technology has been widely used in tumor research. In
2016, Watson was used to study thousands of cases of
resistance to cancer drugs, hoping to develop a new
generation of cancer drugs and therapies by clarifying
how resistance develops [95]. In 2017, the accuracy
rate of using AI to diagnose colorectal cancer in Japan
was as high as 86% [96], and the use of AI in cancer
prevention and treatment has become more and more
in-depth.
Mobile health
Mobile health is to provide medical services and
information through the use of mobile communication
technology. From appointment registration, payment
follow-up, post-discharge management to medical
information acquisition, more and more mobile
medical products have come into our lives. In 2013,
researchers evaluated 295 mobile apps for cancer [97]
and found that understanding of cancer, education
information of cancer, early detection and prevention
of cancer have become important contents of mobile
cancer medicine. In China, mobile medical
applications such as "cancer doctor", "tumor
chemotherapy assistant" and "tumor chemotherapy
manual" provide a very powerful platform for cancer
clinicians.
Indispensable traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to the
medical science based on the guidance of TCM theory,
which has played an important role in safeguarding
people's physical health and population reproduction in
China's 5,000 years of development. Precision
medicine is consistent with the treatment philosophy
and thought of traditional Chinese medicine. The three
factors of "time, place and people" and the dialectical
treatment thought of "different treatment for different
diseases and the same treatment for different diseases"
all reflect the diagnosis and treatment thought of
precision medicine. TCM plays an active role in the
comprehensive treatment of malignant tumors and
other major and difficult diseases, especially in the
prevention of precancerous lesions of tumors, the
recuperation of toxic and side effects of chemotherapy,
the delay and prevention of postoperative recurrence
and metastasis, and postoperative rehabilitation of
tumors.
Prevention precancerous lesions
Precancerous lesions is an early stage of cancer, cancer
The development process of cancer include
precancerous lesions, carcinoma in situ and infiltrating
carcinoma three stages. Precancerous lesions are
clinically a broad concept, which means to continue to
develop certain lesions that are likely to be cancerous,
such as lung nodules [98], thyroid nodules [99],
chronic atrophic gastritis [100], liver cirrhosis [101],
adenomatous intestinal polyps [102], borneas [103],
certain benign tumors (hysteromyoma [104],
mammary adenoma [105]), and the like. TCM has a
good therapeutic effect on the blocking and prevention
of precancerous lesions, and can play an all-round,
multi-channel and multi-target regulatory role in the
treatment of precancerous lesions. It is found that TCM
plays an obvious role in preventing the occurrence and
development of gastric cancer [106–108], colorectal
cancer [109, 110], liver cancer [111], breast cancer
[112] and other common malignant tumors. The idea
of "treating the disease before cure" in TCM is the
concept of preventing the occurrence and development
of diseases, and "preventing the disease before cure,
namely preventing the disease from changing" can
play an active guiding role in the prevention and
treatment of precancerous lesions.
Regulation body immune
Immunotherapy has become the most effective method
for curing cancer [113, 114], which mainly means to
kill tumor cells by activating the body's own immune
system [115]. One of the main functions of TCM in the
treatment of tumors is to regulate the body's immunity
[116] and enhance the body's autoimmune function to
achieve the purpose of anti-tumor [117, 118]. The
main mechanisms of TCM in the regulation of the
body's immune response to tumor include: (1) TCM
regulates the body's anti-tumor immune response, such
as regulating major histocompatibility complex,
Fas/FasL [119], Bcl-2-associated x protein / B-cell
lymphoma 2 [120] and inhibiting of stem cells [121,
122]; (2) TCM reverses the immune suppression of the
body and regulates the anti-tumor function of immune
cells, such as reversing the immune phenotype of T
lymphocytes and tumor-related macrophages and
regulating Th1/Th2 factor. TCM plays a dual and
multi-target role in regulating the immune

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microenvironment of tumors in the body. It can
improve the immune monitoring and clearance
function of the body, enhance the killing ability of the
body to tumor cells, break the immune tolerance of the
body, reverse the immune escape of tumor cells, and
enhance the anti-tumor immune efficiency of the body.
