This document discusses initiatives to build resilient cities proposed by UNISDR. It outlines 10 initiatives including organizing for disaster resilience, identifying and understanding current and future risk scenarios, strengthening financial capacity, pursuing resilient urban development and design, safeguarding natural buffers, and strengthening institutional capacity. Specific examples of cities that have implemented these initiatives are provided, such as Albay in the Philippines establishing a disaster risk management office, and Pune, India investing in flood risk reduction measures. The document emphasizes the importance of these initiatives in building disaster resilient communities.

1. UNISDR Initiative for Resilient Cities
Propose, Practical Application of HFA
Usha Rokaya Madhav Karki Himal Basnet
Student
M.Sc. In Public Health & Disaster Engineering
School of Engineering
Pokhara University
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2. UNISDR Initiative(पहल) For Resilient Cities
Ten initiatives to ensure resilient cities :-
1. Organize for Disaster Resilience
2. Identify ,Understand and use current and future risk scenarios
3. Strength financial capacity for resilience
4. Pursue resilient urban development & design
5. Safeguard Natural Buffers to Enhance Ecosystems Protective functions
6. Strengthen Institutional Capacity for resilience
7. Understand & Strengthen Societal Capacity for Resilience
8. Increase infrastructure Resilience
9. Ensure Effective Disaster Response
10. Expedite recovery & Build Back Better
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3. 1.Organize for Disaster Resilence
Put in place organization and coordination to understand and reduce disaster risk,
based on participation of citizen groups and civil society. Build local alliances.
Ensure that all departments understand their role to disaster risk reduction and
prepardness.
What to Perform?
 A holistic approach in understanding the potential threats and managing disaster risk
must be adopted.
 Include the engagement of local government decision makers, various officials and
departments, academia, business and citizens
 Make these group of people participate in implementing and monitoring, an effective
organizational structure is prerequisite to reduce DRR
 It will boost collaboration and partnership among all the stake-holders for prevention,
mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery and rehabilitation of disaster risk.
How to perform?
 Establish and strengthen the local level institutional and coordination capacity
 Build alliances and networks
 Form a legislative framework and action mechanisms for resilience
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4. Instance of resilience cities
1. Albay (Philippines)
Albay Makes Risk Reduction a Formal and Permanent Priority
 The Albay provincial government in the Philippines established a
permanent disaster risk management office in 1995 to deal with
the high risk of typhoons, floods, landslides and earthquakes.
 Disaster risk reduction was institutionalized, funded properly,
and genuinely mainstreamed into local government planning
and programmers, making it clear that disaster reduction was a
formal and permanent priority within regular planning,
governance and local government programmes.
 As a result, disaster prevention, preparedness and response have
been well coordinated and, with the exception of 2006 and
2011, no casualties have resulted in 15 of the last 17 years.
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5. 2.Identify, Understand and Use Current and
Future Risk Scenarios
Assign a budget for disaster risk reduction and provide incentives for homeowner, low-
income families, communities, businesses and public sector to invest in reducing the risk
they face.
Why?
 Disaster risk management need to be based on an understanding of disaster risk scenarios in all its dimensions of
hazard characteristics, local exposures, capacity and vulnerability
 Risk scenarios analysis and assessments therefore are essential for informed decision making, prioritizing projects and
planning for disaster risk reduction measures (prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response.
 Unless local governments have a clear understanding of the risks they face as well as fully discuss with the public and
other stakeholders about risk scenarios, implementation of meaningful disaster risk reduction measures may be
ineffective.
How?
 Identify the most probable and most severe (worst-case) scenarios
 Make use of the knowledge from risk scenarios for development decisions
Example:
 Latin America
National and City Governments Introduce Requirements to Review Disaster Risk Impact on New
Development Projects
 requirement that all public investment projects be evaluated for disaster risk
 If the risk is not addressed, the project will not be funded
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6. Resilience Cities Contd…..
Beirut (Lebanon)
Lebanese Cities Begin Concerted Action on the Ten Essentials
 Councilor Nada Yamout, from Beirut, Lebanon’s city council stated at the Third Global
Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (May, 2011): "We are a newly elected council; we are
concerned about disaster risk reduction and so we registered as a Campaign City in October 2010
 . As a first step, the Council looked at allocating a budget to begin risk reduction activities: risk
assessment, building a risk database, developing a DRR master plan, etc.
 We analyzed our needs and took stock of what was available to enable us to perform a gap
analysis. We have several heritage sites within Beirut and protecting and preserving their character
is important.
 We will move ahead using four pillars: technical support; financial support;
involvement of the private sector and civil society; and national government
support. If we do not allocate the right resources, we run the risk of not prioritizing projects.
Building resilience is not the responsibility of the mayor alone.
 Action must be taken at four levels: national and provincial governments, city government
politicians—whether elected or appointed; and the municipal administration.“
Lebanon’s National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction is helping small and medium-
sized local governments to sign on to the Campaign for Resilient Cities, undertaking
baseline studies and stepping up disaster risk reduction actions (November, 2011).
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7. 3. Strengthen Financial Capacity for Resilience
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•Understand the economic impact of disasters
and the need for investment in resilience.
• Identify and develop financial mechanisms
that can support resilience activities
Why?
•Only through the inclusion of specific, dedicated resources and mechanisms can
actions and progress in resilience improvement be carried out and sustained.
•Resources can come from city revenues, national distribution and allocations to
sectoral departments, public-private partnerships and technical cooperation, as
well as civil society and external organizations.
•Financial mechanisms may include both stand-alone financing of resilience and
resilience embedded into broader development planning and spending.
How?

8. Strengthening Financial capacity contd…..
1.Recognize opportunities where building resilience contributes to a sound economic strategy
 Understand and assess the significant direct and indirect costs of disasters (informed by past
experience, taking into account future risk), as well as the relative impact of investment in prevention
rather than incurring more significant costs during recovery;
 Assess disaster risk levels and implications from all planning, permitting and capital spending
decisions, and adjust those decisions as needed.
2.Ensure a budget for resilience
 Assign a ring-fenced capital budget for any major works found to be necessary to improve resilience;
 Include risk management allocations in operating budget as required to maintain the required state
of resilience over time (together with supporting the actions set out in these Ten Essentials).
3.Disseminate risk information and apply to development decisions
 Create incentives for homeowners, low-income families, communities, businesses and public sector
to invest in reducing the risks they face (for example, applying local taxes for assessing, strengthening
and retrofitting vulnerable housing; giving recognition to businesses incorporating risk data into
their investment decisions and setting risk management standards in their supply chains, etc.);
 Applying (if necessary, generating) insurance coverage for lives, livelihoods, city and private assets;
 Exploring as needed innovative financing mechanisms such as specialised bonds, specialised
insurance, tax efficient finance, development impact bonds, etc.
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9. Examples:-
Cairns (Australia)
 Regular Budget for Disaster Preparedness and Response
 The city of Cairns, Australia has an annual operating budget to cover its
Disaster Management Unit, Coordination Centre, volunteer emergency
services and community awareness programs. Its annual capital budget has, in
recent years, covered allocations for building construction, emergency response
vehicles and equipment, new risk assessment software, upgrading flood
warning network and drainage and flood mitigation investments—a clear
demonstration of the city’s commitment to disaster risk reduction. This is
complemented by investment and partnerships at national level, for instance,
through a review of building codes following Cyclone Yasi in 2011, which also
involved built environment professionals, private sector and academic
institutions.
Philippines, China and Sri Lanka
 Philippines, China and Sri Lanka Support Investments in Disaster Risk
Reduction:
The government has to allocate 5% of budget for CRF of which 70% is used for
preparedness and response during disaster. Ref
. http://tinyurl.com/7t23osr& http://tinyurl.com/858rfyo.
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10. 4.Pursue/follow Resilient Urban Development and
Design
The built environment needs to be assessed and made resilient as
applicable, informed by risk identified in essential 2."
Why?
 Not all hazards are expected to cause disasters. A disaster occurs
when a hazard results in devastation that leaves communities
unable to cope unaided.
 Preemptive measures therefore can help build better resilience
capacity, avoid and/or minimize the disruption and destruction
of networks, grids and infrastructure, which can cause severe
social and economic consequences.
 Integrating resilience into socio-economic development
planning and infrastructure will safeguard development
investments.
How?.....
10

11. 4.Pursue Resilient Urban Development and Design
contd….
