.

1. BOOK
Title :Epidemiology and diffusion of some relevant virus: latitude, air pollutants and humidity role
Authors:
1)Luisetto m IMA ACADEMY natural science and toxicology branch Italy 29121
2)Ahmed Yesvi Rafa , Founder and President, Yugen Research Organization;Western Michigan University, MI,
USA 49008
3) Khaled Edbey full Professor Department of Chemistry libya Physical Chemistry- University of Benghazi.
4) Ghulam Rasool Mashori Professor Department of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Pakistan
5) Farhan Ahmad Khan,Professor and Head Department of Pharmacology Government Medical College
Shahdol , Pin-484001, Madhya Pradesh.
6) Akram Muhamad Associate professor Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College, Faisalabad
University, Pakistan
7)Oleg yurevich latyshev PRESIDENT of IMA RU
Keywords: Covid 19, Mers, Sars, flu, epidemiology , climate , latitude, air pollutants , geography,
Aerosols, Orthomyxoviridae, Infections, Disease transmission, Relative humidity, Epidemics, Atmospheric
circulation, Disease models

2. CHAPTHER 1 Abstract
Related some recent example of human virus diffusion and epidemiology is interesting to observe some
Fact related latitude, climate , air pollutants and other.
In this work only few images are used to submit an hypothesys of work to better understand some
Process.
Is interesting to observe that WHUAN is a region charterizated by a specific air pollutants status and
Near two big river in a determinate latitude.
Obviously the human transmission and the relationship with animal transmission can not to be forgot
But there are other factor that can acta to favour the diffusion?
Prof. GALLO in this days introduce the concept that is not sure a diffusion of this kind of virus in south of
the world. ( since now a dissusion est- west), now about no diffusion of cases in russia .
In italy diffusion in north and in some north region ( now) .
There are relationship whit climate condition?
CHAPTHER 2 Material and methods
Whit a visual method some images related diffusion of SARS, MERS, FLU and arir pollutants are showed.
CHAPTHER 3 Results :
From various on line resource :

3. Fig 1 Sars epidemiology
Fig 2 Mers epidemiology 2015 july

4. Fig 3

5. Fig 4 Covid 19 Epidemiology
Fig 5 World air pollutants

6. Fig 6 2018 air pollutants Italy
Figure n 7

7. And related some relevant virus diffusion:
Spanish flu 1918
Asian flu 1957
Avian flu 1997
Sars 2003
Covid 19 2019-2020
According WEI SU et al : “There is valid evidence that air pollution is associated with respiratory disease.
However, few studies have quantified the short-term effects of six air pollutants on influenza-like illness
(ILI). This study explores the potential relationship between air pollutants and ILI in Jinan, China.Air
pollutants, especially PM2.5, PM10, CO and SO2, can increase the risk of ILI in Jinan. The government
should create regulatory policies to reduce the level of air pollutants and remind people to practice
preventative and control measures to decrease the incidence of ILI on pollution days.”(1)
Mao Wang, ET AL : “ There is no evidence supporting that temperature changes COVID-19 transmission. We
collected the cumulative number of confirmed cases of all cities and regions affected by COVID-19 in the
world from January 20 to February 4, 2020, and calculated the daily means of the average, minimum and
maximum temperatures in January. Then, restricted cubic spline function and generalized linear mixture
model were used to analyze the relationships. Results There were in total 24,232 confirmed cases in China
and 26 overseas countries. In total, 16,480 cases (68.01%) were from Hubei Province. The lgN rose as the
average temperature went up to a peak of 8.72℃ and then slowly declined. The apexes of the minimum
temperature and the maximum temperature were 6.70℃ and 12.42℃ respectively. The curves shared
similar shapes. Under the circumstance of lower temperature, every 1℃ increase in average, minimum and
maximum temperatures led to an increase of the cumulative number of cases by 0.83, 0.82 and 0.83
respectively. In the single-factor model of the higher-temperature group, every 1℃ increase in the
minimum temperature led to a decrease of the cumulative number of cases by 0.86. Conclusion The study
found that, to certain extent, temperature could significant change COVID-19 transmission, and there might
be a best temperature for the viral transmission, which may partly explain why it first broke out in Wuhan.
It is suggested that countries and regions with a lower temperature in the world adopt the strictest control
measures to prevent future reversal.”(2)

8. Lowen AC et al :
“Using the guinea pig as a model host, we show that aerosol spread of influenza virus is dependent upon
both ambient relative humidity and temperature. Twenty experiments performed at relative humidities
from 20% to 80% and 5 degrees C, 20 degrees C, or 30 degrees C indicated that both cold and dry
conditions favor transmission. The relationship between transmission via aerosols and relative humidity at
20 degrees C is similar to that previously reported for the stability of influenza viruses (except at high
relative humidity, 80%), implying that the effects of humidity act largely at the level of the virus particle. For
infected guinea pigs housed at 5 degrees C, the duration of peak shedding was approximately 40 h longer
than that of animals housed at 20 degrees C; this increased shedding likely accounts for the enhanced
transmission seen at 5 degrees C. To investigate the mechanism permitting prolonged viral growth,
expression levels in the upper respiratory tract of several innate immune mediators were determined.
Innate responses proved to be comparable between animals housed at 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C,
suggesting that cold temperature (5 degrees C) does not impair the innate immune response in this system.
Although the seasonal epidemiology of influenza is well characterized, the underlying reasons for
predominant wintertime spread are not clear. We provide direct, experimental evidence to support the
role of weather conditions in the dynamics of influenza and thereby address a long-standing question
fundamental to the understanding of influenza epidemiology and evolution. “(3)
According A TUCK : Is it a coincidence that new viruses appear in highly polluted Chinese cities? Or in other
industrialized region of the world ? ( north Italy ?).
The concentrations and relative abundances of OH, HO2, NOx and ozone are different there than
elsewhere.
Of course, the human population is denser too, but given that surface and interior chemistry happens in
and on aerosols, is there a research problem here? Covid-19 is an airborne-transmitted pathogen?
It was pointed out two decades ago in a prebiotic context that OH and HO2 would be agents of natural
selection: The Role of Atmospheric Aerosols in the Origin Of Life Adrian Tuck Surveys in Geophysics 2002
“Recent results from the real time analysis of individual aerosol particles by laser mass spectrometry have
revived interest in the inverted micelle structure for aerosols containing organic molecules; indeed for
many aerosols the organic content is high enough, for example ∼50% by mass in the tropical upper
troposphere, that it is likely to be the only viable structure. It is pointed out that atmospheric aerosols
would have had many advantages as prebiotic chemical reactors, having the potential to address several
key problems in a way arising naturally from the probable geophysical and chemical environment on the
prebiotic planet. Bacterial and viral size can be predicted for these structures by an equation combining
atmospheric aerodynamics and gravity, and which is therefore applicable to other astronomical objects
which are candidates for supporting life. Experimental tests and mathematical modelling of the early stages
of the chemical evolution of aerosols should be possible.” (4)

9. NATURAL SELECTION CAN OCCUR OUTSIDE THE HUMAN BODY AS WELL AS INSIDE IT.
Gibbs Free Energy and Reaction Rate Acceleration in and on Microdroplets
Adrian F Tuck
Physics Department, Imperial College London
Entropy 2019
“Recent observations show that many reactions are accelerated in microdroplets compared to bulk liquid
and gas media. This acceleration has been shown to feature Gibbs free energy changes, ΔG, that are
negative and so reaction enabling, compared to the reaction in bulk fluid when it is positive and so reaction
blocking. Here, we argue how these ΔG changes are relatable to the crowding enforced by microdroplets
and to scale invariance. It is argued that turbulent flow is present in microdroplets, which span meso and
macroscales. That enables scale invariant methods to arrive at chemical potentials for the substances
involved. G and ΔG can be computed from the difference between the whole microdroplet and the bulk
medium, and also for individual chemical species in both cases, including separately the microdroplet’s
surface film and interior, provided sufficiently fine resolution is available in the observations. Such results
can be compared with results computed by quantum statistical mechanics using molecular spectroscopic
data. This proposed research strategy therefore offers a path to test its validity in comparing traditional
equilibrium quantum statistical thermodynamic tests of microdroplets with those based on scale invariant
analysis of both their 2D surface and 3D interior fluid flows.” (5)
Proposed Empirical Entropy and Gibbs Energy Based on Observations of Scale Invariance in Open
Nonequilibrium Systems
Adrian F Tuck
J Phys Chem A 2017
“There is no widely agreed definition of entropy, and consequently Gibbs energy, in open systems far from
equilibrium. One recent approach has sought to formulate an entropy and Gibbs energy based on observed
scale invariances in geophysical variables, particularly in atmospheric quantities, including the molecules
constituting stratospheric chemistry. The Hamiltonian flux dynamics of energy in macroscopic open
nonequilibrium systems maps to energy in equilibrium statistical thermodynamics, and corresponding
equivalences of scale invariant variables with other relevant statistical mechanical variables such as
entropy, Gibbs energy, and 1/(kBoltzmannT), are not just formally analogous but are also mappings. Three
proof-of-concept representative examples from available adequate stratospheric chemistry observations—
temperature, wind speed and ozone—are calculated, with the aim of applying these mappings and
equivalences. Potential applications of the approach to scale invariant observations from the literature,
involving scales from molecular through laboratory to astronomical, are considered. Theoretical support for
the approach from the literature is discussed.” (6)

10. From molecules to meteorology via turbulent scale invariance
A. F. Tuck
Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 2010
“This review attempts to interpret the generalized scale invariance observed in common atmospheric
variables—wind, temperature, humidity, ozone and some trace species—in terms of the computed
emergence of ring currents (vortices) in simulations of populations of Maxwellian molecules subject to an
anisotropy in the form of a flux. The data are taken from ‘horizontal’ tracks of research aircraft and from
‘vertical’ trajectories of research drops ondes. It is argued that any attempt to represent the energy
distribution in the atmosphere quantitatively must have a proper basis in molecular physics, a prerequisite
to accommodate the observed long‐tailed velocity probability distributions and the implied effects on
radiative transfer, atmospheric chemistry, turbulent structure and the definition of temperature itself. The
relationship between fluctuations and dissipation is discussed in a framework of non‐equilibrium statistical
mechanics, and a link between maximization of entropy production and scale invariance is hypothesized.”
(7)
references to the generation of viruses and bacteria in parallel in reference (62) of the J Phys Chem A
paper, D J Donaldson et al, Spontaneous Fission of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles, Phys Chem Chem Phys.,
3, 5270-5273 (2001)
According A. Robichaud :
It is possible there is a link since it has been shown that viruses can stick on diesel particles and exacerbate
inflammatory response:
Article Acute diesel exhaust particle exposure increases viral titre:
EPA Home » Science Inventory »
DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES ENHANCE INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTIVITY BY INCREASING VIRUS ATTACHMENT
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=NHEERL&dirEntryId=115026&CFID=42012847&
CFTOKEN=11134016
JASPERS et al Presented at American Thoracic Society Meeting, San Diego, 2005.
“Despite vaccination and antiviral therapies, influenza infections continue to cause large scale morbidity
and mortality every year. Several factors, such as age and nutritional status can affect the incidence and
severity of influenza infections. Moreover, exposure to air pollutants, such as diesel exhaust (DE), can also
affect respiratory virus infections. Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic DE-exposures
enhanced influenza virus replication in mice by decreasing interferon-dependent antiviral defense
responses. However, it is not known how acute exposures affect influenza infections.

11. In this study we exposed differentiated human nasal and bronchial epithelial cells, as well as A549 cells, to
DE particles (DEP) for 2 hours and subsequently infected the cells with influenza A/Bangkok/1/79. Exposure
to DEP enhanced influenza virus replication, as assessed by influenza hemagglutinin (HA) RNA levels, viral
protein levels, and the number of influenza-infected cells. This response was not caused by suppressed
IFNb levels or IFN-dependent antiviral mediator production, since influenza-induced mRNA levels for IFNb
and MxA, an IFN-inducible antiviral mediator, were also enhanced by exposure to DEP. However, exposure
to DEP increased influenza virus attachment within 2 hours post-infection. Furthermore, exposure to DEP
enhanced markers of oxidative stress and addition of glutathione ethylester (GSH-ET), reversed the effects
of DEP on influenza virus replication and number of infected cells. These data suggest that oxidative stress
induced by DEP creates and cellular environment which favors influenza virus attachment and uptake.
Taken together, the results presented here indicate that exposure to DE can have significant impact on
influenza infections in human respiratory epithelial cells.” (8)
G. W. Hammond et al
Reviews of Infectious Diseases
“Current theories of influenza viral epidemiology have not explained the persistence, seasonality, and
explosive outbreaks of virus over large geographic areas. It is postulated in this paper that atmospheric
dispersion and intercontinental scale transport of airborne aerosolized influeza virus may contribute to the
spread, persistence, and ubiquity of the disease, the explosiveness of epidemics, and the prompt region-
wide occurrence of outbreaks and that seasonal changes in circulation patterns and the dispersive
character of the atmosphere may help to explain the regular annual cycle of influenza activity.”
G. W. Hammond et al :
“HYPOTESYS :Current theories of influenza viral epidemiology have not explained the persistence,
seasonality, and explosive outbreaks of virus over large geographic areas. It is postulated in this paper that
atmospheric dispersion and intercontinental scale transport of airborne aerosolized influenza virus may
contribute to the spread, persistence, and ubiquity of the disease, the explosiveness of epidemics, and the
prompt region-wide occurrence of outbreaks and that seasonal changes in circulation patterns and the
dispersive character of the atmosphere may help to explain the regular annual cycle of influenza activity.
The current epidemiologic concept of influenza viral infections parallels the measles model, in which it is
believed that infections are spread by direct serial transmission from person to person, principally by the
microscale dispersion of viral aerosols . While we recognize that direct serial person-to-person spread is
likely the usual mode of transmission of influenza virus, this theory does not adequately explain either the
persistence of the virus as a human pathogen or the seasonality of outbreaks . It also fails to account for
other influenza characteristics, such as ubiquity, explosive outbreaks, the prompt region-wide occurrence
of epidemics, and the relatively constant pattern of influenza epidemics over several centuries Long-range
airborne spread of viral infection.

12. Epidemiologic investigations have confirmed that the virus that causes foot-and-mouth disease has been
transported by the atmosphere across the Baltic Sea and across the English Channel . These regional
results, along with demonstrated microscale dispersion of certain viruses, suggest that, like air pollution,
the airborne spread of pathogens may be a problem that extends from the local to the intercontinental
scale. Infectivity of low-concentration viral aerosols. Although greatly influenced by the amount of
secretion in the nasal passages, a single cough or sneeze can produce 104-106 accumulation-mode-sized
particles that can remain airborne for extended periods . It follows that an infected populace in a region . of
the Far East could constitute a significant source of viral aerosols. Long-range transport accompanied by
atmospheric dispersion would inevitably lead to much lower downstream concentrations. Nevertheless,
some relatively undiluted air parcels might make it across the Pacific Ocean, and the virulence of
aerosolized influenza virus at low concentrations might still be sufficient to cause infections. Influenza
studies in mice have shown a greater infectivity of airborne versus intranasal inoculation of virus . Knight
demonstrated in volunteers that influenza virus is five to 10 times more infectious when introduced by the
aerosol route than by the intranasal route and that adenovirus type 4 is 70 times more infectious by the
aerosol route . Aerosolized influenza A virus produces illness in humans at dosages indistinguishable from
one infecting particle . Measurements of aerosol concentrations and size distributions made in a pristine
area of Alaska indicate that, on average, winter air masses with trajectories off the Pacific Ocean have
100accumulation-mode-sized particles per cubic centimeter. Some of the aerosols entering North America
may contain viable influenza virus. Long-term survival of aerosolized influenza virus. In one study, the
mouse LD so was similar at 20 h of aging of aerosolized influenza virus at room temperature to that at
earlier times, but the effect of varying the temperature was not considered . It has been shown that
influenza virus is maximally stable at low relative humidity . The study of a different enveloped respiratory
virus has shown a pronounced stabilizing effect of low temperatures on the survival of aerosolized human
coronavirus 229E, even with a high relative humidity . The authors found that at 85% relative humidity,
decreasing the temperature from 20°C to 6°C extended the infectious half-life of coronavirus from rv3 to 86
h. At the optimal humidity- rv500J0 - nearly 20010 of the virus was still detectable after 6 d in aerosols
stored at 20°C. The viral half-life was rv70h. Lowering the temperature to 6°C stretched the half-life to >100
h. The influence of relative humidity may be a confounding factor in assessing the stability of the infectious
dose, but it appears that aerosolized coronavirus 229E - and, by implication, influenza virus - can be stable
for long periods at low temperatures.”(9)

13. And According Links between air pollution and COVID-19 in England
Author links open overlay panelMarcoTravaglio1YizhouYu1RebekaPopovicLizaSelleyNuno Santos Leal Luis
Miguel Martins https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115859Get rights and content
“Taken together, the negative binomial regression models of both COVID-19 cases and deaths
(Supplementary Tables 2 and 3 in the original article ) show that nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide and ozone
levels are significant predictors of COVID-19-related death, after accounting for the population density. This
study provides the first evidence that SARS-CoV-2 cases and deaths are associated with regional variations
in air pollution across England”.

14. Emission by year NO2 1000 t Estonia 76 italy 2053
Ratio Italy/ Estonia = 2053/76= 27,01

15. And in Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Mar; 124(3): 281–289.
2015 Aug 4. doi: 10.289/ehp.1409567
Research Long-Term Trends Worldwide in Ambient NO2 Concentrations Inferred from Satellite
Observations
Jeffrey A. Geddes,1,† Randall V. Martin,1,2 Brian L. Boys,1 and Aaron van Donkelaar
Table 1. of the original article Satellite-derived population-weighted mean NO2 concentrations, linear
trends from 1996–2012, and population within Global Burden of Disease Study regions.
A Region
Mean (1996–2012) NO2 (parts per billion) Trend (percent/year) (95% CI) p-Value
Human population (millions)
1. Asia Pacific (high-income) 4.9 –2.1 (–2.7, –1.5) < 0.01 176
20. East sub-Saharan Africa 0.1 –0.1 (–0.9, 0.6) 0.70 301
It is possible to observe a RATIO of : 4,9/0,1=49 between this 2 values
Environ Pollut. 2021 Jan 1; 268(Pt A): 115859.
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115859
Links between air pollution and COVID-19 in England☆
Marco Travaglio,1 Yizhou Yu,1 Rebeka Popovic, Liza Selley, Nuno Santos Leal, and Luis Miguel Martins∗
“Taken together, the negative binomial regression models of both COVID-19 cases and deaths
(Supplementary Tables 2 and 3) show that nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide and ozone levels are significant
predictors of COVID-19-related death, after accounting for the population density. This study provides the
first evidence that SARS-CoV-2 cases and deaths are associated with regional variations in air pollution
across England.
Nitrogen oxides are the main contributors to increased numbers of COVID-19 deaths and cases in the early
phase of the pandemic.”

16. Fig. n 8 2013 EPA

17. Fig. 9
Fig. 10 benzo-a pyrene
Fig. n 11

18. Fig. 12 PSCF analysis results of PM2.5 (a) and PAHs (b) and CWT analysis results of PM2.5 (c) and PAHs (d).
The red dot represents the sampling point. From Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric PM2.5
during Winter Haze in Huang-gang, Central China: Characteristics, Sources and Health Risk Assessment
2021 - Volume 21 Volume 21, Issue 5, May 2021 11 November 2020 Reach: 783
Urban Air Quality China Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric PM2.5 during Winter Haze in
Huang-gang, Central China: Characteristics, Sources and Health Risk Assessment
Mingming Shi1, Tianpeng Hu1, Yao Mao2, Cheng Cheng1, Weijie Liu1, Qian Tian1, Zhanle Chen1, Xinli Xing
1,2, Shihua Qi1,2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Global evidence for ultraviolet radiation decreasing COVID-19 growth rates
View ORCID ProfileTamma Carleton, View ORCID ProfileJules Cornetet, View ORCID ProfilePeter Huybers,
View ORCID ProfileKyle C. Meng, and View ORCID ProfileJonathan Proctor
See all authors and affiliations
PNAS January 5, 2021 118 (1) e2012370118; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012370118
Edited by Nils Chr. Stenseth, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and approved November 25, 2020 (received
for review June 22, 2020)

19. Fig. 13 Seasonality in the simulated COVID-19 growth rate. (A) The average seasonal cycle of UV,
temperature, and specific humidity for northern (above 23° north) and southern (below 23° south)
latitudes. (B) The individual impacts of seasonal changes in UV (gold), temperature (maroon), and specific
humidity (green), as well as their combined effect (black), from January to June. Points indicate average
simulated impacts for northern latitudes, the tropics (23° south to 23° north), and southern latitudes.
Horizontal lines show 95% confidence intervals, which account for uncertainty in statistical parameters. (C)
Map of the influence of expected seasonal changes in UV alone on the COVID-19 growth rate from January
to June.

21. Fig. 14 Global assemblage of national and subnational COVID-19 records. (A) Total confirmed cases of
COVID-19 across 3,235 national and subnational units covering 173 countries from 2 January to 10 April
2020. Darker colors indicate a higher cumulative number of confirmed cases as of 10 April 2020; gray
indicates that no data are available. Subnational COVID-19 records were obtained for the United States,
Brazil, Chile, Iran, China, South Korea, and 10 European countries. Each box shows within-country
heterogeneity in COVID-19 cases for countries with subnational records. (B) For the subset of countries
with at least 1,000 reported cumulative cases, the period of available COVID-19 data is shown. Data from
countries that are in boldface type are available at the subnational level, with the number of administrative
units indicated by the thickness of the time series line. Circles indicate the date when cumulative confirmed
cases reach specific thresholds, with larger circles indicating higher case counts.
“There is interest in whether COVID-19 cases respond to environmental conditions. If an effect is present,
seasonal changes in local environmental conditions could alter the global spatial pattern of COVID-19 and
inform local public health responses. Using a comprehensive global dataset of daily COVID-19 cases and
local environmental conditions, we find that increased daily ultraviolet (UV) radiation lowers the
cumulative daily growth rate of COVID-19 cases over the subsequent 2.5 wk. Although statistically
significant, the implied influence of UV seasonality is modest relative to social distancing policies.
Temperature and specific humidity cumulative effects are not statistically significant, and total COVID-19
seasonality remains to be established because of uncertainty in the net effects from seasonally varying
environmental variables.”
Fig. 15 . Photochemical oxidant is a secondary pollution produced in the air when the nitrogen oxides (NOx)
and the hydrocarbon (H.C) emitted largely by automobiles react to the ultraviolet rays (300-430 nm) of the
sunlight. Photochemical smog are produced from oxidant and aerosol from Published in Nagoya journal of
medical science 1979 Effects of photochemical air pollution on the human eye--concerning eye irritation,
tear lysozyme and tear pH. N. Okawada, I. Mizoguchi, T. Ishiguro

22. And according David F. Salisbury, News Service (650) 725-1944; e-mail: david.salisbury@stanford.edu 1997
“In Los Angeles even brown smog clouds may have silver linings
the city's smog cover appear to reduce dramatically the intensity of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the
palm trees and pavement in the City of Angels”
Huan Jing Ke Xue
2008 Apr;29(4):1053-8.
[Relationship between surface UV radiation and air pollution in Beijing]
Jun-lin An 1, Yue-si Wang, Xin Li, Yang Sun, Shuang-he Shen
“Based on the data of solar radiation and air pollutants collected in Beijing, the relationship between
surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the content of air pollutants were analyzed, using the radiative
transfer model TUV4.4 (Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible). The results show that average total ozone content
is 329 DU and higher in winter and spring, lower in summer and autumn. The inverse relationship exists
between ground level UV radiation and total ozone content. This study also shows that a substantial
reduction (up to 50%) in the UV radiation on days with high levels of air pollution. Larger fluctuations are
found in UV radiation in the summer. The effects of clouds and air pollution on UV are higher than on total
solar radiation, and the reduction in UV is about twice as large as the total solar radiation values. Strong
reduction in the UV radiation reaching the ground is associated with the increase of tropospheric ozone
and nitrogen oxides in Beijing. The correlation coefficient between ozone concentration and decrease in UV
radiation is 0.70 in the early afternoon”.

23. CHAPTHER 5 Discussion and conclusion
After observing this figure and PROF. GALLO thinking is possible to notice that there are latitude
relationship.
Also the air pollution relationship tell us something related .
According the authors this fact must be deeply investigate to better understand some human virus
epidemiology.
Conflict of interest : NO
clarification
this work is produced without any diagnostic or therapeutic intent only to produce new research hypotesys
to be evalued
CHPATHER 6 references
1) Research article 21 October 2019
The short-term effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Jinan, China
Wei Su, Xiuguo Wu, Xingyi Geng, Xiaodong Zhao, Qiang Liu & Ti Liu
BMC Public Health volume 19, Article number: 1319 (2019) Cite this article
2) Temperature significant change COVID-19 Transmission in 429 cities
Mao Wang, Aili Jiang, Lijuan Gong, Lina Luo, Wenbin Guo, Chuyi Li, Jing Zheng, Chaoyong Li, Bixing Yang,
Jietong Zeng, Youping Chen, Ke Zheng, Hongyan Li

