My Goals::::
1-Relationship of thorax to neck .
2-relationship of thorax to upper limb.
3-relationship of thorax to breasts : pleural cavity - pleural and Lung .
2. Relationship of thorax to Neck,
Relationship of thorax to upper limb,
Relationship of thorax to abdomen,
Relationship of thorax to breasts ;
Pleural cavity - Pleura and Lungs
My goals
10. The Clavicle is curved convex forwards at its medial end
Lateral
Medial
Posterior
Anterior
11. The Clavicle is concave forwards at its lateral end
Lateral
Medial
Posterior
Anterior
12. There are a number of impressions on the undersurface
Lateral
Medial
Posterior
Anterior
13. This area gives attachment to the Trapezoid ligament
Lateral
Medial
Posterior
Anterior
This is one of the two coracoclavicular ligaments that
stabilise the acromioclavicular joint
14. This area gives attachment to the Conoid ligament
Lateral
Medial
Posterior
Anterior
This is one of the two coracoclavicular ligaments that
stabilise the acromioclavicular joint
15. This area gives attachment to the costoclavicular ligament
that arises from the first costal cartilage and first rib
Lateral
Medial
Posterior
Anterior
It stabilises the sternoclavicular joint
34. Posterior Chest Wall
Trapezius
Origin Medial third of superior nuchal
line; external occipital
protuberance, nuchal ligament,
and spinous processes of thoracic
vertebrae
Insertion Lateral third of clavicle, acromion,
and spine of scapula
Action superior fibers elevate, middle
fibers retract, and inferior fibers
depress scapula
Nerve Supply Spinal root of accessory nerve (CN
XI) (motor) and cervical nerves (C3
and C4) (pain and proprioception)
Blood Supply Transverse cervical artery
36. Abdominal Anatomy
The Abdominal
Cavity
Lies between the
diaphragm and
the pelvis
Bounded by the
lower ribs,
abdominal
muscles, and
vertebral column
Contains the
abdominal viscera
(internal organs)
37. Abdominal Anatomy
Solid Organs
~ more often & easily
injured
~ cause rapid death
due to large blood
supply which causes
internal bleeding
~ spleen, liver, kidneys,
pancreas
Hollow Organs
~ injuries are rare
because tubes are hollow
~ assist in transporting
substances from one
organ to another
~ stomach, gall bladder,
sm & lg intestines,
bladder
39. TheAbdominal
Quadrants
The abdomen is
divided into 4 regions –
or quadrants: RUQ
(right upper quadrant),
RLQ (right lower
quadrant), LUQ (left
upper quadrant), LLQ
(left lower quadrant)
This makes it easier to
locate organs in the
abdominal cavity
45. Rectus abdominis
Origin : crest of Pubis
Insertion : costal cartilages
of ribs 5-7 xiphoid process of
sternum
Artery : inferior epigastric
artery
Nerve : segmentally by
thoraco-abdominal nerves
(T11-T7)
46. Abdominal Internal obliquw
muscle
Origin : inguinal Ligament , iliac
crest and the lumbodorsal fascia
Insertion : linea alba , pecten
pubis (via Conjoint tendon) and
ribs 10-12
Artery : Sucostal Arteries
Nerve : thoracoabdominal nn
,(T6-T11) Subcostal n
(T12),lliohypogastric n . (L1) and
llioinguinal n (L1)
Action : Compresses abdomen
,unilateral contraction rotates
vertebral column to same side
47. The Obliquus externus
abdominis
Origin : Ribs 5-12
Insertion : lliac Crest , Puic
tubercle, linea alba
Nerve :Thoracoabdominal
Nerve (T7-T11) and subcostal
Nerve
Action : Contralateral rotation of
torso
48. transverse abdominis
Origin : lliac crest , inguinal
ligament , thoracolumbar
fascia , and costal
cartilages 7-12
Insertion : Xiphoid process,
linea aiba , pubic crest and
pecten pubis via conjoint
tendon
Artery : Subcostal arteries.
Nerve: thoracoabdominal
nn ,(T6-T11) Subcostal n
(T12),lliohypogastric n .
(L1) and llioinguinal n (L1)
Action : Compresses
abdominal contents
49. Anatomy - Thorax
Located between the
abdomen and the neck
Boney structures include:
12 pairs of Ribs
Costal cartilage
Sternum (breast bone)
Xiphoid process
Thoracic vertebrae
50. Thorax Anatomy
Internal Organs:
Heart
Pumps blood to the
body tissues
Lungs
Exchanges oxygen
and carbon dioxide
as blood passes
though the lungs
Major Arteries/Veins
Superior & Inferior
AORTA (arter)
Superior & Inferior
VENA CAVA (vein_
Pulmonary arteries
and veins carry blood
to/from the heart and
lungs
51. Thorax Anatomy
Heart
•Size of your fist
•Pumps blood to all parts of
the body
•Divided into 4 chambers
•Upper chambers – right
and left atrium
•Lower chambers – right
and left ventricles
•A muscular wall called the
septum separates the
right side from the left
side
Each chambers have valves.
