SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  23
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE LIKE AND SHARE
Diarrhoea
• Diarrhoea, is defined as the condition of having at
least three loose, liquid, or watery stools each day. it is
the consistency of the stools rather than the number
that is most important. Frequent passing of formed
stools is not diarrhoea. When frequency of loose
stools increases it leads to dehydration leading to
complications of diarrhea.
Clinical Types
of Diarrhoea
• It is most practical to base treatment of diarrhoea on the
clinical type of the illness, which can easily be determined
when a child is first examined. Four clinical types of
diarrhoea can be recognized-
• Acute watery diarrhoea (including cholera), which lasts
several hours or days: the main danger is dehydration; weight
loss also occurs if feeding is not continued.
Clinical Types
of Diarrhoea
• Acute bloody diarrhoea, which is also called dysentery: the main
dangers are damage of the intestinal mucosa, sepsis and malnutrition.
• Persistent diarrhoea, which lasts 14 days or longer: the main danger is
malnutrition and serious non-intestinal infection.
• Diarrhoea with severe malnutrition (marasmus or kwashiorkor): the
main dangers are severe systemic infection, dehydration, heart failure
and vitamin and mineral deficiency.
Causes of Diarrhoea
• Dirrhoea is caused by many factors such as –
• Infection.
• Dietary factors.
• Food intolerance.
• Medical/surgical conditions
• Medicines
Infection
• Infectious diarrhoea is most commonly caused by viruses
passed from person to person, or by eating or drinking food
or water contaminated with viruses such as rotavirus,
astroviurs and norovirus. Bacterial infections such as
salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and Shigella,
fungus such as candida albecans or a parasite – such
as Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia
lamblia
Dietary Factors
• Drinking alcohol can cause diarrhea in some people.
• Fatty foods can worsen diarrhea, so it may be a good idea to
avoid fatty foods such as meats with a high fat content.
• Fiber-rich foods, Excess fruits or vegetables. ...
• Excess use of Dairy products ,Coffee and tea. And
Sweeteners.
Food intolerance
• Food intolerance such as lactose intolerance(allergy
to milk), gluten intolerance (allergy to wheat), caffeine
intolerance (allergy to coffee), Amine intolerance
( fermented food allergy) etc. leads to food intolerance
diarrhoea.
Medical/surgical
condition
• Medical conditions resulting in diarrhea includes
inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative
colitis or Crohn’s disease), coeliac disease or irritable
bowel syndrome (IBS).
• Surgical conditions includes any surgery on small or
large intestine.
Medicines
• Some medicines can cause diarrhoea as a side
effect. Antibiotics are a common example. They can
disrupt the balance of bacteria in your gut, which can
lead to diarrhoea. Other examples of medicines that
can cause diarrhoea include some antacids and
diabetes tablets.
Sign and Symptoms
of diarrhoea
• Loose stools
• Painful abdominal cramps;
• Nausea;
• Fever;
• Bloating;
• Generalised weakness.
Sign and Symptoms
of diarrhoea
• Other symptoms related to dehydration such as
• Increased thirst;
• Lack of energy;
• Decreased urine than normal;
• Dizziness or light-headedness; and
• Loss of skin turgor.
Diagnostic investigations
• Diagnosic investigations includes-
•Physical examination
•Serum electrolytes
•Stool examination
Management of
Diarrhoea
• The main focus in diarrhea management is to prevent or
treat dehydration. Oral Rehydration Therapy is the best line
of action. Zinc sulphate tablets are also given to the child.
Antibiotics may be needed for bacterial diarrhea. WHO
recommended ORS or home made ORS may be used for
Oral Rehydration Therapy. In severe dehydration
hospitalization may be needed with IV fluid therapy
Management of
Diarrhoea
• Most fluids that a child normally takes can be used. Fluids
that normally contain salt, may be used to prevent
dehydration such as: • ORS solution • salted drinks (e.g.
salted rice water or a salted yoghurt drink) • vegetable or
chicken soup with salt. A home-made solution containing
3g/l of table salt (one level teaspoonful) and 18g/l of
common sugar (six level teaspoonful) is also effective.
Management of
Diarrhoea
• Unsuitable fluids - A few fluids are potentially dangerous
and should be avoided during diarrhoea. Especially
important are drinks sweetened with sugar, which can cause
osmotic diarrhoea and hypernatraemia. Some examples are:
• commercial carbonated beverages
• commercial fruit juices
• sweetened tea.
Management of
Diarrhoea
• The general rule is: give as much fluid as the child or adult wants
until diarrhoea stops. As a guide, after each loose stool, give:
• children under 2 years of age: 50-100 ml (a quarter to half a large
cup) of fluid;
• children aged 2 up to 10 years: 100-200 ml (a half to one large
cup);
• older children and adults: as much fluid as they want.
Management of
Diarrhoea
• Zinc can be given as a syrup or as dispersible tablets,
whichever formulation is available and affordable. By giving
zinc as soon as diarrhoea starts, the duration and severity
of the episode as well as the risk of dehydration will be
reduced. By continuing zinc supplementation(20mg/day)
for 10 to 14 days, the zinc lost during diarrhoea is fully
replaced and the risk of the child having new episodes of
diarrhoea in the following 2 to 3 months is reduced.
Prevention of
Diarrhoea
• Key measures to prevent diarrhoea include:
• Access to safe drinking-water- mostly diarrhea spreads
through feco-oral route so safe drinking water and use
fresh food can prevent diarrhea.
• use of improved sanitation- Clean environment is a key
measure to prevent all types of infection including
diarrhea.
Prevention of
Diarrhoea
• Hand washing with soap- Hand washing is best and easy
procedure to prevent infections. We must wash hands
before eating or even touching our mouth.
• Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life-
Breastfeeding provides immunity against many infections
and it also reduces exposure to unhygienic milk formula
and hazards of bottle feeding.
Prevention of
Diarrhoea
• Good personal hygiene- Not only environmental hygiene,
but personal hygiene also prevents spreads of infection
including diarrhea.
• Good food hygiene- Well cooked food should be given to
reduce chances of spread of infections. Fruits should be
eaten after properly washing cutting or peeling.
Prevention of
Diarrhoea
• health education about how infections spread- parents
should be explained about causes and preventive measures
of diarrhea and used of ORS. Awareness is the best policy
to prevent spread of infections.
• rotavirus vaccination- Rotavirus vaccination (5 drops orally)
which is given at the age of 6weeks, 10 weeks and 14
weeks.
By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Diarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses
Diarrhea- easy ppt for NursesDiarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses
Diarrhea- easy ppt for NursesSwatilekha Das
 