24. 3) PLoS Pathog. 2007 Oct 19;3(10):1470-6.
Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature.
Lowen AC1, Mubareka S, Steel J, Palese P.
4) The Role of Atmospheric Aerosols in the Origin Of Life
Adrian Tuck Surveys in Geophysics
DOI: 10.1023/A:1020123922767 September 2002
5) Gibbs Free Energy and Reaction Rate Acceleration in and on Microdroplets
Adrian F Tuck Physics Department, Imperial College London
Entropy 2019, 21(11), 1044 doi:10.3390/e21111044 Entropy, 21, 1044 (2019)
6) Proposed Empirical Entropy and Gibbs Energy Based on Observations of Scale Invariance in Open
Nonequilibrium Systems
Adrian F Tuck doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03112 J Phys Chem A 121, 6620-6629 (2017)
7) From molecules to meteorology via turbulent scale invariance
A. F. Tuck DOI: 10.1002/QJ.644 Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 136, 1125-1144 (2010)
8) EPA Home » Science Inventory » DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES ENHANCE INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTIVITY BY
INCREASING VIRUS ATTACHMENT
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=NHEERL&dirEntryId=115026&CFID=42012847&
CFTOKEN=11134016
JASPERS, I., J. CIENCEWICKI, L. E. BRIGHTON, W. ZHANG, J. L. CARLSON, AND M. C. MADDEN. DIESEL
EXHAUST PARTICLES ENHANCE INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTIVITY BY INCREASING VIRUS ATTACHMENT.
Presented at American Thoracic Society Meeting, San Diego, CA, May 20 - 25, 2005.
9) Impact of Atmospheric Dispersion and Transport of Viral Aerosols on the Epidemiology of Influenza
G. W. Hammond, R. L. Raddatz and D. E. Gelskey
Reviews of Infectious Diseases
Vol. 11, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1989), pp. 494-497

25. 10) Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Mar; 124(3): 281–289.
Published online 2015 Aug 4. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1409567
Research
Long-Term Trends Worldwide in Ambient NO2 Concentrations Inferred from Satellite Observations
Jeffrey A. Geddes,1,† Randall V. Martin,1,2 Brian L. Boys,1 and Aaron van Donkelaar
11) Environ Pollut. 2021 Jan 1; 268(Pt A): 115859.
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115859
Links between air pollution and COVID-19 in England☆
Marco Travaglio,1 Yizhou Yu,1 Rebeka Popovic, Liza Selley, Nuno Santos Leal, and Luis Miguel Martins∗
Other selected references :
About oral presentation PPT LUISETTO-ALMUKTHAR 2020 DEC CBCRN Babylon university and other of
interest :
1)Luisetto M, Rafa AY, Edbey K, Mashori GR, Ahmad F, et al. (2020) Epidemiology and Diffusion of Some
Relevant Virus: Latitude, Air Pollutants and Humidity Role, Hypothesis of Work: Covid-19 Effect on the Air
Pollution in Some World Region: What Implications?. J Toxicol Risk Assess 6:031. doi. org/10.23937/2572-
4061.1510031
2) M Luisetto, Naseer Almukhtar, Giulio Tarro, Ghulam Rasool Mashori, Gamal Abdul Hamid, et al. (2020)
COVID-19 and other corona-virus: Air-borne indoor and outdoor transmission? State of evidence intern. J.
Current research 2020
3)Luisetto M, Almukthar N, Rafa AY, Jangdey MS, Fiazza C, et al. (2020) On Distance Respiratory Virus
Transmission: Sate of Evidence. J Infect Dis Epidemiol 6:150. doi.org/10.23937/2474- 3658/1510150

26. 4)Luisetto M, Almukthar N, Mashori GR, Rafa AY, Latyshev OY(2020) Pianura Padana Geomorphology,
Climate Condition and Diffusion of COVID -19 Hypotheses of Work. J Infect Dis Prev Med. 8: 195.
Doi:10.35248/2329-8731.20.08.195
5)Luisetto M., et al. “Analysis of Some Worsening Factor Involved with Covid-19 and Other Respiratory
Virus Diffusion, How Some Preventive Measure and Therapeutic Strategy Can Improve Clinical Outcome”.
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