This document summarizes a book that analyzes the role of latitude, air pollutants, and humidity in the epidemiology and diffusion of viruses like COVID-19, SARS, MERS, and the flu. It references several studies that found links between increased air pollution levels and higher risk of respiratory illness. One study showed diesel exhaust particles can enhance influenza virus infectivity. The document hypothesizes that atmospheric dispersion and transport of airborne viruses over long distances may contribute to their spread and seasonality. Natural selection can occur in the atmosphere through interactions with pollutants and weather conditions.

1. BOOK
Title :Epidemiologyanddiffusionof some relevantvirus: latitude,air pollutantsand humidityrole ?
Authors:
1)LuisettomIMA ACADEMY natural science and toxicology branchItaly29121
2)AhmedYesvi Rafa , Founder and President, Yugen Research Organization;Western Michigan University,
MI, USA 49008
3) KhaledEdbey full ProfessorDepartmentof Chemistry libya Physical Chemistry- University of Benghazi.
4) Ghulam Rasool Mashori Professor Department of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Pakistan
5) Farhan Ahmad Khan,Professor and Head Department of Pharmacology Government Medical College
Shahdol , Pin-484001, Madhya Pradesh.
6) Akram Muhamad Associate professorDepartmentof EasternMedicine,GovernmentCollege,Faisalabad
University, Pakistan
7)Oleg yurevich latyshev PRESIDENT of IMA RU
Keywords:Covid19, Mers, Sars,flu,epidemiology,climate ,latitude,airpollutants,geography,
Aerosols,Orthomyxoviridae,Infections,Disease transmission,Relative humidity,Epidemics,Atmospheric
circulation,Disease models

2. CHAPTHER 1 Abstract
Relatedsome recentexample of humanvirusdiffusion and epidemiologyisinterestingtoobserve some
Fact relatedlatitude,climate ,airpollutants and other.
In thisworkonly fewimagesare usedtosubmitan hipothesysof worktobetter understandsome
Process.
Is interestingtoobserve thatWHUAN isa regioncharterizated bya specificairpollutants statusand
Neartwo bigriver in a determinate latitude.
Obviously the humantransmissionandthe relationshipwithanimaltransmissioncannotto beforgot
But there are otherfactor that can acta to favourthe diffusion?
Prof.GALLO inthisdays introduce the conceptthatis notsure a diffusionof thiskindof virusin southof
the world. ( since nowa dissusionest- west),now aboutno diffusionof casesinrussia.
In italydiffusioninnorthandinsome northregion( now) .
There are relationshipwhitclimate condition?
CHAPTHER 2 Material and methods
Whit a visual methodsome imagesrelateddiffusionof SARS,MERS,FLU and arir pollutantsare showed.
CHAPTHER 3 Results:
From variousonline resource :

3. Fig1 Sars epidemiology
Fig 2 Mers epidemiology 2015 july

4. Fig3

5. Fig4 Covid19 Epidemiology
Fig 5 Worldair pollutants

6. Fig6 2018 air pollutants Italy
Figure n 7

7. Andrelatedsome relevantvirusdiffusion:
Spanishflu1918
Asianflu1957
Avianflu1997
Sars 2003
Covid19 2019-2020
According WEI SU etal : “There is validevidence thatairpollutionisassociatedwithrespiratorydisease.
However,fewstudieshave quantifiedthe short-termeffectsof six airpollutantsoninfluenza-likeillness
(ILI).Thisstudyexploresthe potentialrelationshipbetweenair pollutantsandILIinJinan,China.Air
pollutants,especiallyPM2.5,PM10, CO and SO2, can increase the riskof ILI inJinan.The government
shouldcreate regulatorypoliciestoreduce the level of airpollutantsandremindpeopletopractice
preventativeandcontrol measurestodecrease the incidence of ILIonpollutiondays.”(1)
Mao Wang,ET AL : “ There isno evidence supportingthattemperature changesCOVID-19transmission.We
collectedthe cumulative numberof confirmedcasesof all citiesandregionsaffectedbyCOVID-19inthe
worldfromJanuary20 to February4, 2020, and calculatedthe dailymeansof the average,minimumand
maximumtemperaturesinJanuary.Then,restrictedcubicsplinefunctionandgeneralizedlinearmixture
model were usedtoanalyze the relationships.ResultsThere were intotal 24,232 confirmedcasesinChina
and 26 overseascountries.Intotal,16,480 cases(68.01%) were fromHubei Province.The lgN rose asthe
average temperature wentuptoa peakof 8.72℃ and thenslowlydeclined.The apexesof the minimum
temperature andthe maximumtemperature were6.70℃ and 12.42℃ respectively.The curvesshared
similarshapes.Underthe circumstance of lowertemperature,every1℃ increase inaverage,minimumand
maximumtemperaturesled toanincrease of the cumulative numberof casesby0.83, 0.82 and 0.83
respectively.Inthe single-factormodelof the higher-temperaturegroup,every1℃ increase inthe
minimumtemperature ledtoadecrease of the cumulative numberof casesby0.86. ConclusionThe study
foundthat,to certainextent,temperature couldsignificantchange COVID-19transmission,andthere might
be a besttemperature forthe viral transmission,whichmaypartlyexplainwhyitfirstbroke outinWuhan.
It issuggestedthatcountriesandregionswithalowertemperature inthe worldadoptthe strictestcontrol
measurestopreventfuture reversal.”(2)
LowenAC etal :

8. “Using the guineapigas a model host,we show thataerosol spreadof influenzavirusisdependentupon
bothambientrelative humidityandtemperature.Twentyexperimentsperformedatrelative humidities
from20% to 80% and5 degreesC,20 degreesC,or 30 degreesCindicatedthatbothcoldand dry
conditionsfavortransmission.The relationshipbetweentransmissionviaaerosolsandrelativehumidityat
20 degreesCissimilartothat previouslyreportedforthe stabilityof influenzaviruses(exceptathigh
relative humidity,80%),implyingthatthe effectsof humidityactlargelyatthe level of the virusparticle.For
infectedguineapigshousedat5 degreesC,the durationof peaksheddingwasapproximately40h longer
than that of animalshousedat20 degreesC;thisincreasedsheddinglikelyaccountsforthe enhanced
transmissionseenat5 degreesC.Toinvestigate the mechanismpermittingprolongedviral growth,
expressionlevelsinthe upperrespiratorytractof several innate immune mediatorswere determined.
Innate responsesprovedtobe comparable betweenanimalshousedat5 degreesCand20 degreesC,
suggestingthatcoldtemperature (5degreesC) doesnotimpairthe innate immuneresponse inthissystem.
Althoughthe seasonal epidemiologyof influenzaiswell characterized,the underlyingreasonsfor
predominantwintertime spreadare notclear.We provide direct,experimental evidence tosupportthe
role of weatherconditionsinthe dynamicsof influenzaandtherebyaddressalong-standingquestion
fundamental tothe understandingof influenzaepidemiologyandevolution. “(3)
AccordingA TUCK : Is it a coincidence thatnew virusesappearinhighlypollutedChinese cities?Orinother
industrialized regionof the world? ( north Italy ?).
The concentrationsandrelative abundancesof OH,HO2, NOx and ozone are differenttherethan
elsewhere.
Of course, the humanpopulationisdensertoo,butgiventhatsurface andinteriorchemistryhappensin
and on aerosols,isthere aresearchproblemhere?Covid-19isanairborne-transmittedpathogen?
It was pointedouttwodecadesagoina prebioticcontextthatOH and HO2 wouldbe agentsof natural
selection:
The Role of AtmosphericAerosolsinthe OriginOf Life
AdrianTuck
SurveysinGeophysics
2002
“Recentresultsfromthe real time analysisof individual aerosol particlesbylasermassspectrometryhave
revivedinterestinthe invertedmicelle structure foraerosolscontainingorganicmolecules;indeedfor
manyaerosolsthe organiccontentishighenough,forexample ∼50% bymass inthe tropical upper
troposphere,thatitislikelytobe the onlyviable structure.Itispointedoutthatatmosphericaerosols
wouldhave hadmany advantagesasprebioticchemical reactors,havingthe potentialtoaddress several
keyproblemsinaway arisingnaturallyfromthe probable geophysical andchemical environmentonthe
prebioticplanet.Bacterialandviral size canbe predictedforthese structuresbyanequationcombining

9. atmosphericaerodynamicsandgravity,andwhichistherefore applicabletootherastronomical objects
whichare candidatesforsupportinglife.Experimental testsandmathematical modellingof the earlystages
of the chemical evolutionof aerosolsshouldbe possible.” (4)
NATURALSELECTION CAN OCCUR OUTSIDE THE HUMAN BODY ASWELL AS INSIDEIT.
GibbsFree Energyand ReactionRate AccelerationinandonMicrodroplets
AdrianF Tuck
PhysicsDepartment,Imperial College London
Entropy2019
“Recentobservationsshowthatmanyreactionsare acceleratedinmicrodropletscomparedtobulkliquid
and gas media.Thisaccelerationhasbeenshowntofeature Gibbsfreeenergychanges,ΔG,that are
negative andsoreactionenabling,comparedtothe reactioninbulkfluidwhenitispositiveandsoreaction
blocking.Here,we argue howthese ΔGchangesare relatable tothe crowdingenforcedbymicrodroplets
and to scale invariance.Itisarguedthat turbulentflow ispresentinmicrodroplets,whichspan mesoand
macroscales.Thatenablesscale invariantmethodstoarrive atchemical potentialsforthe substances
involved.Gand ΔG can be computedfromthe differencebetweenthe whole microdropletandthe bulk
medium,andalsoforindividualchemical speciesinbothcases,includingseparatelythe microdroplet’s
surface filmandinterior,providedsufficientlyfine resolutionisavailableinthe observations.Suchresults
can be comparedwithresultscomputedbyquantumstatistical mechanicsusingmolecularspectroscopic
data. Thisproposedresearchstrategytherefore offersapathto testits validityincomparingtraditional
equilibriumquantumstatisticalthermodynamictestsof microdropletswiththose basedonscale invariant
analysisof boththeir2D surface and 3D interiorfluidflows.” (5)
ProposedEmpirical EntropyandGibbsEnergyBasedonObservationsof Scale Invariance inOpen
NonequilibriumSystems
AdrianF Tuck
J PhysChemA 2017
“There isno widelyagreeddefinitionof entropy,andconsequentlyGibbsenergy,inopensystemsfarfrom
equilibrium.One recentapproachhassoughtto formulate anentropyandGibbsenergybasedonobserved
scale invariancesingeophysical variables,particularlyinatmosphericquantities,includingthe molecules
constitutingstratosphericchemistry.The Hamiltonianfluxdynamicsof energyinmacroscopicopen
nonequilibriumsystemsmapstoenergyinequilibriumstatistical thermodynamics,andcorresponding
equivalencesof scale invariantvariableswithotherrelevantstatisticalmechanical variablessuchas
entropy,Gibbsenergy,and1/(kBoltzmannT),are notjustformallyanalogousbutare alsomappings.Three
proof-of-conceptrepresentative examplesfromavailableadequatestratosphericchemistryobservations—
temperature,windspeedandozone—are calculated,withthe aimof applyingthese mappingsand