Chronic diarrhoea 2019
Chronic diarrhoea 2019Chronic diarrhoea 2019
Chronic diarrhoea 2019Imran Iqbal
 
Constipation & Diarrhoea
Constipation & DiarrhoeaConstipation & Diarrhoea
Constipation & DiarrhoeaDr Vinay Gupta
 
Hyper acidity or acute or chronic gastritis
Hyper acidity or acute or chronic gastritisHyper acidity or acute or chronic gastritis
Hyper acidity or acute or chronic gastritisDr. Raju
 
Common digestive problems
Common digestive problemsCommon digestive problems
Common digestive problemsMadeleine Si
 
Constipation & diarrhea
Constipation & diarrheaConstipation & diarrhea
Constipation & diarrheaGaurav Gupta
 
Approach to constipation
Approach to constipationApproach to constipation
Approach to constipationAnwer Ghani
 
Pediatric malabsorption syndromes
Pediatric  malabsorption syndromesPediatric  malabsorption syndromes
Pediatric malabsorption syndromesAzad Haleem
 
Constipation in hospitalized patients
Constipation in hospitalized patientsConstipation in hospitalized patients
Constipation in hospitalized patientsPrabhjot Saini
 
Approach to chronic diarrhoea
Approach to chronic diarrhoea Approach to chronic diarrhoea
Approach to chronic diarrhoea Abhinav Srivastava
 
Constipation symptoms
Constipation symptoms Constipation symptoms
Constipation symptoms dralanmarket
 
Constipation
Constipation Constipation
Constipation RIPS-14
 
Mx of chronic diarrhoea
Mx of chronic diarrhoeaMx of chronic diarrhoea
Mx of chronic diarrhoeaMohd Hanafi
 

Tendances (20)

Diarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses
Diarrhea- easy ppt for NursesDiarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses
Diarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses
 
Chronic diarrhoea 2019
Chronic diarrhoea 2019Chronic diarrhoea 2019
Chronic diarrhoea 2019
 
Constipation & Diarrhoea
Constipation & DiarrhoeaConstipation & Diarrhoea
Constipation & Diarrhoea
 
Constipation
ConstipationConstipation
Constipation
 
Constipation
ConstipationConstipation
Constipation
 
Hyper acidity or acute or chronic gastritis
Hyper acidity or acute or chronic gastritisHyper acidity or acute or chronic gastritis
Hyper acidity or acute or chronic gastritis
 
Constipation
ConstipationConstipation
Constipation
 
Common digestive problems
Common digestive problemsCommon digestive problems
Common digestive problems
 
Constipation & diarrhea
Constipation & diarrheaConstipation & diarrhea
Constipation & diarrhea
 
Approach to constipation
Approach to constipationApproach to constipation
Approach to constipation
 
Diarrhea Slide share
Diarrhea Slide shareDiarrhea Slide share
Diarrhea Slide share
 
Pediatric malabsorption syndromes
Pediatric  malabsorption syndromesPediatric  malabsorption syndromes
Pediatric malabsorption syndromes
 
Constipation in hospitalized patients
Constipation in hospitalized patientsConstipation in hospitalized patients
Constipation in hospitalized patients
 
Approach to chronic diarrhoea
Approach to chronic diarrhoea Approach to chronic diarrhoea
Approach to chronic diarrhoea
 
Ppt diarrhea
Ppt diarrheaPpt diarrhea
Ppt diarrhea
 
Constipation symptoms
Constipation symptoms Constipation symptoms
Constipation symptoms
 
Constipation
ConstipationConstipation
Constipation
 
Constipation
Constipation Constipation
Constipation
 
Constipation
ConstipationConstipation
Constipation
 
Mx of chronic diarrhoea
Mx of chronic diarrhoeaMx of chronic diarrhoea
Mx of chronic diarrhoea
 

Similaire à Diarrhoea in children english

Diarrhea in children
Diarrhea  in childrenDiarrhea  in children
Diarrhea in childrenAzad Haleem
 
diarrhea & Its Manatuotiyfjyryurygement.ppt
diarrhea  & Its Manatuotiyfjyryurygement.pptdiarrhea  & Its Manatuotiyfjyryurygement.ppt
diarrhea & Its Manatuotiyfjyryurygement.pptNidhiJha93
 
Diarrhea in children
Diarrhea in childrenDiarrhea in children
Diarrhea in childrenAzad Haleem
 
acute and chronic diarrhea.pptx
acute and chronic diarrhea.pptxacute and chronic diarrhea.pptx
acute and chronic diarrhea.pptxMahnoorkhan266551
 
Diarrhea - a detailed study (symptoms, management ,all medical aspects)
Diarrhea - a detailed study (symptoms, management ,all medical aspects)Diarrhea - a detailed study (symptoms, management ,all medical aspects)
Diarrhea - a detailed study (symptoms, management ,all medical aspects)martinshaji
 
Diarrhea and kidney failure
Diarrhea and kidney failureDiarrhea and kidney failure
Diarrhea and kidney failureRafaqat Ali
 
Infectious-diarrhea. ppt
 Infectious-diarrhea. ppt  Infectious-diarrhea. ppt
Infectious-diarrhea. ppt UVAS
 
Diarrhea and it treatment. lactiviest and its benefits (1)
Diarrhea and it treatment. lactiviest and its benefits (1)Diarrhea and it treatment. lactiviest and its benefits (1)
Diarrhea and it treatment. lactiviest and its benefits (1)Ashok Moses
 

Similaire à Diarrhoea in children english (20)

8.diarrhea
8.diarrhea8.diarrhea
8.diarrhea
 
Diarrheal diseases
Diarrheal diseasesDiarrheal diseases
Diarrheal diseases
 
DIARRHEA
DIARRHEADIARRHEA
DIARRHEA
 
j6iU3AHXVTN74LG021.pptx
j6iU3AHXVTN74LG021.pptxj6iU3AHXVTN74LG021.pptx
j6iU3AHXVTN74LG021.pptx
 
Diarrhea in children
Diarrhea  in childrenDiarrhea  in children
Diarrhea in children
 
diarrhea & Its Manatuotiyfjyryurygement.ppt
diarrhea  & Its Manatuotiyfjyryurygement.pptdiarrhea  & Its Manatuotiyfjyryurygement.ppt
diarrhea & Its Manatuotiyfjyryurygement.ppt
 
chapter 2 digestive disorder.pptx
chapter 2 digestive disorder.pptxchapter 2 digestive disorder.pptx
chapter 2 digestive disorder.pptx
 
Diarrhea in children
Diarrhea in childrenDiarrhea in children
Diarrhea in children
 
Dirrhoea
DirrhoeaDirrhoea
Dirrhoea
 
Diarrhea
Diarrhea Diarrhea
Diarrhea
 
Karlpoint
KarlpointKarlpoint
Karlpoint
 
acute and chronic diarrhea.pptx
acute and chronic diarrhea.pptxacute and chronic diarrhea.pptx
acute and chronic diarrhea.pptx
 
Diarrhea - a detailed study (symptoms, management ,all medical aspects)
Diarrhea - a detailed study (symptoms, management ,all medical aspects)Diarrhea - a detailed study (symptoms, management ,all medical aspects)
Diarrhea - a detailed study (symptoms, management ,all medical aspects)
 
DIARRHEA (1).pptx
DIARRHEA (1).pptxDIARRHEA (1).pptx
DIARRHEA (1).pptx
 
Diarrhea and Foods
Diarrhea and FoodsDiarrhea and Foods
Diarrhea and Foods
 
Diarrhea and Foods
Diarrhea and FoodsDiarrhea and Foods
Diarrhea and Foods
 
Diarrhea and kidney failure
Diarrhea and kidney failureDiarrhea and kidney failure
Diarrhea and kidney failure
 
Diarrhea and kidney failure
Diarrhea and kidney failureDiarrhea and kidney failure
Diarrhea and kidney failure
 
Infectious-diarrhea. ppt
 Infectious-diarrhea. ppt  Infectious-diarrhea. ppt
Infectious-diarrhea. ppt
 
Diarrhea and it treatment. lactiviest and its benefits (1)
Diarrhea and it treatment. lactiviest and its benefits (1)Diarrhea and it treatment. lactiviest and its benefits (1)
Diarrhea and it treatment. lactiviest and its benefits (1)
 

Plus de MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM .

Medication administration oral medication in hindi
Medication administration  oral medication in hindiMedication administration  oral medication in hindi
Medication administration oral medication in hindiMY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM .
 
An introduction to medication administration in hindi
An introduction to medication administration in hindiAn introduction to medication administration in hindi
An introduction to medication administration in hindiMY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM .
 
An introduction to medication administration in english
An introduction to medication administration in englishAn introduction to medication administration in english
An introduction to medication administration in englishMY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM .
 

Plus de MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM . (20)

Medication administration oral medication in hindi
Medication administration  oral medication in hindiMedication administration  oral medication in hindi
Medication administration oral medication in hindi
 
Malaria in hindi
Malaria  in hindiMalaria  in hindi
Malaria in hindi
 
Malaria in english
Malaria  in englishMalaria  in english
Malaria in english
 
Leptospirosis in hindi
Leptospirosis in hindiLeptospirosis in hindi
Leptospirosis in hindi
 
Leptospirosis in english
Leptospirosis in englishLeptospirosis in english
Leptospirosis in english
 
Japanese encephalitis in hindi
Japanese encephalitis in hindiJapanese encephalitis in hindi
Japanese encephalitis in hindi
 
Japanese encephalitis in english
Japanese encephalitis in englishJapanese encephalitis in english
Japanese encephalitis in english
 
Hepatitis in hindi
Hepatitis in hindiHepatitis in hindi
Hepatitis in hindi
 
Hepatitis in english
Hepatitis in englishHepatitis in english
Hepatitis in english
 
Giving injections in hindi
Giving injections in hindiGiving injections in hindi
Giving injections in hindi
 
Giving injections in english
Giving injections in englishGiving injections in english
Giving injections in english
 
Food hygiene and food borne diseases in hindi
Food hygiene and food borne diseases in hindiFood hygiene and food borne diseases in hindi
Food hygiene and food borne diseases in hindi
 
Food hygiene and food borne diseases in english
Food hygiene and food borne diseases in englishFood hygiene and food borne diseases in english
Food hygiene and food borne diseases in english
 
An introduction to medication administration in hindi
An introduction to medication administration in hindiAn introduction to medication administration in hindi
An introduction to medication administration in hindi
 
An introduction to medication administration in english
An introduction to medication administration in englishAn introduction to medication administration in english
An introduction to medication administration in english
 
Rubella in hindi
Rubella in hindiRubella in hindi
Rubella in hindi
 
Rubella in english
Rubella in englishRubella in english
Rubella in english
 
Pertusis in hindi
Pertusis in hindiPertusis in hindi
Pertusis in hindi
 
Pertusis in english
Pertusis in englishPertusis in english
Pertusis in english
 
Mumps in hindi
Mumps in hindiMumps in hindi
Mumps in hindi
 

Dernier

HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfDepartment of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfMohonDas
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using Code
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using CodeHow to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using Code
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using CodeCeline George
 
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSyedNadeemGillANi
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 

Dernier (20)

HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfDepartment of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using Code
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using CodeHow to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using Code
How to Send Emails From Odoo 17 Using Code
 
