1981: A 90.4-kW PV system was dedicated at Lovington Square Shopping Center (New Mexico) using Solar Power Corp. modules. A 97.6-kW PV system was dedicated at Beverly High School in Beverly, Massachusetts, using Solar Power Corp. modules. An 8-kW PV-powered (Mobil Solar), reverse-osmosis desalination facility was dedicated in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 1984: The IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Award was presented to Drs. David Carlson and Christopher Wronski at the 17th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, "for crucial contributions to the use of amorphous silicon in low-cost, high-performance photovoltaic solar cells." 1991: The Solar Energy Research Institute was redesignated as the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory by President George Bush. 1993: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Solar Energy Research Facility (SERF), opened in Golden, Colorado. 1996: The U.S. Department of Energy announces the National Center for Photovoltaics, headquartered in Golden, Colorado.

1. Presented by:
Makmur Saini
Sukma Abadi
Presented in ProfessionalPresented in Professional
Management ProgramManagement Program
University of CanberraUniversity of Canberra
July 12July 12ndnd
, 2007, 2007

2. SOLAR POWER
• What is solar power ?
• The history of solar power
• Types of solar power Technologies
• How does solar power generate power ?
• Where is solar power used ?
• The cost of solar PV systems
• Advantages/disadvantages of using solar power
• Environment issues

3. WHAT IS SOLAR POWER ?
• Solar power is electricity produced directly
from sunlight
• Solar thermal power refers to a process
where the sun’s energy heats a working
fluid that eventually is used to do work in
an engine or a turbine.

4. THE HISTORY OF SOLAR POWER
• Greeks used passive solar to heat Buildings (400
BC)
• Romans improved by using glass to trap heat in
the buildings and green houses (100 AD)
• 1700: Antoine LaVoisier built a solar heater
• 1839: French physicist Antoine-Cesar Becquerel
observed that shining light on an electrode
submerged in a conductive solution would create
an electric current.
• 1860: The First Solar Motor, heated water used to
drive a steam motor, Auguste Mouchout

5. • 1883: American Charles Fritts described the
first solar cells, which was made from
selenium wafers
• 1900: The photoelectric effect was discovered.
• 1904: Henry E. Willsie first use of solar
energy at night.
• 1916: Millikan provided experimental proof
of the photoelectric effect
• 1918: Polish scientist Czochralski developed a
way to grow single-crystal silicon.
THE HISTORY OF SOLAR POWER

6. • 1941: American Russell Ohl invented a silicon
solar cell
• 1954: Bell Labs researchers Pearson, Chapin,
and Fuller reported their discovery of 4.5%
efficient silicon solar cells
• 1950’s: Solar cells developed for satellites
• 1960: Hoffman Electronics achieved 14%
efficient PV cells.
• 1973: OPEC Energy Crisis causes US to re-
examine use of renewable energy sources;
federal and state tax credits result in rapid
growth for a new solar industry.
THE HISTORY OF SOLAR POWER

7. • 1981: A 90.4-kW PV system was dedicated at Lovington Square
Shopping Center (New Mexico) using Solar Power Corp. modules. A
97.6-kW PV system was dedicated at Beverly High School in
Beverly, Massachusetts, using Solar Power Corp. modules. An 8-kW
PV-powered (Mobil Solar), reverse-osmosis desalination facility was
dedicated in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
• 1984: The IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Award was presented to Drs.
David Carlson and Christopher Wronski at the 17th Photovoltaic
Specialists Conference, "for crucial contributions to the use of
amorphous silicon in low-cost, high-performance photovoltaic solar
cells."
• 1991: The Solar Energy Research Institute was redesignated as the
U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory
by President George Bush.
• 1993: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Solar Energy
Research Facility (SERF), opened in Golden, Colorado.
• 1996: The U.S. Department of Energy announces the National Center
for Photovoltaics, headquartered in Golden, Colorado.
THE HISTORY OF SOLAR POWER

8. TYPES OF SOLAR POWER
TECHNOLOGIES
 Passive
Concentration
Photovoltaic (PV)

9. Passive
• Direct Solar Gain
– South facing large
windows
– Floors, walls, ceiling
used to trap heat. The
heat is released at night

10. • Indirect Solar Gain
– Thermal storage
materials are placed
between the interior
habitable space and the
sun
– Can use vents in wall
to help circulate hot air
through room
Passive

11. • Isolated Solar Gain:
• Uses a fluid (liquid or air)
to collect heat in a flat
plate solar collector
attached to the structure.
Passive

12. • Focus the sun to create heat
– Boil water
– Heat liquid metals
• Use heated fluid to turn a turbine
• Generate electricity
Concentration

13. Concentration
• Power towers
– Large field of mirriors
is used to concentrate
the sunlight.
– Concentrated Sunlight
is used to heat molten
salt

14. • Trough Collectors
– Uses parabolic mirrors
to heat a fluid in an
absorbing tube.
– Hot fluid is used to
boil water to run a
steam generator.
Concentration

15. Parabolic Trough Cross-Section
http://www.irishsolar.com/howdoes/how_does_1.htm
Concentration

16. Concentration

17. Concentration

18. • Photoelectric effect
• PN junction directly
converts sunlight into
electricity.
• Electricity can be stored
for later useage or used on
demand.
Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells)

19. Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells)
• Multiple PN junction Cell
has multiple transparent
layers
• Top layer absorbs the high
energy light and passes
rest through

20. • Solar Cells transform light
to electricity
• Controller regulates were
the charge is directed
• Batteries store the energy
• Inverter converts from DC
to AC
Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells)

21. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy

22. How Does Solar Power
Generate Power

23. How Does Solar Power Generate Power
• A system used to transform solar radiation directly into
electricity. At the heart of a solar power system, also
known as a photovoltaic (PV) system, are solar cells,
which are interconnected to form solar modules (solar
panels) and solar arrays.
• The size and configuration of a system depend on its
intended task. Modules and arrays can be used to charge
batteries, operate motors, and to power any number of
electrical loads. With the appropriate power conversion
equipment, solar power systems can produce alternating
current (AC) compatible with any conventional appliances,
and can operate in parallel with, and interconnected to, the
utility grid.

