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Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Diarrhoea in children english
1. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )
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2. Diarrhoea
• Diarrhoea, is defined as the condition of having at
least three loose, liquid, or watery stools each day. it is
the consistency of the stools rather than the number
that is most important. Frequent passing of formed
stools is not diarrhoea. When frequency of loose
stools increases it leads to dehydration leading to
complications of diarrhea.
3. Clinical Types
of Diarrhoea
• It is most practical to base treatment of diarrhoea on the
clinical type of the illness, which can easily be determined
when a child is first examined. Four clinical types of
diarrhoea can be recognized-
• Acute watery diarrhoea (including cholera), which lasts
several hours or days: the main danger is dehydration; weight
loss also occurs if feeding is not continued.
4. Clinical Types
of Diarrhoea
• Acute bloody diarrhoea, which is also called dysentery: the main
dangers are damage of the intestinal mucosa, sepsis and malnutrition.
• Persistent diarrhoea, which lasts 14 days or longer: the main danger is
malnutrition and serious non-intestinal infection.
• Diarrhoea with severe malnutrition (marasmus or kwashiorkor): the
main dangers are severe systemic infection, dehydration, heart failure
and vitamin and mineral deficiency.
5. Causes of Diarrhoea
• Dirrhoea is caused by many factors such as –
• Infection.
• Dietary factors.
• Food intolerance.
• Medical/surgical conditions
• Medicines
6. Infection
• Infectious diarrhoea is most commonly caused by viruses
passed from person to person, or by eating or drinking food
or water contaminated with viruses such as rotavirus,
astroviurs and norovirus. Bacterial infections such as
salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and Shigella,
fungus such as candida albecans or a parasite – such
as Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia
lamblia
7. Dietary Factors
• Drinking alcohol can cause diarrhea in some people.
• Fatty foods can worsen diarrhea, so it may be a good idea to
avoid fatty foods such as meats with a high fat content.
• Fiber-rich foods, Excess fruits or vegetables. ...
• Excess use of Dairy products ,Coffee and tea. And
Sweeteners.
8. Food intolerance
• Food intolerance such as lactose intolerance(allergy
to milk), gluten intolerance (allergy to wheat), caffeine
intolerance (allergy to coffee), Amine intolerance
( fermented food allergy) etc. leads to food intolerance
diarrhoea.
9. Medical/surgical
condition
• Medical conditions resulting in diarrhea includes
inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative
colitis or Crohn’s disease), coeliac disease or irritable
bowel syndrome (IBS).
• Surgical conditions includes any surgery on small or
large intestine.
10. Medicines
• Some medicines can cause diarrhoea as a side
effect. Antibiotics are a common example. They can
disrupt the balance of bacteria in your gut, which can
lead to diarrhoea. Other examples of medicines that
can cause diarrhoea include some antacids and
diabetes tablets.
12. Sign and Symptoms
of diarrhoea
• Other symptoms related to dehydration such as
• Increased thirst;
• Lack of energy;
• Decreased urine than normal;
• Dizziness or light-headedness; and
• Loss of skin turgor.
14. Management of
Diarrhoea
• The main focus in diarrhea management is to prevent or
treat dehydration. Oral Rehydration Therapy is the best line
of action. Zinc sulphate tablets are also given to the child.
Antibiotics may be needed for bacterial diarrhea. WHO
recommended ORS or home made ORS may be used for
Oral Rehydration Therapy. In severe dehydration
hospitalization may be needed with IV fluid therapy
15. Management of
Diarrhoea
• Most fluids that a child normally takes can be used. Fluids
that normally contain salt, may be used to prevent
dehydration such as: • ORS solution • salted drinks (e.g.
salted rice water or a salted yoghurt drink) • vegetable or
chicken soup with salt. A home-made solution containing
3g/l of table salt (one level teaspoonful) and 18g/l of
common sugar (six level teaspoonful) is also effective.
16. Management of
Diarrhoea
• Unsuitable fluids - A few fluids are potentially dangerous
and should be avoided during diarrhoea. Especially
important are drinks sweetened with sugar, which can cause
osmotic diarrhoea and hypernatraemia. Some examples are:
• commercial carbonated beverages
• commercial fruit juices
• sweetened tea.
17. Management of
Diarrhoea
• The general rule is: give as much fluid as the child or adult wants
until diarrhoea stops. As a guide, after each loose stool, give:
• children under 2 years of age: 50-100 ml (a quarter to half a large
cup) of fluid;
• children aged 2 up to 10 years: 100-200 ml (a half to one large
cup);
• older children and adults: as much fluid as they want.
18. Management of
Diarrhoea
• Zinc can be given as a syrup or as dispersible tablets,
whichever formulation is available and affordable. By giving
zinc as soon as diarrhoea starts, the duration and severity
of the episode as well as the risk of dehydration will be
reduced. By continuing zinc supplementation(20mg/day)
for 10 to 14 days, the zinc lost during diarrhoea is fully
replaced and the risk of the child having new episodes of
diarrhoea in the following 2 to 3 months is reduced.
19. Prevention of
Diarrhoea
• Key measures to prevent diarrhoea include:
• Access to safe drinking-water- mostly diarrhea spreads
through feco-oral route so safe drinking water and use
fresh food can prevent diarrhea.
• use of improved sanitation- Clean environment is a key
measure to prevent all types of infection including
diarrhea.
20. Prevention of
Diarrhoea
• Hand washing with soap- Hand washing is best and easy
procedure to prevent infections. We must wash hands
before eating or even touching our mouth.
• Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life-
Breastfeeding provides immunity against many infections
and it also reduces exposure to unhygienic milk formula
and hazards of bottle feeding.
21. Prevention of
Diarrhoea
• Good personal hygiene- Not only environmental hygiene,
but personal hygiene also prevents spreads of infection
including diarrhea.
• Good food hygiene- Well cooked food should be given to
reduce chances of spread of infections. Fruits should be
eaten after properly washing cutting or peeling.
22. Prevention of
Diarrhoea
• health education about how infections spread- parents
should be explained about causes and preventive measures
of diarrhea and used of ORS. Awareness is the best policy
to prevent spread of infections.
• rotavirus vaccination- Rotavirus vaccination (5 drops orally)
which is given at the age of 6weeks, 10 weeks and 14
weeks.