B.arch

1. Application

2. Application
1. Shelter For Hot-dry Climate,
Sub-group: Hot-dry Maritime Desert Climate
2. Shelter For Warm-humid Climate,
Sub-group: Warm- Humid Island Climate
3. Shelter For Composite Climate,
4. Shelter For Tropical Upland Climate,

3. APPLICATION
Shelter For Composite Climate
•Situation:
Large land masses near tropics of Cancer & Capricon.
•Example Cities:
Mandalay, Asuncion, Kano and New Delh.
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn

4. APPLICATION
3.1 Nature of the Climate
•Three seasons: -Hot dry (2/3rd of the year)
-Warm humid
- Cool dry
Shelter For Composite Climate

5. APPLICATION
3.1.1 Air Temperature:
Shelter For Composite Climate
Dry period Wet period
20 to 55% (low) 55 to 95% (high)
Seasons Hot- Dry Warm Humid Cool- Dry
Day- time mean max. 32- 43⁰C 27- 32⁰C Up to 27⁰C
Night- time mean min. 21- 27⁰C 24- 27⁰C 4- 10⁰C
Diurnal mean range 11- 22⁰C 3- 6⁰C 11- 22⁰C
3.1.2 Humidity:

6. APPLICATION
3.1.3 Precipitation:
Shelter For Composite Climate
Hot & cool Dry Monsoon
Little or no rainfall monsoon rains intense and prolonged;
-Hourly rainfall : 25 to 38 mm
-Annual rainfall : 500 to 1300 mm
-Wettest month :250 mm
•3.1.5 Solar radiation
•3.1.4 Sky conditions :
Hot & cool Dry Monsoon
Direct Diffused
Hot & cool Dry Monsoon
clear, dark blue heavily overcast, dull

7. APPLICATION
Shelter For Composite Climate
•3.1.6 Wind
Cool Dry Monsoon
Hot & dusty
•Humid air,
•bring rain cloud,
•Monsoon winds: strong &steady
Cool & dusty
•3.1.7 Vegetation
Cool Dry Monsoon
sparse ,Brown, red
barren ground
landscape becomes green and fertile
Hot Dry
covers the ground, but
diminishes as the
temperature rises.

8. APPLICATION
3.2 Physiological Objectives
Comfort consideration according to seasons
3.2.1 Warm (hot dry + warm humid) season:
- heat dissipation is inadequate
Consideration:
-increasing heat dissipation
3.2.2 Cold season:
-Effective temperature: much lower than the two warmer seasons
-People acclimatized to high temperatures, so tolerance of
cold conditions are reduced
Consideration:
-Prevention of heat loss from body, especially at night.
-Retention of heat is necessary
Shelter For Composite Climate

9. APPLICATION
3.3 Design Criteria:
• In case of climates with changing seasons, solutions suitable for one season may be
unsatisfactory for others.
• Many constructional features may serve equally well in all seasons. Difficulties arise
with conflicting or incompatible requirements.
• In order to develop optimum design standards which are appropriate to composite
climates as a whole, it is necessary to establish some form of weighting whereby
priorities can be allocated.
• Weighting system can be based on
1. Length of different seasons,
2. The relative severity of the conditions and
3. Their correlation with the living pattern.
Shelter For Composite Climate

10. APPLICATION
3.3 The Discomfort Index:
• In monthly ET (Effective Temperature) chart, the distance between this centre line
and the ET curve gives the 'discomfort level' for each month in + or −degC.
• The discomfort level multiplied by the duration of that condition gives the
‘discomfort index'.
Shelter For Composite Climate
Monthly effective temperatures (Islamabad)
Discomfort level
Discomfort level
Comfort zone
The discomfort level
X
duration of that condition
= Discomfort index

11. APPLICATION
3.3 The Discomfort Index:
Shelter For Composite Climate

12. APPLICATION
3.3 The Discomfort Index:
• The cold season is the most important for thermal design.
• However, where the design solutions are similar for the hot-dry and cold-dry
seasons, their predominance over the warm-humid season is even more
pronounced.
On the basis of such an analysis design standards can be formulated for the
composite climate.
Shelter For Composite Climate

13. APPLICATION
3.4 Form and planning:
1. Compact internal planning
2. Courtyard type of planning
3. Dense and low rise planning
4. Separate day & night rooms
Shelter For Composite Climate Direct solar
radiation
Extreme hot
wind
with dust

14. APPLICATION
3.4 Form and planning:
1. Compact internal planning
2. Courtyard type of planning
3. Dense and low rise planning
4. Separate day & night rooms
Shelter For Composite Climate
Heat dissipation (Conduction)
Evaporative cooling
mutual shading of
external walls

15. APPLICATION
3.4 Form and planning:
1. Compact internal planning
2. Courtyard type of planning
3. Dense and low rise planning
4. Separate day & night rooms
Shelter For Composite Climate

16. summer winter
APPLICATION
3.4 External Spaces:
1. Large projecting eaves and wide verandahs
2. Use of Brise-soleils, louvres and other sun breaks
3. Deciduous plants
4. Courtyards -covered by a pergola, carrying deciduous creepers.
Shelter For Composite Climate
monsoon
summer
winter
Monsoon

17. APPLICATION
3.4 External Spaces:
1. Large projecting eaves and wide verandahs
2. Use of Brise-soleils, louvres and other sun breaks
3. Deciduous plants
4. Courtyards -covered by a pergola, carrying deciduous creepers.
Shelter For Composite Climate
Brise-soleils Chandigarh high court le corbusier
Brise-soleils with louver
louver

18. summer
winter
APPLICATION
3.4 External Spaces:
1. Large projecting eaves and wide verandahs
2. Use of Brise-soleils, louvres and other sun breaks
3. Deciduous plants
4. Courtyards -covered by a pergola, carrying deciduous creepers.
Shelter For Composite Climate

19. APPLICATION
3.4 External Spaces:
1. Large projecting eaves and wide verandahs
2. Use of Brise-soleils, louvres and other sun breaks
3. Deciduous plants
4. Courtyards -covered by a pergola, carrying deciduous creepers.
Shelter For Composite Climate

20. APPLICATION
3.5 Roofs & Walls:
1. The retention of night-time low wall temperatures is desirable in the hot-dry season
only.
2. The same thermal properties will be useful in the cold season to retain the heat of
the day for the uncomfortably cold nights.
Shelter For Composite Climate
•Roofs and external walls: 9 to 12 hour time-lag in
heat transmission.
•The thermal capacity will be of advantage in both
the cold and hot-dry seasons.
solid masonry
or concrete
wall
solid masonry or concrete roof
3.5.1 Cold And Hot-dry Seasons

21. APPLICATION
3.5 Roofs & Walls:
Shelter For Composite Climate
3.5.2 Warm-humid Season:
•low thermal capacity but good insulating wall and roof
•If large thermal capacity movement of air
movement of air

22. APPLICATION
3.5 Roofs & Walls:
Shelter For Composite Climate
Large Openings In Outer Walls.
Thermal Capacity In Ceilings
Thermal Capacity In Massive Floors

23. APPLICATION
3.5 Roofs & Walls:
Shelter For Composite Climate
Insulation At The Outside
Surfaces
Advantage Of Low Rise : Ground Will Also Be Utilized For Thermal Storage.

24. Reflective surface
absorptive
surface
APPLICATION
Shelter For Composite Climate
3.6 Surface Treatments:
•Hot and warm seasons: Surfaces exposed to the sun
should be light coloured or of shiny polished metal
•Cold season: north of the tropic of Cancer---the back
walls
of south facing verandahs will be reached in winter
absorptive surface
Reflective surface

25. APPLICATION
Shelter For Composite Climate
3.7 Openings:
Orientation of openings is determined by two factors:
1. Towards the breeze during the warm-humid season
2. Towards the sun during the cold season, to utilise the heating effect of
radiation entering through the windows
Discomfort index + Sun path
N
warm-humid season Cold dry season

26. APPLICATION
Shelter For Composite Climate
large openings in opposite walls
Hot dry season :Solid shutters
Adjustable louver
3.7 Openings:

27. APPLICATION
Shelter For Composite Climate
3.7 Openings:
• On the adjacent walls the
windows (if any) should
not occupy more than
about 25% of the total
area
• openings should not
normally exceed the area
of solid walling on the
same elevation (the walls
facing the wind and the
opposite).
Opening should not normally exceed the
area of solid walling

28. APPLICATION
Shelter For Composite Climate
3.7 Ventilation and condensation
Hot dry season: lower windows will be closed
Cold dry season: reverse action will happen
Warm humid season
Two small openings, one
high level and one low
level can provide solution
in hot dry season
Stack effect through opening
Hot dry season
Warm humid
season

29. APPLICATION
Shelter For Composite Climate
ventilating stacks
3.7 Ventilation and condensation

30. APPLICATION
Shelter For Composite Climate
Wind scoops in Hyderabad Sind (with a maritime desert
climate, having a short monsoon period, thus it can be
considered as a composite climate)
Wind scoops
3.7 Ventilation and condensation

31. APPLICATION
Shelter For Composite Climate
3.7 Ventilation and condensation
condensation may rarely occur when two
factors coincide:
1 .High
relative
humidity, low
temperature
2.cold surface
taking
adjacent layer
of air below
its dewpoint
end and
beginning of
the rainy
season:
moisture
content of
the air is
high and the
night-time
temperature
suddenly
drops
no danger of frost, and as weather conditions producing
condensation are only of a short duration, the danger of
structural damage is negligible
porous and
moisture
absorptive
materials
masonry, precast concrete, Exterior Insulation
Finish Systems (EIFS),and Glass Fiber
Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) are porous
materials, anti-condensation' paints
act as buffers,
absorbing the
moisture as
condensation
occurs and
releasing it as
soon as the
air is
sufficiently
dry.