It is an important method for the comprehensive
treatment of tumors.
Reduce toxic side effects
The non-negligible problems in the integrated
treatment of tumor radiotherapy, chemotherapy,
immunotherapy, target treatment are the adverse side
effects of vomiting, alopecia, hands and hands
syndrome, and bone marrow rejection caused by the
treatment. The toxic and side effects of the above
treatment may become an important factor preventing
cancer patients from receiving standard treatment, or
even the primary reason for patients not to receive
standard treatment. TCM therapy is characterized by
"combination of disease and syndrome and holistic
concept". Considering the overall treatment of patients
and diseases, it is combined with radiotherapy and
chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
While playing its anti-tumor role, TCM has a
significant effect on alleviating the toxic and side
effects of treatment on patients. It has been reported
that Fufang Kushen Injection [123], Kangai Injection
[124], Shenqi Fuzheng Injection [125], Xuefu Zhuyu
Decoction [126], Fuzheng Kangai Formula [127],
Lophatherum and Gypsum Decoction [128], etc., has a
significant deceleration on the toxic and side effect of
cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy patient.
Therefore, the comprehensive treatment for various
toxic and side effects in the precise treatment by TCM
is an indispensable and irreplaceable treatment method.
Promoting rehabilitation process
TCM has both drug and non-drug treatment methods,
such as acupuncture (including electroacupuncture),
moxibustion (including heat-sensitive moxibustion),
Gongfu (Qigong, Taijiquan, eighteen methods of
practicing Gongfu, Baduanjin, Wuqinxi, etc.) and
massage. These non-drug treatment methods also play
an important auxiliary role in the process of tumor
treatment and rehabilitation process of tumor patients
after surgery and drug treatment. Studies have shown
that acupuncture combined with different acupoints
has a significant effect on nausea and vomiting caused
by chemotherapy [129]; acupuncture combined with
western medicine has a definite effect on the treatment
of polycystic ovary syndrome [130]; meridian balance
method can alleviate chronic pelvic pain caused by
gynecological tumors [131], electric acupoint
stimulation has a preventive effect on lower limb
thrombosis in elderly patients with malignant
gastrointestinal tumor postoperative patients [132],
Qigong has an improved effect on fatigue and sleep
quality of non-hodgkinlymphoma chemotherapy
patients [133], Taijiquan has an obvious alleviating
effect on cancer-related fatigue of lung cancer
chemotherapy patients [134]. It is believed that
comprehensive treatment for clinical cancer patients
has a good therapeutic effect and plays a positive and
positive role in the later rehabilitation of cancer
patients.
Summary and analysis
The proposal and implementation of the precision
medicine initiative has brought modern medicine into
an era of large-scale integration of medical data.
Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenetics,
microbiology, environment, behavior, clinical
examination, TCM and other information have led to
exponential growth of medical data. The knowledge
system of precision medicine has exceeded the scope
carried by individual doctors, and the speed of
knowledge update has also exceeded the capacity of
traditional medical education system. The clinical
treatment of precision medicine for tumors is
increasingly dependent on information technology.
In the context of precision medicine, how to
effectively process, integrate, analyze and utilize the
health data of cancer patients and make appropriate
clinical and production decisions has become a
problem that doctors, hospitals, pharmaceutical
companies and regulatory departments need to think
about and face. Under the background of precision
medicine, the treatment of tumors still has a long way
to go. The development environment of precision
oncology is still immature. The development direction
is still unclear. The achievements in clinical practice
are also limited. It is necessary to understand and grasp
the goals and trends of precision medicine for cancer,
conduct in-depth research on the mechanism of tumor
development and treatment, better serve the academic,
clinical and patient needs, and promote the progress of
academic research and clinical treatment of cancer
under the background of precision medicine.
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