covid 19 review study with all the prevention measures

1. CORONAVIRUS DISEASES:COVID 19
Submitted by
Madhusmita Kumari
Mpharm 2nd semester(pharmaceutics)
Under the guidance of
Dr Ananta Choudhury
Associate proffesor Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Science, ADTU
FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
ASSAM DOWN TOWN UNIVERSITY ,GUWAHATI-781026
ASSAM

2. CONTENT
•What is coronavirus
•Structure of coronavirus
•Introduction of covid 19
•Origin of covid19
•Symptoms of covid19
•How it is transmitted
•What is community spread
•Risk factor
•Impact of covid 19 globally
•Prevention measures
•Treatments
•Major steps taken to stop the spread of covid19
•Safety measures taken by the doctors to treat the people
•Conclusion

3. WHAT IS CORONAVIRUS?
 Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause
diseases in mammals and birds which causes illnesses such as
the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).
 The name “coronavirus” comes from the crown-like projections
on their surfaces. “Corona” in Latin means “halo” or “crown.”
 Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae
 The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26
to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses.
 Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute
respiratory infection of domesticated chickens was shown to be
caused by infectious bronchitis virus

4. STRUCTURE OF CORONAVIRUS
•Coronaviruses are large, roughly spherical, particles with bulbous surface projections.
•The average diameter of the virus particles is around 125 nm (.125 μm).
• The diameter of the envelope is 85 nm and the spikes are 20 nm long.
•The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer, in which the membrane (M), envelope
(E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored.
• The coronavirus surface spikes are homotrimers of the S protein, which is
composed of an S1 and S2 subunit.
• Inside the envelope, there is the nucleocapsid, which is formed from multiple
copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense single-
stranded RNA genome in a continuous beads-on-a-string type conformation.
• The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus
when it is outside the host cell.

5. COVID 19
 Covid19 was first identified in 2019 is now known as the severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).The
disease it causes is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
 In simple words we describe covid19 as “co” means corona “vi”
means virus “d” means diseases and 19 indicates since it is found in
2019
 In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared
the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.
 The World Health Organization declared the illness resulting from
the new virus, COVID-19, a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern. By early March 2020, the novel coronavirus
now named (SARS-CoV-2)had infected more than 90,000 people
worldwide and killed at least 3,100.

6. ORIGIN OF COVID 19
 In 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)started monitoring the outbreak of a new
coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.
 The Authorities first identified the virus in Wuhan,
China.
 The first people with COVID-19 had links to an animal
and seafood market which suggests that the animals
initially transmitted the virus to humans.

7. SYMPTOMS OF COVID19
According to the CDC, people may start to experience symptoms 2–14 days after
exposure to the virus.
Symptoms may include:
 a low-grade fever that gradually increases in temperature
 chills
 a cough that gets more severe over time
 shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
 sore throat
 congestion or a runny nose
 fatigue
 headache
 muscle pain
 new loss of taste or smell
 nausea or vomiting
 Diarrhea
 People who are older or who have existing chronic medical conditions, such as heart
disease, lung disease, diabetes, severe obesity, chronic kidney or liver disease, or who
have compromised immune systems may be at higher risk of serious illness.

9. HOW COVID19 IS TRANSMITTED?
 Coronaviruses are zoonotic. The virus is transmitted from
animals to humans once the person comes in contact with the
animals that carries the infection.
 Once the virus develops in people,it can be transmitted from
person to person through respiratory droplets. This is a
technical name for the wet stuff that moves through the air
when you cough, sneeze, or talk.
 The viral material hangs out in these droplets and can be
breathed into the respiratory tract (your windpipe and lungs),
where the virus can then lead to an infection.
 If you touch your mouth, nose, or eyes after touching a surface
or object that has the virus on it.
 touches someone who has the infection

10. What is community spread?
Doctors and health officials use this term when they don’t know the source of the
infection. With COVID-19, it usually refers to someone who gets the virus even
though they haven’t been out of the country or haven’t been exposed to someone
who’s traveled abroad or who has COVID-19.

11. RISK FACTOR
 Older adults and people with certain health conditions have a higher risk for
severe complications if they contract the virus. These health conditions include:
 serious heart conditions, such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, or
cardiomyopathies
 kidney disease
 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
 obesity, which occurs in people with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher
 sickle cell disease
 a weakened immune system from a solid organ transplant
 type 2 diabetes
 Pregnant people are at greater risk of getting sick from respiratory viruses
compared to those who aren’t pregnant.
 Transmitting the virus from mother to child during pregnancy isn’t likely, but
the newborn is able to contract the virus after birth.
 Recent travel from or residence in an area with ongoing community spread
of COVID-19 as determined by CDC or WHO
 Close contact (within 6 feet, or 2 meters) with someone who has COVID-
19 for more than 5 minutes or being coughed or sneezed on by an infected
person

12. IMPACT OF COVID19 GLOBALLY
 There are over 10,746,584 confirmed cases of COVID-19 across the globe where
517,500 death reported and 5,872,091 recovered.
 According to official reports, the largest numbers of confirmed cases are in the
United States, Italy, Spain, and France .
 Many countries have declared restrictive measures, such as lockdown, shelter in
place, or stay at home orders, to contain the pandemic at a local level.
 China appeared to manage the coronavirus outbreak effectively, putting in place
early travel bans within the country itself.
 Japan’s Prime Minister Shinzo Abe declared a state of emergency, This allowed the
authorities to ask people to stay at home, though the government has not enforced
closures or restrictions.
 The COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting global supply chains and international trade
economically.
 Millions of workers in these countries are facing the bleak prospect of losing their
jobs
 Industrial Metals
Due to lockdowns in China, followed by in the US and Europe, the demand for
industrial metals reduced as factories shut down.
 Food and beverages
IMF projects a decrease in food prices by 2.6 per cent in 2020, caused by supply
chain disruptions, border delays, food security concerns in regions affected by
Covid-19 and export restrictions.

13. PREVENTION MEASURES
 The best way to prevent the transmission of infection is to avoid or limit contact
with people who are showing symptoms of COVID-19 or any respiratory
infection.
 Practice good hygiene and physical distancing to prevent bacteria and viruses
from being transmitted.
 Wear a mask and cover the nose and mouth while you step out.
 Wash your hands frequently for at least 20 seconds at a time with warm water
and soap.
 Don’t touch your face, eyes, nose, or mouth when your hands are dirty.
 Don’t go out if you’re feeling sick or have any cold or flu symptoms.
 Stay at least 6 feetTrusted Source (2 meters) away from people.
 Cover your mouth with a tissue or the inside of your elbow whenever you
sneeze or cough. Throw away any tissues you use right away.
 Clean any objects you touch a lot. Use disinfectants on objects like phones,
computers, and doorknobs.
 Avoid going to crowded places.
 Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer or wash your hands with soap and water.

15. TREATMENTS
 Currently, no medication is recommended to treat COVID-19, and no
cure is available. Antibiotics aren't effective against viral infections such
as COVID-19. Researchers are testing a variety of possible treatments.
 Treatments are basically done by releiving the symptoms which include
Pain relievers (ibuprofen or acetaminophen)
Cough syrup or medication
 If you have mild symptoms, your doctor may recommend that you
recover at home(self isolation) where constant monitoring is done by the
doctors.
 Many clinical trials are under way to explore treatments used for other
conditions that could fight COVID-19 and to develop new ones.
 Researchers in the U.S. say remdesivir helped patients in one study
recover from the disease 31% faster
 The FDA had issued an emergency use ruling for hydroxychloroquine
and chloroquine, which treat malaria ,this medicine was used for the
treatment of covid19 and was helping a mild relief to the pandemic.
 Boosting up immune system.

16. Major steps taken to stop the spread
of covid19
Social distancing or physical distancing:- keeping space between yourself and
other people when you have to go out
Quarantine:- keeping someone home and separated from other
people if they might have been exposed to the virus
Isolation:- keeping sick people away from healthy people,
including using a separate “sick” bedroom and bathroom when
possible

17. SAFETY MEASURES TAKEN BY THE DOCTORS
TO TREAT THE PATIENTS
 Use of Personal protective equipment (PPE) :- it is a
protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment
designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection.
 Components of PPE are goggles, face-shield, mask, gloves,
coverall/gowns (with or without aprons), head cover and shoe cover.
 Face shield and goggles:-Contamination of mucous membranes of
the eyes, nose and mouth is likely in a scenario of droplets generated
by cough, sneeze of an infected person or during aerosol generating
procedures carried out in a clinical setting.
 Masks:-Respiratory viruses that includes Coronaviruses target mainly
the upper and lower respiratory tracts.mask are of different types:-
 1. Triple layer medical mask
 2. N-95 Respirator mask
 Gloves:-When a person touches an object/surface contaminated by
COVID-19 infected person, and then touches his own eyes, nose, or
mouth, he may get exposed to the virus

18.  Coverall/Gowns:-
Coverall/gowns are
designed to protect
torso of healthcare
providers from
exposure to virus.
 Shoe covers:-Shoe
covers should be made
up of impermeable
fabric to be used over
shoes to facilitate
personal protection
and decontamination.
 Head covers:-
Coveralls usually
cover the head.

19. CONCLUSION
The whole world is fighting against covid19 with all the possible
treatments and safety measures. The government is helping a lot with
many facilities like isolation wards ,relief funds during the
lockdown,seeking all the medical emergency.The doctors ,nurses,civil
workers all are playing a great role by risking their lifes and helping the
people. Since there’s no vaccine to fight aginst covid 19, but intense
research to create one has been underway around the world since
scientists shared the virus’s genetic makeup in January 2020. Vaccine
testing in humans started with record speed in March 2020. More than
100 vaccine projects are in various phases of development. Till then all
should maintain and follow the guidelines of covid19 for a healthy life.