24. How Does Solar Power Generate Power
Among the components of a complete solar power
system may be a DC-AC power inverter, a battery
bank, a system and battery controller, auxiliary
energy sources, and sometimes the specified
electrical load (appliances). In addition, an
assortment of balance of system (BOS) hardware,
including wiring, overcurrent, surge protection
and disconnect devices, and other power
processing equipment

25. How Does Solar Power
Generate Power

26. How Does Solar Power
Generate Power

27. Cross Section of PV Cell
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells

28. How Does Solar Power Generate Power

29. How Does Solar Power Generate Power

30. Solar power is used in a
mobile home in Arizona.
The solar panels convert the
solar energy into electrical
energy.
The use of solar cells are
also supplemented by the
use of wind turbines
Where is Solar Power Used ?

31. Where is Solar Power Used ?

32. Where is Solar Power Used ?

35. Massapequa 1.8 kW System

36. PV Residential System 7kW
LIPA Solar Pioneer Program

37. Westhampton Beach 2.752 kW System

38. Babylon 600 Watt System

39. Farmingdale 3 kW System

40. 10 kW PV System

41. LIPA Solar Pioneer 8.64 kW - Miller Place

42. FALA - Melville 600 kW (60,000 sq ft)

43. Residential PV Installations on Long Island

44. Where is Solar Power Used ?
• In Indonesia, solar power  Solar Home System
(SHS) or Hybrid Power
• Hybrid Power is the power that used Solar Power
and Diesel Power
• Hybrid Power (PLTH) have developed at 25
locations, such as Parangtritis, Yogyakarta and
Gorontalo
• Solar Home System is the power that used at rural
areas and at special areas (the area which don’t get
supply from PLN)

45. The Cost of Solar PV Systems
• Cells are the building block of PV systems
– Typically generate 1.5 - 3 watts of power
• Modules or panels are made up of multiple
cells
• Arrays are made up of multiple modules
– A typical array costs about $5–$6/watt
• Still need lots of other components to make
this work
• Typical systems cost about $8/watt

47. Solar Cell Efficiencies
• Typical module efficiencies ~12%
– Screen printed multi-crystalline solar cells
• Efficiency range is 6-30%
– 6% for amorphous silicon-based PV cells
– 20% for best commercial cells
– 30% for multi-junction research cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells

48. Solar Panel Efficiency
• ~1 kW/m2
reaches the ground (sunny day)
• ~20% efficiency ⇒ 200W/m2
electricity
• Daylight & weather in northern latitudes
– 100 W/m2
in winter; 250 W/m2
in summer
– Or 20 to 50 W/m2
from solar cells
• Value of electricity generated at $0.08/kWh
– $0.10 / m2
/ day OR $83,000 km2
/ day
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

49. Cost Analysis
• US retail module price = ~$5.00 / W (2005)
• Installations costs = ~$3.50 / W (2005)
• Cost for a 4 kW system = ~$17,000 (2006)
– Without subsidies
– Typical payback period is ~24 years
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells

50. Eficiency Analysis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells

51. • Running costs are low.
• No carbon dioxide
emissions to add to the
Greenhouse Effect
• No sulphur dioxide
emissions to cause
acid rain. Solar powered station, California
The Advantages of Solar Power

52. • Solar panels can be
quickly set up in remote
areas
• Local communities can
benefit from small scale
use of solar power.
• Can be used to charge
batteries to provide
electricity when needed.Solar cells used to charge batteries
The Advantages of Solar Power

53. • The initial cost of solar
cells can be very high.
• The output is dependent
on weather conditions
and the time of day.
• Many solar panels are
needed to produce that
of a power station Solar reflector used for cooking
The Disadvantages of Solar Power

54. • Large areas of land are
required for large scale
generation of
electricity
• A warm reliable biome
would be needed.
• Solar cells have
relatively low
efficiencies
The Disadvantages of Solar Power

55. References
• wikipedia
• John Hendstock, North Chadderton School, www.ase.org.uk
• http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/earth/stories/s225110.htm
• http://www.solarenergy.com/info_history.html
• http://pvpower.com/pvtechs.html
• http://www.adsdyes.com/fullerenes.html
• http://www.azsolarcenter.com/design/pas-2.htm
• http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/solar_concentrating.html

56. References
• T. Surek, "Crystal Growth and Materials Research in
Photovoltaics: Progress and Challenges," J. Crystal
Growth 275, 292–304 (2005).
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory Perspectus,
http://www.nrel.gov/cdte/perspective.html
• http://w4.siemens.de/FuI/en/archiv/zeitschrift/heft1_99/arti
kel11/
• Chemical Science Network, www.chemsoc.org
• http://www.sandia.gov/pv/docs/PVFSCThin-
Film_Solar_Cells.htm
• Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization
Department of Energy Paper, 4.18.05