The valves have different
names.
•the tricuspid valve is at the
exit of the right atrium
•the mitral valve is for the left
atrium
•the pulmonary valve is at the
exit of the right ventricle
•the aortic valve is at the exit
of the left ventricle.
Their purpose is to allow
52. Thorax Anatomy
Lungs
Right side has 3 lobes
Left has 2 lobes
Function
To exchange O2 and CO2
To dissipate heat from the
body
53. Thorax Anatomy
Trachea divides into two
bronchi
Bronchi divide into
bronchioles
Bronchioles end in alveoli
Alveoli are air
containing cells of the
lungs
O2 and CO2 are
exchanged here
Coughing & sneezing help
keep trachea and bronchi
clear and remove phlegm and
allergy-causing agents from
the lungs
Respiration Rate
oLung function and breathing
rate controlled by CO2 receptors
oIf there is too much CO2,
inhalation occurs to bring in
more O2
oExercise increases cell
metabolism
oCauses cells to need more
O2 and eliminate more CO2
oWith exercise lungs ability to
exchange air more efficiently
increases
oBreaths become more deeper
and more forceful
oReturn to normal breathing
quicker
54. Thorax Anatomy
Pleura
Thin lubricated tissue
Lines each half of thorax
Folded back over the
surface of the lung on
same side
Allow for smooth
movement of lungs as they
encounter the wall of ribs
during inhalation and
exhalation
55. Thorax anatomy
The Diaphragm
is a sheet of internal
skeletal muscle, that
extends across the bottom
of the rib cage.
The diaphragm separates
the thoracic cavity (heart,
lungs & ribs) from the
abdominal cavity
performs an important
function in respiration: as
the diaphragm contracts,
the volume of the thoracic
cavity increases and air is
drawn into the lungs.
56. Thorax Anatomy
Soft tissues include:
Major muscles
Pectoralis muscle
Adducts and
rotates the arm
Raises the ribs in
forced inspiration
Upper portion
flexes the arm
Intercostal muscles
Elevate and
depress ribs
Serratus posterior
Elevate ribs
during inhalation
Depress ribs
64. Both men and women have mammary glands,
but these milk-producing glands are undeveloped
and typically nonfunctional in males.
65. Pleurae (Pleural cavity)
Each pleura consists of
two layers:
A visceral layer which is
adherent to the lung and a
parietal layer which lines
the inner aspect of the
chest wall, diaphragm and
sides of the pericardium
and mediastinum.
66. Pleurae (Pleural cavity)
• The parietal and visceral
layers of pleura are
separated from one
another by a slitlike
space, called pleural
cavity
• The pleural cavity contains a
small amount of pleural
fluid …which acts as a
lubricant decreasing
friction between the
pleurae.
68. Pleurae (The parietal layer)
The costal pleura lines the
inner surfaces of the ribs,
the costal cartilages, the
intercostal spaces, the
sides of the vertebral
bodies, and the back of the
sternum
69. Pleurae (The parietal layer)
The
diaphragmatic
pleura covers
the thoracic
surface of the
diaphragm
The mediastinal pleura
covers and forms the lateral
boundary of the
mediastinum
70. Pleurae Blood Supply
Visceral pleura---
Artery supplied by
bronchial and
pulmonary arterial
systems.
The parietal
pleura--- Artery
supply is from
various systemic
arterial supply the
chest wall,
diaphragm, and
mediastinum.
71. Pleurae venous drainage
Visceral pleura--- Veins
drain is pulmonary vein.
The parietal pleura--- Vein
is to the superior vena
cava.
72. Pleurae Nerve Supply
The parietal pleura is
sensitive to pain,
temperature, touch, and
pressure
The parietal pleura is
innervated by both
somatic and
sympathetic and
parasympathetic fiber
via the intercostal
nerve.
73. Pleurae Nerve Supply
The parietal pleura
is supplied as
follows:
The costal pleura is segmentally
supplied by the intercostal
nerves.
The mediastinal pleura is
supplied by the phrenic nerve.
The diaphragmatic pleura is
supplied over the domes by the
phrenic nerve and around the
periphery by the lower six
intercostal nerves.
74. Pleurae Nerve Supply
The visceral pleura
covering the lungs is
sensitive to stretch
but is insensitive to
common sensations
such as pain and
touch.
It receives an
autonomic nerve
supply from the
pulmonary plexus.