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 

Diarrhoea in children english

  • 1. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor ) PLEASE SUBSCRIBE LIKE AND SHARE
  • 2. Diarrhoea • Diarrhoea, is defined as the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery stools each day. it is the consistency of the stools rather than the number that is most important. Frequent passing of formed stools is not diarrhoea. When frequency of loose stools increases it leads to dehydration leading to complications of diarrhea.
  • 3. Clinical Types of Diarrhoea • It is most practical to base treatment of diarrhoea on the clinical type of the illness, which can easily be determined when a child is first examined. Four clinical types of diarrhoea can be recognized- • Acute watery diarrhoea (including cholera), which lasts several hours or days: the main danger is dehydration; weight loss also occurs if feeding is not continued.
  • 4. Clinical Types of Diarrhoea • Acute bloody diarrhoea, which is also called dysentery: the main dangers are damage of the intestinal mucosa, sepsis and malnutrition. • Persistent diarrhoea, which lasts 14 days or longer: the main danger is malnutrition and serious non-intestinal infection. • Diarrhoea with severe malnutrition (marasmus or kwashiorkor): the main dangers are severe systemic infection, dehydration, heart failure and vitamin and mineral deficiency.
  • 5. Causes of Diarrhoea • Dirrhoea is caused by many factors such as – • Infection. • Dietary factors. • Food intolerance. • Medical/surgical conditions • Medicines
  • 6. Infection • Infectious diarrhoea is most commonly caused by viruses passed from person to person, or by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with viruses such as rotavirus, astroviurs and norovirus. Bacterial infections such as salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and Shigella, fungus such as candida albecans or a parasite – such as Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia
  • 7. Dietary Factors • Drinking alcohol can cause diarrhea in some people. • Fatty foods can worsen diarrhea, so it may be a good idea to avoid fatty foods such as meats with a high fat content. • Fiber-rich foods, Excess fruits or vegetables. ... • Excess use of Dairy products ,Coffee and tea. And Sweeteners.
  • 8. Food intolerance • Food intolerance such as lactose intolerance(allergy to milk), gluten intolerance (allergy to wheat), caffeine intolerance (allergy to coffee), Amine intolerance ( fermented food allergy) etc. leads to food intolerance diarrhoea.
  • 9. Medical/surgical condition • Medical conditions resulting in diarrhea includes inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease), coeliac disease or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). • Surgical conditions includes any surgery on small or large intestine.
  • 10. Medicines • Some medicines can cause diarrhoea as a side effect. Antibiotics are a common example. They can disrupt the balance of bacteria in your gut, which can lead to diarrhoea. Other examples of medicines that can cause diarrhoea include some antacids and diabetes tablets.
  • 11. Sign and Symptoms of diarrhoea • Loose stools • Painful abdominal cramps; • Nausea; • Fever; • Bloating; • Generalised weakness.
  • 12. Sign and Symptoms of diarrhoea • Other symptoms related to dehydration such as • Increased thirst; • Lack of energy; • Decreased urine than normal; • Dizziness or light-headedness; and • Loss of skin turgor.
  • 13. Diagnostic investigations • Diagnosic investigations includes- •Physical examination •Serum electrolytes •Stool examination
  • 14. Management of Diarrhoea • The main focus in diarrhea management is to prevent or treat dehydration. Oral Rehydration Therapy is the best line of action. Zinc sulphate tablets are also given to the child. Antibiotics may be needed for bacterial diarrhea. WHO recommended ORS or home made ORS may be used for Oral Rehydration Therapy. In severe dehydration hospitalization may be needed with IV fluid therapy
  • 15. Management of Diarrhoea • Most fluids that a child normally takes can be used. Fluids that normally contain salt, may be used to prevent dehydration such as: • ORS solution • salted drinks (e.g. salted rice water or a salted yoghurt drink) • vegetable or chicken soup with salt. A home-made solution containing 3g/l of table salt (one level teaspoonful) and 18g/l of common sugar (six level teaspoonful) is also effective.
  • 16. Management of Diarrhoea • Unsuitable fluids - A few fluids are potentially dangerous and should be avoided during diarrhoea. Especially important are drinks sweetened with sugar, which can cause osmotic diarrhoea and hypernatraemia. Some examples are: • commercial carbonated beverages • commercial fruit juices • sweetened tea.
  • 17. Management of Diarrhoea • The general rule is: give as much fluid as the child or adult wants until diarrhoea stops. As a guide, after each loose stool, give: • children under 2 years of age: 50-100 ml (a quarter to half a large cup) of fluid; • children aged 2 up to 10 years: 100-200 ml (a half to one large cup); • older children and adults: as much fluid as they want.
  • 18. Management of Diarrhoea • Zinc can be given as a syrup or as dispersible tablets, whichever formulation is available and affordable. By giving zinc as soon as diarrhoea starts, the duration and severity of the episode as well as the risk of dehydration will be reduced. By continuing zinc supplementation(20mg/day) for 10 to 14 days, the zinc lost during diarrhoea is fully replaced and the risk of the child having new episodes of diarrhoea in the following 2 to 3 months is reduced.
  • 19. Prevention of Diarrhoea • Key measures to prevent diarrhoea include: • Access to safe drinking-water- mostly diarrhea spreads through feco-oral route so safe drinking water and use fresh food can prevent diarrhea. • use of improved sanitation- Clean environment is a key measure to prevent all types of infection including diarrhea.
  • 20. Prevention of Diarrhoea • Hand washing with soap- Hand washing is best and easy procedure to prevent infections. We must wash hands before eating or even touching our mouth. • Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life- Breastfeeding provides immunity against many infections and it also reduces exposure to unhygienic milk formula and hazards of bottle feeding.
  • 21. Prevention of Diarrhoea • Good personal hygiene- Not only environmental hygiene, but personal hygiene also prevents spreads of infection including diarrhea. • Good food hygiene- Well cooked food should be given to reduce chances of spread of infections. Fruits should be eaten after properly washing cutting or peeling.
  • 22. Prevention of Diarrhoea • health education about how infections spread- parents should be explained about causes and preventive measures of diarrhea and used of ORS. Awareness is the best policy to prevent spread of infections. • rotavirus vaccination- Rotavirus vaccination (5 drops orally) which is given at the age of 6weeks, 10 weeks and 14 weeks.
  • 23. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )