Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
2. GET IN TOUCH AT:
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YouTube Channel :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
BY:BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
3. • The skull, the body’s most complex bony structure,
• formed by two sets of bones;
Cerebral Cranium:(Larger, postero-superior part)
• contains and protects the brain,
• provides attachment sites for some head and neck muscles.
Facial Cranium:(Smaller, antero-inferior part)
• Provides framework of face, sense organs and teeth
• Provides openings for the passage of air and food
• Anchor the facial muscles of expression
The Skull
Bones are joined by suturesBones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a freelyOnly the mandible is attached by a freely
movable jointmovable joint
4. Bones of Cerebral cranium / Calvaria (8)
Single bones(4): include
frontal bone ,
ethmoid bone ,
sphenoid bone ,
occipital bone.
Paired bones (4): include
temporal bones
parietal bones
Middle Ear Ossicles (6)
malleus (2)
incus (2)
stapes (2)
The Skull (Cranium)
7. Bones of facial cranium (15)
Single bones (3) include
mandible,
vomer,
hyoid bone.
Paired bones (12): include
maxilla,
nasal bone,
lacrimal bone,
palatine bone,
zygomatic bone,
inferior nasal concha.
The Skull (Cranium)
8. Facial bones - Mnemonic
Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra
Laugh!
Vomer Conchae Nasal Maxilla Mandible Palatine Zygomatic
Lacrimal
a mind memory and/or learning aid.
9. from above (norma verticalis)
from below (norma basalis),
from the side (norma lateralis),
from behind (norma occipitalis),
from the front (norma frontalis).
Exterior of SkullExterior of Skull (Terminology)(Terminology)
10. Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull ( Anterior view)( Anterior view)
11. Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull ( Lateral view)( Lateral view)
Temporal fossaTemporal fossa
PterionPterion
13. SUTURES
Suture - A line formed by
the junction of two skull
bones
CORONAL SUTURE: juction
between frontal & parietal bones.
SAGITTAL SUTURE: juction
between two parietal bones.
LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE: juction
between parietal bones & occipital
bone.
SQUAMOUS SUTURE: juction
between parietal & temporal bones.
14. FONTANELLES
Anterior fontanelle (soft spot.) –
• The junction where the two frontal and two parietal
bones meet.
• The anterior fontanelle remains soft until about 2 years
of age.
Posterior fontanelle –
• The junction of the two parietal bones and the occipital
bone.
• The posterior fontanelle usually closes first, before the
anterior fontanelle, during the first several months of an
infant's life.
16. BREGMA:-
Meeting point between the
coronal & sagital sutures.
LAMBDA:-
Meeting point between the
sagittal and lambdoid sutures.
17. Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull ( Interior view)( Interior view)
18. Base of skull formsBase of skull forms
three fossaethree fossae
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
Internal view of base of skull
20. Anterior cranial fossa
Formed by orbital
part of frontal bone,
cribriform plate of
ethmoid, and lesser
wings of sphenoid
Structures:
frontal crest
foramen cecum
crista galli
cribriform plate
cribriform foramina
21. Middle cranial fossa
Formed by the body
and greater wings of
sphenoid, petrous part
of temporal
Structures:
body of sphenoid bone
hypophysial fossa
optic canal
anterior clinoid process
tuberculum sellae
dorsum sellae
posterior clinoid process
sella turcica
25. Bones of the Skull (inferior view)
alveolar arch
bony palate
median palatine
suture
incisive foramina
incisive canal
greater palatine
foramen
posterior nasal
apertures
pterygoid process
26. Bones of the Skull (inferior view)
occipital condyle
external opening of
hypoglossal canal
external opening of
carotid canal
styloid process
stylomastoid foramen
mandibular fossa
articular tubercle
27. Cranium is divided into cranial vault and the base
Internally, prominent bony ridges divide skull into
distinct fossae. The skull contains smaller cavities
Middle and inner ear cavities – in lateral aspect of
cranial base
Nasal cavity – lies in and posterior to the nose
Orbits – house the eyeballs
Air-filled sinuses – occur in several bones around
the nasal cavity
The skull contains approximately 85 named openings
Foramina, canals, and fissures
Provide openings for important structures
Spinal cord
Blood vessels serving the brain
12 pairs of cranial nerves
Overview of Skull GeographyOverview of Skull Geography
28. FRONTAL BONE
Forms the forehead and roofs of the
orbits
Forms superciliary arches
Internally, it contributes to the
anterior cranial fossa
Contains frontal sinuses
Articulates posteriorly with the
parietal bones via the coronal suture
29. FRONTAL BONE
. Major markings:-
Supra-orbital margin :arch of
bone above he orbital opening
Superciliary arch :the ridge of
bone above the orbital margin
glabella :midline point between
the paired superciliary arches
supraorbital notch :notch in the
supra-orbital margin
30. OCCIPITAL BONE
Forms the posterior portion of the
cranium and posterior cranial fossa
Articulates with the temporal bones and
parietal bones
Foramen magnum located at its base and
communicates with the vertebral canal
31. OCCIPITAL BONE
Consists of a Squamous, Basilar, and
Two Lateral (Condylar) Portions
Major markings:-
External occipital protuberance :
Superior nuchal lines :low
transverse ridge on the external
surface of squamous part
Inferior nuchal lines
Occipital condyles
Anteriorly:-
Hypoglossal Canal (l2th C. Nerve)
Condylar Canal (Emissay Vein )
33. Parietal Bones and Sutures
Form superior and lateral parts of skull
Four important sutures of the cranium
Coronal suture – Junction between frontal and
parietal bones anteriorly
Squamous suture – Junction between parietal
and temporal bones inferiorly
Sagittal suture – Junction between right and left
parietal bones superiorly
Lambdoid suture – Junction between the
parietal and occipital bone posteriorly
34. PARIETAL BONES
Cover much of the top
and sides of the brain
Major markings:-
Superior temporal line:
attachement point of the
temporal fascia.
Iferior temporal line :
attachment point for the
temporal muscle
35. Temporal Bones
Lie inferior to parietal bones
Form the inferolateral portion of the skull
Term “temporal”
Comes from Latin word for time
Specific regions of temporal bone
o Squamous,
o temporal,
o petrous,
o Mastoid.
37. TEMPORAL BONE
Major markings:-
Squamous (flat portion of the
bone that projecting superiorly
toward the parietial bone )including
its Zygomatic Process
Tympanic Bone (External
Auditory Cana) around the ear
Mastoid (Mastoid Air Cells )
behind the ear
Petrous Bone (surrounds the
inner ear), containing Otic Labyrinth
and Internal Auditory Canal (IAC )
Styloid Process
39. The Sphenoid Bone
Butterfly-shaped bone that forms part of
the floor of the anterior, middle, and
posterior cranial fossae.
“Keystone” of the cranial floor because it
articulates with all the other cranial
bones.
Consists of a central body, greater wings,
lesser wings, and pterygoid processes
41. SPHENOID BONE
Body:
central part of the sphenoid
bone
sphenoid air sinuses
Three pairs of
projections:
Lesser Wings, the more superior
(contains Optic Canal )
Greater Wings , the intermediate
(contains Foramina Ovale,
Rotundum, and Spinosum )
Pterygoid Processes, the most
inferior
42. Sella turcica:-
Resembles “Turkish
Saddle”
Depression on the
superior surface of the
body of sphenoid bone
Protective,bony
housing around the
Pituitary Gland.
.
SPHENOID BONE
43. Parts of Sella Turcica
Dorsum Sellae: the back wall
Hypophysial Fossa: central
depression in which pituitary gland sits.
Posterior Clinoid Proces: samll
lateral extension
Tuberculum Sellae: horizontal ridge
, along the anterior portion
Major Openings:-
foramina rotundum,
ovale,
spinosum;
optic canals;
superior orbital fissure
SPHENOID BONE
44. ETHMOID BONE
Lies between nasal and sphenoid
bones
Forms most of the medial bony region
between the nasal cavity and orbits,
the ethmoid sinuses
46. .ETHMOID BONE
Major markings:-
• Horizontal Cribriform Plate; (
passage olfactory nerve)
• Two Lateral
Masses( Labyrinths);
• Perpendicular Plate Ethmoidal
Labyrinths consist of Air Cells and
• Superior and Middle Nasal
Conchae,
• Uncinate Process (one on each
side)
• Crista Galli, for the attachment
of FaIx Cerebri
• Orbital Plate forms the medial
wall of the respective eye
52. GET IN TOUCH AT:
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YouTube Channel :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
BY:BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
54. Single bones (3): include
mandible,
vomer,
hyoid bone.
Paired bones (12): include
maxilla,
nasal bone,
lacrimal bone,
palatine bone,
zygomatic bone,
inferior nasal concha.
Bones of facial cranium
55. Mandible
U-shaped bone forming the lower jaw
The largest and strongest facial bone
Composed of two main parts
Horizontal body
Two upright rami
56.