1.Place urban planning and land-use management at the core of
urban resilience
 Perform land-zoning and management of urban growth to avoid or
exacerbating resilience issues – identification of suitable land for future
development taking into consideration of how low-income groups can
access suitable land;
 Execute risk-aware planning, design and implementation of new
buildings, neighborhoods and infrastructure, using innovative or
existing/traditional techniques as applicable.
2.Conduct systemic and specific vulnerabilities mapping
 Address the needs of informal settlements including basic
infrastructure deficits such as water, drainage and sanitation;
 Improve infrastructure for resiliency to potential hazards,
incorporating appropriate retro-fitting of prevention measures;
 Develop and implement appropriate building codes and guidelines for
heritage structures.
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12. Contd..
3.Mainstream resilience into ongoing urban master plan updates
and sectoral strategies
 Raise awareness and actively educate about hazard-resistant building
practices across all construction sector actors;
 Integrate protection of the city’s natural and cultural heritage;
 Maximize use of urban design solutions (impermeable surfaces, green
areas, shadowing, water retention areas, ventilation corridors etc.) that
can cope with risks and also reduce the dependency on technical
infrastructure (sewage systems, dikes etc.);
 Incorporate exemplary sustainable design principles into new
development and link to other existing standards where appropriate
(BREEAM, LEED, Greenstar, etc);
 Updating building regulations and standards regularly (or
periodically) to take account of changing data and evidence on risks;
 Engage affected stakeholders in appropriate and proportional
participatory decision-making processes when making urban
development decisions.
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13. Examples:-
Pune (India)
Investing in Measures to Reduce Risk
 Pune, India, has been affected by severe periodic flooding for decades. Anticipating that
the impact of climate change may increase the frequency, the city has put programmes
in place to build capacity, assess hazards and vulnerability, and implement a city-wide
action plan, which contains structural and planning measures for restoring natural
drainage, widening streams, extending bridges and applying natural soil infiltration
methodologies.
 Watershed conservation techniques, such as afforestation and building small earthen
check dams, were undertaken in the hill zone. Property tax incentives were provided to
encourage households to recycle wastewater or to store run-off rainwater for domestic
use.
 These efforts were complemented by improvements in flood monitoring and warning
systems and social protection for affected families.
 The initiative was driven jointly by the elected municipal government, the municipal
commissioner and Alert (active citizen groups), and involves many different city
departments.
Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
Kuala Lumpur: Dual-use Drain and Car Tunnel
 Prepared SMART tunnel to increase resilence capacity of city.Ref.
http://tinyurl.com/7aalwlj
SMART is storm water management and road tunnel
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14. 5. Safeguard Natural Buffers to Enhance
Ecosystems’ Protective Functions
 Safeguard natural buffers to enhance the protective functions offered by natural
ecosystems. Identify, protect and monitor critical ecosystems services that confer a
disaster resilience benefit.”
 Why?
 Ecosystems provide critical services for disaster risk reduction as protective barriers
against hazards. They are central to hazard mitigation by offering, for example, flood
regulation and protecting steep slopes. They also enhance the resilience of community to
withstand, cope with and recover from disasters through providing many livelihood
benefits, such as food, firewood, clean water and the likes.
 A degraded ecosystem is thus unable to provide these mitigation and resource benefits,
which in turn significantly increase community vulnerability. Through the process of
urban expansion, cities transform their ecosystems and often generate new risks.
 Recognising the economic value and multiple benefits of healthy ecosystems acting as
natural buffers are important for reducing risks and contributing to urban resilience and
sustainability.
 Relevant ecosystem services may include, but are not limited to: water retention or water
infiltration; afforestation; urban vegetation; floodplains; sand dunes; mangrove and
other coastal vegetation; and pollination. Many ecosystem services that are relevant to
the city’s resilience may be provided well outside its geographical area.
 How?
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15. 5. Safeguard Natural Buffers to Enhance Ecosystems’ Protective
Functions contd…
1.Raise awareness of the impacts of environmental change
and degradation of ecosystem on disaster risk
 Recognize value and benefits from ecosystem services for disaster risk
prevention, protect and /or enhance them as part of risk reduction strategies
for cities.
2.Promote better management of critical ecosystems to strengthen
resilience to disaster
 Integrate ecosystem services for more urban resilience into urban land use
management, urban design and into relevant investment projects;
 Consider also natural buffers in the rural hinterland of the city and wider
region, and cooperate with municipalities there to establish a regional
approach of land use planning to protect the buffers.
3.Strengthen existing ecosystem management based on risk scenarios
assessments
 Anticipate changes from climate trends, urbanization and planning to enable
ecosystem services to enable ecosystem services to withstand these.
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16. Application….
Hubei Province (China) and New York (United States)
Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Management – HubeiProvince, China and New York
 In Hubei Province, China, a wetland restoration programmed reconnected lakes to the
Yangtze River and rehabilitated 448 km2 of wetlands with a capacity to store up to 285
million m3 of floodwater. The local government subsequently reconnected eight more
lakes covering 350 km2.
 Sluice gates at the lakes are re-opened seasonally and illegal aquaculture facilities have
been removed or modified. The local administration has designated lake and marshland
areas as natural reserves. In addition to contributing to flood prevention, restored lakes
and floodplains have enhanced biodiversity, increased income from fisheries by 20-30%
and improved water quality to potable levels.
 In New York, untreated storm water and sewage regularly flood the streets because the
ageing sewerage system is no longer adequate. After heavy rains, overflowing water flows
directly into rivers and streams instead of reaching water treatment plants. In New York
City, traditional pipe and tank improvements are estimated to cost US$6.8 billion.
 Instead, New York City will invest US$5.3 billion in green infrastructure on roofs, streets
and sidewalks. This promises multiple benefits. The new green spaces will absorb more
rainwater and reduce the burden on the city’s sewage system, air quality is likely to
improve, and water and energy costs may fall.
Overstrand Municipality (South Africa)
Addressing the Increasing Risk of Droughts
 The problem of shortage of water due to drought and extreme climate change was solved
by participation of different stakeholders through country, regional, local level.
 They initiate under ground water drilling under proper monitoring and supervision of
based on critical data
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17. 6. Strengthen Institutional
Capacity for Resilience
 Understanding a city’s institutional background regarding risk
reduction/management and building resilience can help in detecting current gaps
in local capacity to coordinate and act towards prevention, mitigation, response
and recovery in the case of disasters, as well as identifying the best and most-
effective approaches to strengthen relevant institutions for managing disaster risk.
 Institutions include, as applicable, central, state and local government
organizations. Other groups also have a role to play in reducing some of the
vulnerabilities, which is complementary to government measures, such as private
sector organizations providing public services (depending on locale, this may
include phone, water, energy, healthcare, road operations, waste collection
companies and others as well as those volunteering capacity or equipment in the
event of a disaster); industrial facility owners and operators; building owners
(individual or corporate); NGOs; professional, employers’ and labour
organizations; and cultural institutions and civil society organizations.
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"It is important to ensure that all institutions
relevant to a city’s resilience have the
capabilities they need to discharge their roles."

18. 6. Strengthen Institutional Capacity for
Resilience contd…
1.Identify the specific nature of each vulnerability and map against the
respective institution(s)
 Establish a shared understanding of roles and responsibilities.
2.Build local capacities and strengthen participation in disaster
management and resilience improvement
 Develop skills, including but not limited to: hazard/risk assessment, risk-
sensitive planning (spatial and socioeconomic), integrating disaster and
climate risk considerations in project evaluation/design (including
engineering design) , co-ordination, communication, data and technology
management, and disaster management, response, recovery, assessment of
structures post disaster; business and services continuity planning).
 Organize trainings, ideally based on case studies of how disaster risk
reduction can be implemented and what business continuity requires.
3.Ensure the consistence of data and disaster risk information among the
stake-holders
 Create and implement information and data frameworks for resilience and
disaster risk reduction that build consistency in data capture and storage and
enable data access, use and re-use by multiple stakeholder groups for regular
development processes.
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19. Examples:-
Thailand
Thailand Looks to Upgrade Informal Settlements
 The government of Thailand has launched an ambitious slum and squatter upgrading
initiative. The Baan Mankong (secure housing) program channels funds in the form of
infrastructure subsidies and housing loans directly to community organizations of low-
income inhabitants in informal settlements. The funding comes almost entirely from
domestic resources – a combination of national government, local government and
community contributions. Within this national program , illegal settlements can obtain
legal land tenure through a variety of means such as direct purchase from the landowner
(supported by a government loan), negotiating a community lease, agreeing to move to
another location provided by the government or agreeing with the landowner to move to
part of the site they are occupying in return for tenure of that site (land sharing).
Santa Tecla (El Salvador)
Santa Tecla, El Salvador: A Risk-Sensitive City Development Plan
 Santa Tecla is part of the metropolitan area of El Salvador’s capital, San Salvador. “Santa
Tecla, suffered two earthquakes in 2001. In just five seconds, a mudslide caused more
than 700 deaths, displaced 20% of the city, and badly damaged 38% of the infrastructure
 They realize the mistakes they had made and prepare 10 year plan to make their city
resilient..
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20. 7.Understand and Strengthen Societal Capacity
for Resilience
"Ensure understanding and strengthening
of societal capacity for resilience. Cultivate
an environment for social connectedness
which promotes a culture of mutual help
through recognition of the role of cultural
heritage and education in disaster risk reduction.“
 Why?
 As citizens are to take part in the collective effort of creating resilient cities, education,
training and public awareness programs are critical (they must also be incorporated into
all Ten Essentials). The entire community must know about the hazards and risks to
which they are exposed so that they are able to prepare and take measures to cope with
potential disasters.
 Education and capacity building programs are also the key for mobilizing citizens’ and
community’s participation in the city disaster management strategies, for example
improving community’s preparedness and response to local early warnings. Social
‘connectedness’ and a culture of mutual help therefore has a beneficial outcome on the
impact of disasters of any given magnitude.
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21. Understanding and Strengthen Societal Capacity For
Resilience contd….
How?
1Establish well-equipped response units at local level
 Establish and maintain neighborhood emergency response groups and
training;
 Engage and co-opting civil society organizations – churches, youth
groups, clubs, advocacy groups (for example for the disabled);
 Formulate neighborhood plans by reference to such groups (see
Essential 9);
 Offer education, training and support to such groups.
Develop risk reduction and resilience information
 Undertake formal or informal censuses of those who may be vulnerable
and less able to help themselves, in each neighborhood, and
understanding from them what their needs are;
 Use government “touch-points” with the public such as welfare or
social services visits and offices, police, libraries and museums to build
awareness and understanding.
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22. Contd…
Integrate disaster risk reduction and resilience into formal education and other
orientation programs
 Ensure that the education curriculum within schools, higher education, universities and
the workplace to includes disaster awareness and training;
 Recognize the role of cultural heritage in building resilience and protecting the sites,
structures and artifacts they represent.
Improve public education and awareness through dissemination of information
through business sector and media
 Engage with employers as a communications channel with their workforces for disaster
awareness and training;
 Engage local media in capacity building (TV, print, social media, etc);
 Provide translation of all materials into all languages used in the city.
Build and maintain open-access data for disaster preparedness and response
 Provide community groups with “unvarnished” data on risk scenarios, the current level of
response capabilities and thus the situation they may need to deal with;
 Take advantage of mobile apps (phone/tablet) and web-based “systems of engagement”
(for example, crowds ourcing or disseminating data on preparedness).
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23. Examples:
Japan
Watch and Learn: Children and Communities Study Mountain and Urban Risks
 As early as kindergarten, schools in Japan are educating children about how to detect
and react in disaster situations, conducting regular drills and ‘disaster watches’. This
long-time investment undoubtedly saved many lives in the March 2011 Great East Japan
earthquake and tsunami.
 In 2004, Saijo City, Japan was hit by record typhoons that caused flooding in urban
areas and landslides in the mountains. Saijo City’s aging population represents a
particular problem. Young able-bodied people are very important to community systems
of mutual aid and emergency preparedness. As young people move away to bigger cities,
the population of smaller towns in Japan grows older than the already imbalanced
national average. Small cities like Saijo City are also often spread over a mix of geographic
terrains – an urban plain, semi-rural and isolated villages on hills and mountains or
along the coast.
 To meet these challenges, the Saijo City government began a risk-awareness
programme, targeting school children. Focusing on the city’s physical environment,
the ‘mountain-watching’ and ‘town-watching’ project takes 12-year-olds on risk
education field trips. Young urban dwellers meet with the elderly to learn together about
the risks facing Saijo City faces and to remember the lessons of the 2004 typhoons. A
‘mountain- and town-watching’ handbook has been developed, and a teachers’
association for disaster education and a children’s disaster prevention club have been set
up.
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24. Contd…
Disaster Safety Days Commemorate Anniversaries of Past Events
 In Nepal, 15th January marks the anniversary of the great Nepal earthquake
of 1934. In Kathmandu, political leaders and prominent personalities
commemorate the event with activities such as street parades, shake table
demonstrations, exhibitions on safe construction, street drama, interactive
seminars, posters, art and other competitions and presentations for
children. Earthquake simulation drills are the highlight of the observance,
with wide public participation and media coverage. The national and city
governments have a strong sense of ownership of and leadership in the
event.
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25. 8.Increase Infrastructure Resilience
"Assess the capacity and adequacy of, as well
as linkages between, critical infrastructure
systems and upgrade these as necessary
according to risk identified in essential 2."
 Why?
 Critical infrastructure includes that required for the operation of the city and
that required specifically for emergency response, where different. As such,
special attention must be paid to their safety and risk reduction efforts must
focus on ensuring they can continue providing services when most needed.
 Critical infrastructure required for city operation may include but is not
limited to: transport (roads, rail, airports and other ports), vehicle and heating
fuel suppliers, telecommunication systems, utilities systems, hospitals and
healthcare facilities, educational institutes and school facilities, food supply
chain, police and fire services, etc. They also carry out essential functions
during and after a disaster, where they are likely to provide recovery and relief.
25

26. Contd….
 Establish alliances with environmental managers and the private sector
 Build capacity with partners to carry out risk and vulnerability assessments,
environmental assessments and scientific monitoring, expanding governance
capacities for ecosystem-based disaster risk management through multi-sector,
multidisciplinary platforms, involving local stakeholders in decision making.
 Build partnerships with the private sector to leverage technical and financial
resources and ensure that private investments follow environmental and risk
reduction norms.
 Recognize the relevance of priority services and operations during and
after a disaster
 For emergency management infrastructure, assess “surge” capacity – ability to
deal with suddenly increased loadings from law and order issues, casualties,
evacuees, and so on;
 Protect or support the protection of cultural and collecting institutions, and
other sites of historical, cultural heritage and religious interest.
26

27. Increase Infrastructure Resilience contd…
What?
 Assessment the capacity and adequacy of critical infrastructure
 Consider possible damage to parallel infrastructure. For example, impact on
evacuation capacity if one of two roads out of a city is blocked;
 Take into account linkages between different systems. For example, impact
when a hospital loses its power or water supply;
 Strengthen/retrofit the vulnerable infrastructure
 Start systematic triaged processes for prioritization of retrofit or replacement
of unsafe infrastructure;
 Liaise with, and build connections between infrastructure agencies (including
those that may be in the private sector) to ensure resilience is considered
appropriately in project prioritization, planning, design, implementation and
maintenance cycles;
 Carry out procurement processes that to include resilience criteria agreed upon
by the city and stakeholders and is consistent throughout.
27

28. Example
Cayman Islands
Making Health Care Facilities Safer
 The Cayman Islands are one of the most frequent targets of Atlantic
hurricanes, and in 2004, Hurricane Ivan, the worst storm in 86 years, struck the
largest island, Grand Cayman, damaging 90% of the buildings.
 Power, water and communications were disrupted for months in some areas.
The island began a major rebuilding process, and within the National Strategic
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Health Services Authority
addressed structural, non-structural, functional and workforce issues.
 For instance, the 124-bed Cayman Islands Hospital (the territory’s principal
healthcare facility) which had been built to Category 5 hurricane standards,
remained functional during and after Hurricane Ivan, while providing an
impromptu shelter to more than 1,000 people. However, older facilities needed
to be upgraded to new local and international building codes and protocols for
healthcare facilities.
 Seismic risk reduction elements were also introduced into the design of new
facilities.
28

29. 9. Ensure Effective Disaster Response
"Ensure the creation and updating
of disaster response plans are informed
by risks identified in essential 2
and communicated to all stakeholders
through use of organizational structure
as per essential 1."
Why?
 Well-conceived emergency preparedness and response plans not only save lives
and property, they often also contribute to resilience and post-disaster recovery
by lessening the impact of a disaster.
 Preparedness efforts, early warning systems and communication systems will
help ensure that cities, communities and individuals threatened by natural or
other hazards can act in sufficient time and appropriately to reduce injury, loss
of life and damage to property and fragile environments.
 Sustainability can be achieved if the community itself and local authorities
understand the importance of and need for local emergency preparedness and
response.
29

30. 9.Ensure Effective Disaster Response contd…
How?
1.Create and improve preparedness plans
 Create and regularly update contingency and preparedness plans, communicated to all
stakeholders. These may include law and order, providing vulnerable populations with
food, water, medical supplies, shelter and staple goods;
 Hold regular training, drills and exercises for all aspects of the wider emergency response
“system” including community elements and volunteers.
2.Strengthen an early warning system
 Develop and install detection, monitoring equipment, early warning systems and
effective associated communication systems to all stakeholders and community groups;
 Ensure interoperability of emergency response system adjacent countries, between
agencies and with neighboring cities.
3.Upgrade the city’s emergency response services
 Integrate risk reduction and emergency response with groups such as engineers,
contractors, etc to be able to effectively engage in preparedness, response and recovery
operations;
 Ensure that a viable mechanism will exist for the rapid, rational and transparent
disbursement of funds after a disaster;
 Assign adequate funds for post event response and recovery.
30

31. Example
Jakarta (Indonesia)
Many Partners, One System: An Integrated Flood Early Warning System
 Jakarta, Indonesia, a coastal city and the exit point of 13 rivers, is highly at-risk for floods. Some 40% of
Jakarta lies below sea level and the provincial authority area includes 110 islands.
 Hydro-meteorological hazards have caused much damage in coastal areas and in residential areas near
the river banks. During annual and five-year floods, Jakarta has lost billions of dollars’ of investment in
building and infrastructure.
 Integrating improvements into the flood early warning system for Jakarta has been a true multi-
stakeholder process, involving a broad range of local authorities and partners.
 By managing everyone’s interests and roles and improving coordination, the early warning system was
upgraded from top to bottom. Technical improvements mean that earlier flood warnings can now be
issued.
 But more importantly, preparedness capacity has been built and streamlined. Key coordination hubs
and standard operating procedures have been established and tested with comprehensive drills, so that
institutions and communities are now more ready to act on warnings
.
Makati City (Philippines)
Makati City, Philippines: Emergency Operations Center
 Located in heart of the National Capital Region of the Philippines, Makati City is home to the vibrant
and bustling central business district, housing the top corporations in the country, and making it the
financial capital of the Philippines. The city’s dynamic social and economic growth required significant
improvements to its services to ensure the safety and security of its constituents and in 2006, then
Mayor and now Vice President, Jejomar C. Binay, established Makati Command, Control and
Communication (Makati C3) to serve as the city’s Emergency Operations Center. It was tasked with
monitoring, coordination, and the integration of services and resources during disasters and
emergencies.
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32. 10.Expedite Recovery and Build Back Better
 "Ensure of sufficient pre-disaster plans according to risks identified and that
after any disaster, the needs of the affected are at the centre of recovery and
reconstruction, with their support to design and implement rebuilding."
Why?
 Cities are built by many entities over decades or centuries, and hence difficult
to rebuild in a short period of time. There is continual tension between the
need to rebuild quickly and to rebuild as safely and sustainably as possible.
 A well-planned and participatory recovery and reconstruction process helps
the city reactivate itself, restore and rebuild its damaged infrastructure and
recover its economy, empowering citizens to rebuild their lives, housing and
livelihoods.
 Reconstruction must begin as soon as possible – in fact, cities can foresee
needs, establish operational mechanisms and pre-assign resources before a
disaster.
 Recovery and rehabilitation can be planned ahead of the disaster to a
considerable degree. Leadership, coordination and obtaining money are key.
How?
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33. Expedite Recovery and Build Back Better…..
1.Recovery must be addressed in various aspects
 Provide shelter, food, water, communication, addressing psychological needs,
etc post-event;
 Limit and plan for any use of schools as temporary shelters;
 Identify the dead and notifying next of kin;
 Conduct debris clearing and management;
 Take over abandoned property;
2.Include the affected population in the definition of needs and recovery
plans
 Build systems to help communities integrate disaster risk reduction into
decisions they take to recover from the disaster, to reduce future vulnerabilities;
 Take specific actions for recovery of sectors including livelihoods, health,
education, critical infrastructure, environment and ecosystem, psycho-social
support, cultural heritage and governance issues such as accountability, roles
and responsibilities and corruption control;
 Manage local, national and international aid and funding, and coordination of
efforts and prioritizing and managing resources for maximum efficiency,
benefit and transparency.
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34. Contd…
3.Recovery is an opportunity to build back better and improve
development
 Undertake retrospective/post-disaster assessments to assess potential new
vulnerabilities and build learning into future planning and response
activities;
 Promote business continuity and economic reboot.
4.Seek resources, strengthen alliances and ensure sustainability
 Ensure that the recovery programmes are consistent and in line with the
long-term priorities and development of the disaster affected areas;
 Integrate further disaster risk reduction in all investment decisions for
recovery and reconstruction.
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35. Example
Sri Lanka
An Owner-driven Approach to
Reconstruction in Sri Lanka
 The December 2004 tsunami completely destroyed approximately 100,000 dwellings in Sri Lanka and
damaged 44,290.
 The State Task Force used an innovative owner-driven approach to support housing reconstruction,
providing grants directly to the owners for reconstruction; owners supplemented this grant with other
donations.
 Most activities related to planning, layout, design and construction were delegated to local
beneficiaries, who were supported by technical staff, allowing groups of beneficiaries to negotiate
their costs down.
 On the other hand, a donor-assisted program that followed a contractor-driven approach, without
involvement of the community, had much lower satisfaction rates.
 The owner-driven reconstruction produced more houses, more quickly, of better construction
quality, and at less cost. Space standards were generally better and the designs, layouts, and locations
more acceptable to beneficiaries. The program appears to have fostered a cooperative local social
fabric and institution.
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36. FACTS AND FIGURES
 By 2050, 70% of global
population will live in
cities. 60% of new urban
settlements are yet to be
built, representing a huge
opportunity for building
resilient cities.
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37. The aim is to promote the international community’s
interest in global urbanization,
push forward cooperation among countries and cities in
meeting opportunities and
addressing challenges of urbanization, and contributing to
sustainable urban development.

38. Purpose of Hyogo Framework
(a) To conclude and report on the review of the Yokohama Strategy and its Plan of Action,
with a view to updating the guiding framework on disaster reduction for the twenty-first
century;
(b) To identify specific activities aimed at ensuring the implementation of relevant
provisions of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on
Sustainable Development on vulnerability, risk assessment and disaster management;
(c) To share good practices and lessons learned to further disaster reduction within the
context of attaining sustainable development, and to identify gaps and challenges;
(d) To increase awareness of the importance of disaster reduction policies, thereby
facilitating and promoting the implementation of those policies;
(e) To increase the reliability and availability of appropriate disaster-related information to
the public and disaster management agencies in all regions, as set out in relevant
provisions of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation
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39. APPLICATIONS OF
HYOGO FRAME WORK
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SUCCESS STORIES OF HFA

40. STRENGTHENING INCLUSIVE DRR IN THE
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
An interagency initiative implemented in the
Dominican Republic during 2012-2014 has resulted in
the strengthening of community and institutional
disaster preparedness in Azua, while ensuring
inclusion of groups with specific vulnerabilities,
especially women, children, people of Haitian descent
and people living with disabilities in disaster risk
management (DRM) decision making and resilience
building activities.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
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41. A METRICS SYSTEM FOR DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT IN IRAN’S HEALTH SYSTEM
Iran’s health system has developed and
institutionalized a metrics system for disaster risk
management that provides policymakers with annual
qualitative information on indicators.
IRAN
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42. DISASTER PREVENTION EDUCATION IN
HYOGO
Primary schools and junior high schools in Hyogo
Prefecture have been promoting disaster prevention
education to pass on the lessons learned from the
Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (GHAE) and to help
citizens cope with various types of disasters.
JAPAN
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43. FOOD SECURITY AND DISASTER RESILIENCE
THROUGH INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
Eco-DRR Strategy in Sudan applies integrated water
resource management for achieving both food security
and disaster risk reduction
SUDAN
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44. AUSTRALIA’S TELEPHONE-BASED NATIONAL
EMERGENCY WARNING SYSTEM, “EMERGENCY
ALERT”
Australia has successfully implemented a telephone
based community warning system that enables its
emergency services in any life-threatening situation to
send warning messages by fixed line and mobile
telephones to the public in the affected area.
AUSTRALIA
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