10. equivalences.Potential applicationsof the approachtoscale invariantobservationsfromthe literature,
involvingscalesfrommolecularthroughlaboratorytoastronomical,are considered.Theoretical supportfor
the approach fromthe literature isdiscussed.” (6)
From moleculestometeorologyviaturbulentscale invariance
A. F. Tuck
Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc2010
“This reviewattemptstointerpretthe generalizedscale invariance observedincommonatmospheric
variables—wind,temperature,humidity,ozone andsome trace species—intermsof the computed
emergence of ringcurrents(vortices)insimulationsof populationsof Maxwellianmoleculessubjecttoan
anisotropyinthe formof a flux.The dataare takenfrom‘horizontal’tracksof researchaircraftand from
‘vertical’trajectoriesof researchdropsondes.Itisarguedthatany attemptto representthe energy
distributioninthe atmosphere quantitativelymusthave a properbasisinmolecularphysics,aprerequisite
to accommodate the observedlong‐tailedvelocityprobabilitydistributionsandthe impliedeffectson
radiative transfer,atmosphericchemistry,turbulentstructure andthe definitionof temperature itself.The
relationshipbetweenfluctuationsanddissipationisdiscussedinaframeworkof non‐equilibriumstatistical
mechanics,anda linkbetweenmaximizationof entropyproductionandscale invariance ishypothesized.”
(7)
referencestothe generationof virusesandbacteriainparallel inreference (62) of the J PhysChemA
paper,D J Donaldsonetal,SpontaneousFissionof AtmosphericAerosol Particles,PhysChemChemPhys.,
3, 5270-5273 (2001)
AccordingA.Robichaud:
It ispossible there isalinksince ithas beenshownthatvirusescanstickon diesel particlesandexacerbate
inflammatoryresponse:
Article Acute diesel exhaustparticle exposure increasesviraltitre:
EPA Home » Science Inventory»
DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLESENHANCEINFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTIVITYBY INCREASINGVIRUSATTACHMENT
National HealthandEnvironmentalEffectsResearchLaboratory
https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=NHEERL&dirEntryId=115026&CFID=42012847&
CFTOKEN=11134016
JASPERSetal PresentedatAmerican ThoracicSocietyMeeting,SanDiego, 2005.
“Despite vaccinationandantiviral therapies,influenzainfectionscontinue tocause large scale morbidity
and mortalityeveryyear.Several factors,suchasage andnutritional statuscanaffectthe incidence and

11. severityof influenzainfections.Moreover,exposure toairpollutants,suchasdiesel exhaust(DE),canalso
affectrespiratoryvirusinfections.Previousstudieshave demonstratedthatchronicDE-exposures
enhancedinfluenzavirusreplicationinmice bydecreasinginterferon-dependentantiviral defense
responses.However,itisnotknownhowacute exposuresaffectinfluenzainfections.Inthisstudywe
exposeddifferentiatedhumannasal andbronchial epithelialcells,aswell asA549 cells,toDE particles
(DEP) for 2 hours andsubsequentlyinfectedthe cellswithinfluenzaA/Bangkok/1/79.Exposure toDEP
enhancedinfluenzavirusreplication,asassessedbyinfluenzahemagglutinin(HA)RNA levels,viral protein
levels,andthe numberof influenza-infectedcells.Thisresponse wasnotcausedbysuppressedIFNblevels
or IFN-dependentantiviral mediatorproduction,since influenza-inducedmRNA levelsforIFNbandMxA,an
IFN-inducibleantiviral mediator,werealsoenhancedbyexposure toDEP.However,exposuretoDEP
increasedinfluenzavirusattachmentwithin2hourspost-infection.Furthermore,exposuretoDEP
enhancedmarkersof oxidativestressandadditionof glutathioneethylester(GSH-ET),reversedthe effects
of DEP oninfluenzavirusreplicationand numberof infectedcells.These datasuggestthatoxidative stress
inducedbyDEP createsandcellularenvironmentwhichfavorsinfluenzavirusattachmentanduptake.
Takentogether,the resultspresentedhereindicatethatexposuretoDE can have significantimpacton
influenzainfectionsinhumanrespiratoryepithelial cells.”(8)
G. W. Hammond et al
Reviewsof InfectiousDiseases
“Currenttheoriesof influenzaviral epidemiologyhave notexplainedthe persistence,seasonality,and
explosive outbreaks of virusoverlarge geographicareas.Itis postulatedinthispaperthatatmospheric
dispersionandintercontinentalscale transportof airborne aerosolizedinfluezavirusmaycontribute tothe
spread,persistence,andubiquityof the disease,the explosivenessof epidemics,andthe promptregion-
wide occurrence of outbreaksandthat seasonal changesincirculationpatternsandthe dispersive
character of the atmosphere mayhelptoexplainthe regularannual cycle of influenzaactivity.”
G. W. Hammond et al :
“HYPOTESYS :Currenttheoriesof influenzaviral epidemiologyhave notexplainedthe persistence,
seasonality,andexplosiveoutbreaksof virusoverlarge geographicareas.Itispostulatedinthispaperthat
atmosphericdispersionandintercontinental scale transportof airborne aerosolizedinfluenzavirusmay
contribute tothe spread,persistence,andubiquityof the disease,the explosivenessof epidemics,andthe
promptregion-wide occurrence of outbreaksandthatseasonal changesincirculationpatternsandthe
dispersivecharacterof the atmosphere mayhelptoexplainthe regularannual cycle of influenzaactivity.
The current epidemiologicconceptof influenzaviral infectionsparallelsthe measlesmodel,inwhichitis
believedthatinfectionsare spreadbydirectserial transmissionfrompersontoperson,principallybythe
microscale dispersionof viral aerosols.While we recognizethatdirectserial person-to-personspreadis
likelythe usual mode of transmissionof influenzavirus,this theorydoesnotadequately explaineitherthe
persistence of the virusasa humanpathogenor the seasonalityof outbreaks.It also failstoaccount for
otherinfluenzacharacteristics,suchasubiquity,explosive outbreaks,the prompt region-wide occurrence
of epidemics,and the relativelyconstantpatternof influenzaepidemicsoverseveral centuries Long-range
airborne spreadof viral infection.Epidemiologic investigationshave confirmedthatthe virusthatcauses
foot-and-mouthdisease hasbeentransportedbythe atmosphere acrossthe BalticSea and across the
EnglishChannel .These regional results,alongwithdemonstratedmicroscale dispersionof certainviruses,

12. suggestthat,like airpollution,the airbornespreadof pathogensmaybe aproblemthatextendsfromthe
local to the intercontinental scale.Infectivityof low-concentrationviral aerosols.Although greatly
influencedby the amountof secretioninthe nasal passages,asingle coughorsneeze canproduce 104-106
accumulation-mode-sizedparticlesthatcan remainairborne forextendedperiods.Itfollowsthatan
infectedpopulaceinaregion. of the Far East couldconstitute asignificantsource of viral aerosols.Long-
range transport accompaniedbyatmosphericdispersionwouldinevitablyleadtomuchlowerdownstream
concentrations.Nevertheless, some relatively undilutedairparcelsmightmake itacrossthe PacificOcean,
and the virulence of aerosolizedinfluenzavirusatlow concentrationsmightstill be sufficienttocause
infections.Influenzastudiesinmice have shownagreaterinfectivityof airborne versusintranasal
inoculationof virus.Knight demonstratedinvolunteersthatinfluenzavirusisfive to10 timesmore
infectiouswhenintroducedbythe aerosol route thanbythe intranasal route andthat adenovirustype 4is
70 timesmore infectiousbythe aerosol route .Aerosolizedinfluenza A virusproducesillnessinhumansat
dosagesindistinguishable fromone infecting particle .Measurementsof aerosol concentrationsandsize
distributionsmade inapristine areaof Alaska indicate that,onaverage,winterairmasseswithtrajectories
off the PacificOceanhave 100accumulation-mode-sizedparticlespercubiccentimeter.Some of the
aerosolsenteringNorthAmericamaycontainviable influenzavirus.Long-termsurvival of aerosolized
influenzavirus.Inone study,the mouse LD so was similarat20 h of agingof aerosolizedinfluenzavirusat
room temperature tothatat earliertimes,butthe effectof varyingthe temperature wasnotconsidered.It
has beenshownthatinfluenzavirusismaximallystable atlow relative humidity.The studyof a different
envelopedrespiratoryvirushasshownapronouncedstabilizingeffect of low temperaturesonthe survival
of aerosolizedhumancoronavirus229E,evenwitha highrelative humidity.The authorsfoundthat at 85%
relative humidity,decreasingthe temperature from20°C to 6°C extendedthe infectioushalf-life of
coronavirus fromrv3 to 86 h. At the optimal humidity- rv500J0 - nearly20010 of the viruswas still
detectable after6d inaerosolsstoredat 20°C. The viral half-lifewasrv70h.Loweringthe temperature to
6°C stretchedthe half-life to>100 h. The influence of relativehumiditymaybe aconfoundingfactorin
assessingthe stabilityof the infectiousdose,butitappearsthataerosolizedcoronavirus229E - and,by
implication,influenzavirus - canbe stable forlongperiodsatlow temperatures.”(9)
CHAPTHER 5 Discussionand conclusion
AfterobservingthisfigureandPROF.GALLO thinking ispossible tonotice thatthere are latitude
relationship.
Alsothe air pollutionrelationship tell us somethingrelated.
Accordingthe authors thisfact mustbe deeply investigatetobetterunderstandsomehumanvirus
epidemiology.

13. Conflictof interest: NO
clarification
thisworkis producedwithoutanydiagnosticortherapeuticintentonlytoproduce new researchhypotesys
to be evalued
CHPATHER 6 references
1) Researcharticle 21 October2019
The short-termeffectsof airpollutantsoninfluenza-like illnessinJinan,China
Wei Su,XiuguoWu, Xingyi Geng,XiaodongZhao,QiangLiu&Ti Liu
BMC PublicHealthvolume19,Article number:1319 (2019) Cite thisarticle
2) Temperature significantchange COVID-19Transmissionin429 cities
Mao Wang,Aili Jiang,LijuanGong,LinaLuo,WenbinGuo,Chuyi Li,JingZheng,ChaoyongLi,BixingYang,
JietongZeng,YoupingChen,Ke Zheng,HongyanLi
3) PLoS Pathog.2007 Oct 19;3(10):1470-6.
Influenzavirustransmissionisdependentonrelativehumidityandtemperature.
LowenAC1,Mubareka S, Steel J,Palese P.
4) The Role of AtmosphericAerosolsinthe OriginOf Life
AdrianTuck
SurveysinGeophysics
DOI: 10.1023/A:1020123922767 September2002
5) GibbsFree Energyand ReactionRate AccelerationinandonMicrodroplets
AdrianF Tuck

14. PhysicsDepartment,Imperial College London
Entropy2019, 21(11), 1044 doi:10.3390/e21111044 Entropy,21, 1044 (2019)
6) ProposedEmpirical EntropyandGibbsEnergyBasedon Observationsof Scale InvarianceinOpen
NonequilibriumSystems
AdrianF Tuck
doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03112 J PhysChemA 121, 6620-6629 (2017)
7) From moleculestometeorologyviaturbulentscale invariance
A. F. Tuck
DOI: 10.1002/QJ.644 Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc136, 1125-1144 (2010)
8) EPA Home » Science Inventory» DIESELEXHAUST PARTICLESENHANCEINFLUENZA VIRUSINFECTIVITYBY
INCREASINGVIRUSATTACHMENT
National HealthandEnvironmental EffectsResearchLaboratory
https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=NHEERL&dirEntryId=115026&CFID=42012847&
CFTOKEN=11134016
JASPERS,I.,J.CIENCEWICKI,L. E. BRIGHTON,W. ZHANG,J. L. CARLSON,ANDM. C. MADDEN. DIESEL
EXHAUST PARTICLESENHANCEINFLUENZA VIRUSINFECTIVITYBY INCREASINGVIRUSATTACHMENT.
PresentedatAmericanThoracicSocietyMeeting,SanDiego,CA,May20 - 25, 2005.
9) Impact of AtmosphericDispersionandTransportof Viral Aerosolsonthe Epidemiologyof Influenza
G. W. Hammond,R. L. Raddatz and D. E. Gelskey
Reviewsof InfectiousDiseases
Vol.11, No. 3 (May - Jun.,1989), pp.494-497