57. Mandible
Figure 7.8a
•Major markings:-
•Body: the anterior part of the
mandible
• Rami: the angled portion
that joins the posterior portion
of body
•Condylar Process: posterior
extension of ramus
•Coronoid Process: anterior
extension of the ramus
•Mental Symphysis: union
point of the two halves
58. Mandible
•Mental Foramen: transmits the
mental neurovascular bundle
•Alveolar Process: where the
teeth are embedded
•Mandubular Condyle: rounded
head of condylar process ,
articulate with madibular fossa of
the temporal bone.
•Mandibular Notch: concavity
between codylar and coronoid
process
59. Maxillary Bones
Second Largest Facial
bone, forming the midface
Articulate with all
other facial bones
except mandible
Contain maxillary
sinuses – largest
paranasal sinuses
Forms part of the
inferior orbital fissure
61. Maxillary Bones
Major markings:-
Body
Four Processes
• Zygomatic: projects toward the zygomatic
bone
• Frontal: toward the frontal bone
• Alveolar : inferior extension that contain
sockets for teeth
• Palatine: form hard plate
Incisive Foramen : passageway for nasopalatine
vessels
64. GET IN TOUCH AT:
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YouTube Channel :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
BY:BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
65. Other Bones of the Face
Zygomatic bones
Form lateral wall of orbits
Nasal bones
Form bridge of nose
Lacrimal bones
Located in the medial orbital walls
Palatine bones
Complete the posterior part of the hard
palate
66. Other Bones of the Face
Vomer
Forms the inferior part of the nasal
septum
Inferior nasal conchae
Thin, curved bones that project medially
form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
67. Palatine Bones
•Horizontal and Vertical portions
•Irregularly shaped (L-shaped) bones forming the;
o posterior part of the hard palate,
o the lateral wall of the nasal fossa between the
medial pterygoid plate and the maxilla &
o the posterior part of the floor of the orbit.
o The horizontal plates form the posterior part of
hard palate, separating the nasal cavity from oral
cavity.
74. A roughly triangular,
single, thin bone,
Joins with the
perpendicular plate of
ethmoid to form bony
septum that divides the
nasal cavity into right and
left.
Vomer Bone
76. Lacrimal Bones
Anterior portion of the
medial wall of the orbit .
Lacrimal fossa;
depression at the junction
of the lacrimal and maxilla
bones that hold the lacrimal
sac.
79. GET IN TOUCH AT:
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YouTube Channel :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
BY:BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
80. Special Parts of the Skull
Orbits
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Hyoid bone
86. Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled sinuses,lined with mucous
membrane
Located within
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Maxillary bones Secrete mucous into nasal cavity
Lighten the skull
Resonate the voice
89. Maxillary sinus
Largest paired
sinus, lie in the
body of maxilla;
Opening into
middle nasal
meatus
90. Ethmoidal cellules
Lie in ethmoidal bone,
Large number of air cells,
divided into anterior, middle
and posterior groups
Anterior and middle, groups
drain into middle nasal
meatus, while posterior group
drains into superior nasal
meatus
Sphenoidal sinus
Lies in body of sphenoid bone
Drain into sphenoethmoidal
recess
91. HYOID BONE
Small & U-shaped bone
located between the
mandible and larynx.
Made of 5 parts:-
-Body : central portion
-2 Greater horns:
posterior extension from body
-2 Lesser horns:
samll superior extension from the
body
92. GET IN TOUCH AT:
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YouTube Channel :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
BY:BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
94. MalleusMalleus
Two main parts:
Manubrium- adheres
to the tympanic
membrane,
Head- articulates with
the incus.
Also has two
processes: one anterior
and one lateral
95. IncusIncus
3 principal parts:
body
two processes ( short
and long).
Head articulates with
head of the malleus
End of the long process
(lenticular process)
articulates with head of
the stapes.
Short process attached to
the cavity wall.
96. StapesStapes
looks like a stirrup.
four components:
• footplate,
• two crura (posterior
and anterior),
• head.
• The head articulates
with incus.
• footplate covers the
oval window.
100. The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
Membranous bones begin to ossify in second
month of development
Bone tissue grows outward from ossification
centers
Many bones of the face and skull form by
intramembranous ossification
Endochondral bones of the skull
Occipital bone
Sphenoid
Ethmoid bones
Parts of the temporal bone
101.
102. GET IN TOUCH AT:
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YouTube Channel :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
BY:BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNIDR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI